(1) n n+1

(2) a,b q, r a=bq+r 0r<|b|

a b q r
(3):
(a)
p 1 p 1 pp
1 2 2
(c)
1 np 1 , p 2 , , p k
r

n= p1 1 p 2 2 ... p k k

Page 1

[1]

2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 31, 37, 41,

(n) n
6 2, 3, 5 (6)=3 100
6
100
25 (100)=25
=2
= 4
( 6)
(100)
1008
1008
(1008)=168
=
= 6 100 1008
(1008) 168
n
n
= 5 [95 ]
(n)

[] ()
n
5
(n)
1008
100
101
102
k
k +1
1007
4 =
,
,
,,
,
,,
,
=6
(100) (101) (102)
(k ) ( k + 1)
(1007) (1008)
101
102
k
k +1
1007

,
,,
,
,,
5 5
(101) (102)
(k ) ( k + 1)
(1007)
k +1

5
( k + 1)
k
k +1

<5<
(k )
( k + 1)
100 < n < 1008

k < 5(k) 5(k+1) < k+1

k < 5(k) 5(k+1) < k+1

Page 2

[2]

nn 8 n 6 + n 4 3n 2 + 2 256 [88 ]

[] (1) n 8 n 6 + n 4 3n 2 + 2 = (n 4 + n 2 + 2)(n1) 2 (n+1) 2

(2) n 4 n 2 1 (mod 4) 4 | (n 4 + n 2 + 2)
(3) (n1)(n+1) 24=8 8 2 | (n1) 2 (n+1) 2

[3]

n p 1

69
p [96 ]
pn

[] (1) n n =2 m , m N
1

69
69
= 1 2m =
n
p
p

p 2 m 69 =kN

p 2 m 69
pm

p 2m 69 = k 2

(p m + k) (p m k) = 69

p m + k = 69
m
p m = 35 = 57
p k =1
p m + k = 23
10
m
p m =13, k=1 p = 13 , k = 1 = Q
13
p k = 3
(2) n n=2m+1 m
Page 3

69
69
= 1 2 m +1 =
n
p
p

p( p 2 m +1 69)
p m +1

p(p 2m+1 69) p | (p 2m+1 69) p | 69 p = 3, 23

3m + k = 23
p=3 32 m 23 =kN m
3 m = 12
3 k =1
23m + k = 3
p=23 232 m 3 =kN m
23 m = 2
23 k = 1
10
p=13, m=1 = Q
13

[4]

n (3+2 2 ) n [89 ]

[ ] 0 < 32 2 < 1

0 < (32 2 ) n < 1

(3+2 2 ) n + (32 2 ) n
= 2 [ 3 n + C2n 3 n2 (2 2 ) 2 + C4n 3 n4 (2 2 ) 4 + ] = 2m

(3+2 2 ) n = 2m (32 2 ) n = (2m1) + [1 (32 2 ) n ]

0 < 1 (32 2 ) n < 1
(3+2 2 ) n 2m1

Page 4

[5]

25
k 211 k [19 ]
8

25
k 211 Z 8 | k
8
k = 8n (nN) k 25n 211
n
k k
0 25n211 < 8n 9 n < 12 n=9 11
k=72 88 ( )

[ ]

[6]

a, b, c 1 < a < b < c (ab1)(bc1)(ca 1) abc

(1) ab+bc+ca1 abc

(2) a, b, c
[/ (2006) ]

[ ] (1) (ab1)(bc1)(ca 1) = (abc) 2 abc(a+b+c) + (ab+bc+ca1)

ab+bc+ca1 = (ab1)(bc1)(ca 1) (abc) 2 + abc(a+b+c)
abc | (ab+bc+ca1)
(2) 1 < a < b < c ab < ac < bc
ab+bc+ca1= n abc (nN)
Page 5

 n abc = ab+bc+ca1 < 3bc 1 < 3bc

a>1 n=1 a=2

na <3

2b+bc +2c1 = 2bc (b2)(c2) = 3

c2=3 b2=1 b=3 c=5
(a, b, c) = (2, 3, 5)

(1) n a b n a b n
ab (mod n)
(2) Euler
(a,m)=1 a ( m ) 1 (mod m)
(3) Fermat
p a a p a (mod p) (a,p)=1 a p1 1 (mod p)
(4) Wilson
p (p1)! 1 (mod p)

Page 6

[7]

n (203 n + a198 n ) 2005 a [94

]

[ ] 2005=4015 203+198=401 203198=5

(203n + a 198n ) [(198) n + a 198n ](mod 401)
(a 1) 198n (mod 401) 401| a 1
(203n + a 198n ) [198n + a 198n ](mod 5)

(a + 1) 198n (mod 5) 5 | a + 1

a1=401t, a=401t+1 , a+1=401t+2 , t=3

a 1204

[8]

x, y, z (xy)(yz)(zx) = x+y+z
(1) x, y, z 3 (2) x+y+z 27
[87 ]

[ ] (1) x, y, z 3 x+y+z 0
xy, yz, zx 3
(2) x y (mod 3) x y z (mod 3)
x+y+z = (xy)(yz)(zx) 0

(mod 3)

(mod 3)
Page 7

[9]

z (x+y) (2)x 1x x

(mod 3)

3 | xy ,

27 | x+y+z

3 | yz ,

3 | zx

x y z

(mod 3)

(91, ab) = 1 91 | (a 12 b 12 )

[ ] 91 = 7 13 (91, ab)=1 (7, a) = (13, a) = 1

(7) = 6 (13) = 12
Euler
a 12 (a 6 ) 2 [a (7) ] 2 1 (mod 7) a 12 = a (13) 1 (mod 13)
a 12 1 (mod 91) b 12 1 (mod 91)
91 | (a 12 b 12 )

[10]

a 5 a 3 7a
[89 ]
+
+
5
3 15

a 5 a 3 7a 3a 5 + 5a 3 + 7a
+
+
=
Z
[ ]
5
3 15
15
Page 8

Fermat
a 5 a (mod 5) a 3 a (mod 3)
3 a 5 + 5a 3 + 7a 3a + 7a 0 (mod 5) 3a 5 + 5a 3 + 7a 5a + 7a 0 (mod 3)
(3, 5) = 1 3a 5 + 5a 3 + 7a 0 (mod 15)
3a 5 + 5a 3 + 7a
15 | (3a 5 + 5a 3 + 7a)
Z
15

[11]

p p=4k+1 a a 2 1 (mod p)
[ 1 p ]

p 1
pt t (mod p)
2

[ ] t 1 t
2

p 1

! (1)
2

p 1
2

( p 1)! (mod p)
p +1

p 1
Wilson
! ( 1) 2 1 (mod p )
2

p 1
a=
!
2
a a 2 1 (mod p)

p a a p 1 = (a 2 )

p 1
2

(1)

p 1
2

(mod p)
Page 9

 Fermat a p1 1 (mod p)
(1)

p 1
2

= 1

p 1
p=4k+1
2

(1) ( , , )
(3)
(4)

[12]

(2) ( )
(5)

x(y+1) 2 = 243y (x y)

[ ] (y+1 y) = 1 (y+1) 2 | 243=3 5

y+1 = 1 3 9 y = 0 2 2 4 8 10
(x y) = (0,0) (486,2) (54,2) (108,4) (24,8) (30,10)

Page 10

[13]

x 2 2xy 2 + 5z + 3 = 0

[ ] x = y 2

y 4 5z 3

y 4 0, 1 (mod 5) y 4 5z 3 2, 3 (mod 5)
y 4 5z 3

y 4 5z 3

[14]

p q q p = r p q r [91 ]

[ ] p q r
p q r p q
p p=2
q=3 r=17 q=5 r=57=319 q=7 r=177=359
q 5
2q + q2 = 2q + 1 + q2 1
= (2+1)(2 q-1 2 q-2 + +1) + (q+1)(q1)
= 3(2 q-1 2 q-2 + +1) + (q+1)(q1) (1)
q q 3
(q+1) (q 1) 3
(1) 3 p q + q p 3
Page 11

 r
q 5 q =3 r =17

[15]

2 n 1 = y k

[ ] (1) n=y=1 k
(2) k=1 y=2 n 1 n
(3) k>1 n>1 n2 n>2 y
k 2 n 1 1 (mod8) y k 1 (mod8) !
k 2 n = ( y + 1 )( y k1 y k2 + y + 1 )
y k1 y k2 + y + 1 k (y ) k=1
(n, y, k) (1, 1, t) (t, 2 t 1, 1) tN

[16]

2 x + 3 y = z 2 (x, y, z) [95 ]

[ ] z 2, 3
2 x z 2 1 (mod 3)

x = 2a (aN)
z + 2 a = 3m
3 y = (z+2 a )(z2 a )
(m, n )
a
n
z2 =3
22 a = 3 m 3 n

n=0

3 m 1 = 2 a+1
Page 12

 a+12 3 m 1 4 3 m (1) m 1 (mod 4)

m m=2k (kN)
3k + 1 = 2 s
a+1
k
k
2 = (3 + 1) (3 1) k
(s, t )
t
3 1 = 2
2 = 2 s 2 t s=2 , t=1
x=4 , z=5, y=2

[17]

k=1 , a=s+t1=2 , m=2

a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = a 2 b 2 a b c [1976USAMO]

[ ] a b c
c 2 = a 2 b 2 a 2 b 2 = (a 2 1)(b 2 1)1 4
a b c 2 1 (mod 4)
a b c
r1 2 r a b c
a =2 r x b =2 r y c =2 r z x y z
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 2 2r x 2 y 2 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 0 (mod 4)
x y z
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = a 2 b 2
Page 13

[18]

x 2 xy + y = 3

[ ] x x 2 yx + (y3) = 0
y 2 4(y3) = (y2) 2 +8 = z 2
z 2 (y2) 2 = (zy+2)(z+y2) = 8
z = 3 y = 1 3
(2 1) (1 1) (0 3) (3 3)

[19]

x 3 y 3 =2xy+73 (x, y) [96 ]

[ ] x>y x=y+d (d )
(y+d) 3 y 3 =2(y+d)y+73 (3d2)y 2 +d(3d2)y+d 3 =73 d 3 <73 d4
d=1 y 2 +y72=0 y=8 x=9
d=2 4y 2 +8y65=0 y
d=3 7y 2 +21y46=0 y
d=4 10y 2 +40y9=0 y
(x,y) (9,8)
[20]

d 2, 5, 13 { 2, 5, 13, d }
a b ab1 [1986 IMO]
Page 14

[ ] 2 51=3 2 2 131=5 2 5 131=8 2

2d1 5d1 13d1

2d1 = x 2 .(1)
5d1=y 2 . (2)
13d1=z 2 (3)
x, y, z
(1) x
x=2n1 2d1= (2n 1) 2 d=2n 2 2n+1
d (2)(3) y z
5d 1 = 4 p 2
y=2p z=2q
2d = q 2 p 2 = (q+p)(qp)
2
13d 1 = 4 q
q 2 p 2 p, q q+p qp
2d 4 d
d

[21]

x 2 +y 2 +z 2 x+3y5z+7=0 [94 ]

[ ] (2x 1) 2 (2y 3) 2 (2z 5) 2 7

Page 15

a 2 b 2 c 2 7m 2 ..( )
(a,b,c,m) m 0
( ) (a,b,c,m) m 0 m

(1) m a 2 b 2 c 2 0 (mod4) a b c
a 2a 1 b 2b 1 c 2c 1 m 2n a 1 2 b 1 2 c 1 2 7n 2
(a 1 ,b 1 ,c 1 ,n) ( ) m
(2) m ( ) 2 1 (mod 8) a 2 b 2 c 2 7 (mod 8)
a 2 b 2 c 2 3 (mod 4) a b c a 2 b 2 c 2 3 (mod 8)
a 2 b 2 c 2 7 (mod 8)
a 2 b 2 c 2 7m 2 (m 0)
x 2 y 2 z 2 x 3y 5z 7 0

[22]

m n p q m 2 n 2 +2pq = 0 p 2 q 2 +2mn = 0 [93 ]

m 2 n 2 = 2 pq
[ ] 2
m, n p, q
2
p q = 2mn
m = 2m1 + 1
m, n
(m 1 , n 1 Z)
n = 2n1 + 1
pq = 2( n12 +n 1 m12 m 1 ) p, q mn
Page 16

 m, n, p, q
m=2m 1 , n=2n 1 , p=2p 1 , q=2q 1

m12 n12 = 2 p1q1

2
2
p1 q1 = 2m1n1

m 1 , n 1 , p 1 , q 1
m, n, p, q 0
m=0 p = q n 2 = 2p 2 n n=p=q=0
n=0 p=0 q=0
(m, n, p, q) (0, 0, 0, 0)

Page 17