10/10/12

14. HOMOGENEOUS FINITE STRAIN:

DISPLACEMENT & DEFORMATION GRADIENTS
I Main Topics
A PosiBon, displacement, and dierences in posiBon
of two points
B Chain rule for a funcBon of mulBple variables
C Homogenous deformaBon
D Examples

10/10/12

GG303

14. HOMOGENEOUS FINITE STRAIN:

DISPLACEMENT & DEFORMATION GRADIENTS

saUtp.soest.hawaii.edu
10/10/12

GG303

10/10/12

14. HOMOGENEOUS FINITE STRAIN:

DISPLACEMENT & DEFORMATION GRADIENTS
x
y
X1(?)

X1

X2(?)
U2

U1
X2

saUtp.soest.hawaii.edu
10/10/12

GG303

14. HOMOGENEOUS FINITE STRAIN:

DISPLACEMENT & DEFORMATION GRADIENTS
II PosiBon, displacement,
and dierences in
posiBon of two points
A IniBal posiBon
vectors:

Pt. 1: X1 = x1 + y1

Pt. 2: X2 = x2 + y2
B Final posiBon vectors:

Pt. 1: X1 = x1 + y1

Pt. 2: X2 = x2 + y2
10/10/12

GG303

PosiBon Vectors

Point 1 moves to Point 1

Point 2 moves to Point 2
4

10/10/12

14. HOMOGENEOUS FINITE STRAIN:

DISPLACEMENT & DEFORMATION GRADIENTS
II PosiBon, displacement, and
dierences in posiBon of
two points (cont.)
C Displacement vectors
1 In terms
of posi5ons:

Pt.1: U
= X X
1

Displacement Vectors

U
2 = X 2 X 2

Pt.2:
2 In terms of
components:

Pt.1: U
1 = u1 + v1
Pt.2:

U 2 = u2 + v2

10/10/12

Point 1 moves to Point 1

Point 2 moves to Point 2
U2 is displaced, rotated, and stretched
relaBve to U1.
GG303
5

14. HOMOGENEOUS FINITE STRAIN:

DISPLACEMENT & DEFORMATION GRADIENTS
II PosiBon, displacement,
and dierences in
posiBon of two points
D Dierence in posiBons
of Points 1 and 2
1 Dierence in iniBal
posiBons
dX = X2 X1
2 Dierence in nal
posiBons
dX=X2 X1
10/10/12

Dierence in Posi5ons
(not displacement vectors)

Point 1 moves to Point 1, not Point 2

Point 2 moves to Point 2
dX is displaced, rotated, and stretched
relaBve to dX.
GG303
6

10/10/12

14. HOMOGENEOUS FINITE STRAIN:

DISPLACEMENT & DEFORMATION GRADIENTS
Displacement Gradient
Components

II PosiBon, displacement,
and dierences in
posiBon of two points
E Displacement gradient
terms (in a matrix)

u
x
v
x

y
v

These describe how the

components of U change
as the components of X change

10/10/12

Gradient terms combine

changes in displacement components with
changes in posiBon components
GG303

14. HOMOGENEOUS FINITE STRAIN:

DISPLACEMENT & DEFORMATION
GRADIENTS
III Chain rule
A FuncBons of two
variables

z = z ( x, y );dz =

z
z
dx + dy
x
y

The total change in a

funcBon of variables x and y
equals its rate of change
with respect to x, mulBplied
by the change in x, plus its
rate of change with respect
to y, mulBplied by the
change in y.
10/10/12

GG303

10/10/12

14. HOMOGENEOUS FINITE STRAIN:

DISPLACEMENT & DEFORMATION GRADIENTS
III Chain rule
A FuncBons of two
variables (cont.)
x = x(x,y), y = y (x,y)
u = u(x,y), v = v(x,y)

x
x
dx +
dy
x
y
y
y
dy =
dx +
dy
x
y

dx =

u
u
dx +
dy
x
y
v
v
dv = dx + dy
x
y

du =

10/10/12

GG303

14. HOMOGENEOUS FINITE STRAIN:

DISPLACEMENT & DEFORMATION GRADIENTS
Matrix form

III Chain rule

A Two variables (cont.)

x
x
dx +
dy
x
y
y
y
dy =
dx +
dy
x
y

dx =

du =

du

=
dv

u
u
dx +
dy
x
y

v
v
dv = dx + dy
x
y
10/10/12

x x

dx x y dx
=

dy y y dy

x y
[ dX ] = [ F ][ dX ]

GG303

u
x
v
x

y dx

v dy

[ dU ] = [ Ju ][ dX ]

10

10/10/12

14. HOMOGENEOUS FINITE STRAIN:

DISPLACEMENT & DEFORMATION GRADIENTS
III Chain rule
B Three variables

dx

dy =

dz

x
x

x
y

y
x

y
y

z
x

z
y

du

=
dv
dw

z
dx
y

dy
z
dz
z

[ dX ] = [ F ][ dX ]

u
y

v
x

v
y

w
x

w
y

z
dx
v

dy
z
dz
w

[ dU ] = [ Ju ][ dX ]

Final posiBon in terms of iniBal posiBon

10/10/12

u
x

Displacement in terms of iniBal posiBon

GG303

11

14. HOMOGENEOUS FINITE STRAIN:

DISPLACEMENT & DEFORMATION GRADIENTS
IV Homogeneous strain
A EquaBons of homogeneous 2-D
strain
1 Chain rule

x
x
dx +
dy
x
y
y
y
dy =
dx +
dy
x
y

dx =

du =

u
u
dx +
dy
x
y

dv =

v
v
dx + dy
x
y

10/10/12

1 Scale
a At a point, derivaBves have unique
(constant) values; equaBons are linear in
dx and dy in the neighborhood of the
point (e.g., dx and dy depend on dx and
dy raised to the rst power.
b If the derivaBves do not vary with x or y,
(i.e., are constant), then the equaBons are
linear in dx and dy no mager how large dx
and dy are. This is the condi5on of
homogenous strain.
c Homogeneous strain applies at a point
d Homogeneous strain is applied to small
regions
e DeformaBon in large regions is invariably
inhomogeneous (derivaBves vary
spaBally)
GG303

12

10/10/12

14. HOMOGENEOUS FINITE STRAIN:

DISPLACEMENT & DEFORMATION GRADIENTS
A EquaBons of homogeneous
2-D strain (cont.)
2 Common reformulaBon
a For constant derivaBves
a, b, c, d, replace dx, dy,
dx and dy by x, y, x, and
y (derivaBves are the
same for small dx or
large x)
b Linearity is claried
c Chain rule origin is
obscured
10/10/12

x
x
dx +
dy
x
y
x =ax+by

dx =

y
y
dx +
dy
x
y
y =cx+dy

dy =

GG303

13

14. HOMOGENEOUS FINITE STRAIN:

DISPLACEMENT & DEFORMATION GRADIENTS
A EquaBons of
homogeneous 2-D
strain (cont.)
1 Lagrangian
a x = ax + by
b y = cx + dy

2 Eulerian (see derivaBon)

a x = Ax + By
b y = Cx + Dy

Final
IniBal
posiBons posiBons

10/10/12

IniBal
posiBons

GG303

Final
posiBons

14

10/10/12

14. HOMOGENEOUS FINITE STRAIN:

DISPLACEMENT & DEFORMATION GRADIENTS
DerivaBon of Eulerian equaBons
a x = ax + by y = (xax)/b
b y = cx + by y = (ycx)/d
Equate right sides above
d (x ax)/b = (y cx)/d
e d(xax) = b(y cx)
f cbx adx = by-dx
g x(cb-ad) = by-dx
h x = [-d/(cb-ad)] x
+ [b/(cb-ad)] y
i x = Ax + By
10/10/12

j x = ax + by x = (xby)/a
k y = cx + by! !x = (ydy)/c
Equate right sides above
l (y dy)/c = (x by)/a
m a(y dy) = c(x by)
n cby ady = cx-ay
o y(cb-ad) = cx-ay
p y = [c/(cb-ad)]x
+ [-a/(cb-ad)]y
q y = Cx + Dy

GG303

15

14. HOMOGENEOUS FINITE STRAIN:

DISPLACEMENT & DEFORMATION GRADIENTS
IV Homogenous (uniform)
deformaBon (cont.)
B Straight parallel lines
remain straight and
parallel (see appendix)
C Parallelograms deform
into parallelograms in
2-D;
D Parallelepipeds deform
into parallelepipeds in
3-D
10/10/12

GG303

16

10/10/12

14. HOMOGENEOUS FINITE STRAIN:

DISPLACEMENT & DEFORMATION GRADIENTS
IV Homogenous (uniform)
deformaBon (cont.)
E Circles deform into ellipses in
2-D (see appendix); Spheres
deform into ellipsoids in 3-D
F The shape, orientaBon, and
rotaBon of the strain ellipse or
ellipsoid describe
homogeneous deformaBon.
G The rotaBon is the angle
between the axes of the strain
ellipse and their counterparts
before any deformaBon
occurred (to be elaborated
upon later).

10/10/12

GG303

17

14. HOMOGENEOUS FINITE STRAIN:

DISPLACEMENT & DEFORMATION GRADIENTS
IV Homogenous (uniform)
deformaBon (cont.)
H Lagrangian equaBons
for posiBon
1 x = ax + by

I Lagrangian equaBons for

displacement
1 u = x x = ( a 1) x + by
v = y y = cx + ( d 1) y
2 u = a 1 b x

y = cx + dy

x a b x
=
y
y

c d

3 [ X ] = [ F ][ X ]

e
=
g

U = [ J u ][ X ]

d 1 y

f x

h y

1 0

0 1
Ju= Jacobian matrix for displacements

4 [ J ] = [ F ] [ I ],whereI =
u

F = DeformaBon gradient matrix

10/10/12

GG303

18

10/10/12

14. HOMOGENEOUS FINITE STRAIN:

DISPLACEMENT & DEFORMATION GRADIENTS
x = 1x + 0y

V Examples
A No deformaBon

y = 0x + 1y

v = 0x + 0y

PosiBon
transformaBons
(Lagrangian)

Displacement
equaBons
(Lagrangian)

x 1 0 x

y 0 1 y

u 0 0 x

v 0 0 y

PosiBon
transformaBons
(matrix form)
1 0

0 1

DeformaBon
gradient tensor F
10/10/12

u = 0x + 0y

Displacement
equaBons
(matrix form)
0 0

0 0

Displacement
gradient tensor Ju

GG303

19

14. HOMOGENEOUS FINITE STRAIN:

DISPLACEMENT & DEFORMATION GRADIENTS
x = 1x + 0y + cx

V Examples
B Rigid body translaBon

y = 0x + 1y + cy

PosiBon
transformaBons
(Lagrangian)
x 1 0 x cx

=
+

y 0 1 y cy

PosiBon
transformaBons
(matrix form)
1 0

0 1

DeformaBon
gradient tensor F
10/10/12

GG303

u = 0x + 0y
v = 0x + 0y

Displacement
equaBons
(Lagrangian)
u 0 0 x

v 0 0 y

Displacement
equaBons
(matrix form)
0 0

0 0

Displacement
gradient tensor Ju
20

10

10/10/12

14. HOMOGENEOUS FINITE STRAIN: DISPLACEMENT

& DEFORMATION GRADIENTS
Example C: Rigid body rotaBon
V Examples
C Rigid body rotaBon

u = ( cos 60 1) x ( sin 60 ) y

x = ( cos 60 ) x ( sin 60 ) y

v = ( sin 60 ) x + ( cos 60 1) y

y = ( sin 60 ) x + ( cos 60 ) y

PosiBon
transformaBons
(Lagrangian)

x cos 60 sin 60 x

y sin 60 cos 60 y

Displacement equaBons
(Lagrangian)
x cos 60 1 sin 60 x

cos 60 1 y
y sin 60

PosiBon
transformaBons
(matrix form)
cos 60 sin 60

sin 60 cos 60

DeformaBon gradient
tensor F
10/10/12

Displacement equaBons
(matrix form)
cos 60 1 sin 60

cos 60 1
sin 60

Displacement gradient
tensor Ju

GG303

21

14. HOMOGENEOUS FINITE STRAIN:

DISPLACEMENT & DEFORMATION GRADIENTS
V Examples
D Uniaxial shortening

10/10/12

x = 1x + 0y
y = 0x + 0.5y

u = 0x + 0y
v = 0x 0.5y

PosiBon
transformaBons
(Lagrangian)

Displacement
equaBons
(Lagrangian)

x 1 0 x

y 0 0.5 y

u 0
0 x

v 0 0.5 y

PosiBon
transformaBons
(matrix form)

Displacement
equaBons (matrix
form)

1 0

0 0.5

0
0

0
0.5

DeformaBon gradient
tensor F

Displacement
gradient tensor Ju

GG303

22

11

10/10/12

14. HOMOGENEOUS FINITE STRAIN: DISPLACEMENT

& DEFORMATION GRADIENTS
Example E: DilaBon
x = 2x + 0y

V Examples
E DilaBon

y = 0x + 2y

v = 0x + 1y

PosiBon
transformaBons
(Lagrangian)

Displacement
equaBons
(Lagrangian)

x 2 0 x

y 0 2 y

u 1 0 x

v 0 1 y

PosiBon
transformaBons
(matrix form)
2 0

0 2

DeformaBon
gradient tensor F
10/10/12

u = 1x + 0y

Displacement
equaBons
(matrix form)
1 0

0 1

Displacement
gradient tensor Ju

GG303

23

14. HOMOGENEOUS FINITE STRAIN:

DISPLACEMENT & DEFORMATION GRADIENTS
V Examples
F Pure shear strain
(biaxial strain, no dilaBon

10/10/12

x = 2x + 0y
y = 0x + 0.5y

v = 0x 0.5y

u = 1x + 0y

PosiBon
transformaBons
(Lagrangian)

Displacement
equaBons
(Lagrangian)

x 2 0 x

y 0 0.5 y

u 1
0 x

v 0 0.5 y

PosiBon
transformaBons
(matrix form)

Displacement
equaBons (matrix
form)

2 0

0 0.5

1
0

0 0.5

DeformaBon gradient
tensor F

Displacement
gradient tensor Ju

GG303

24

12

10/10/12

14. HOMOGENEOUS FINITE STRAIN:

DISPLACEMENT & DEFORMATION GRADIENTS
x = 1x + 2y

V Examples
G Simple shear strain

y = 0x + 1y

v = 0x + 0y

PosiBon
transformaBons
(Lagrangian)

Displacement
equaBons
(Lagrangian)

x 1 2 x

y 0 1 y

u 0 2 x

v 0 0 y

PosiBon
transformaBons
(matrix form)

10/10/12

u = 0x + 2y

Displacement
equaBons
(matrix form)

1 2

0 1

0 2

0 0

DeformaBon
gradient tensor F

Displacement
gradient tensor Ju

GG303

25

14. HOMOGENEOUS FINITE STRAIN:

DISPLACEMENT & DEFORMATION GRADIENTS
V Examples
H General deformaBon (plane strain)

x = 2x + 1y
y = 0x + 0.5y

v = 0x 0.5y

u = 1x + 1y

PosiBon
transformaBons
(Lagrangian)

Displacement
equaBons
(Lagrangian)

x 2
1 x u 1
1 x

y 0 0.5 y v 0 0.5 y

PosiBon
transformaBons
(matrix form)

10/10/12

Displacement
equaBons
(matrix form)

2
1

0 0.5

1
1

0 0.5

DeformaBon gradient
tensor F

Displacement
gradient tensor Ju

GG303

26

13