PREPARED?

/ By c Alkane

Alkyl halides By free radical halogenation

Alcohols

Phenols

Ethers

Aldehydes

Ketones
Carboxylic Acids

Amines Reduction of nitro compounds

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Alkene

(i) Addition of hydrogen

halides (ii) Addition of
By electrophilic substitution(for Aryl halides) halogens
(i) By acid catalysed
hydration (ii) By
hydroboration–oxidation

1. From benzenesulphonic acid

2.Oxidation of cumene

(i) By oxidation of methylbenzene

(a) Use of chromyl chloride
(CrO2Cl2) (b) Use of
chromic oxide (CrO3)
(ii) By side chain chlorination followed by
hydrolysis (iii) By Gatterman –
Koch reaction By ozonolysis
Friedel-Crafts
acylation reaction By ozonolysis
oxidation of alkyl benzenes

Reduction of nitro compounds

Alkyne Alkyl halides Alcohols Phenols Ethers
Rxn with
concentrated
halogen acids,
phosphorus halides
or thionyl chloride

Halo arene + NaOH

Williamson
synthesis By dehydration

1. By oxidation
2. By
By hydration dehydrogenation
1. By oxidation
2. By
By hydration dehydrogenation
Oxidation

Ammonolysis
Aldehydes Ketones Carboxylic Acids

By reduction By reduction By reduction

Oxidation
Amide\Acyl chloride Amines Esters

Sandmeyer’s reaction

By reduction

From diazonium salts

Rosenmund reduction of acyl chloride (acid 2.Reduction

chloride) with DIBAL-H
Treatment of acyl chlorides with
dialkylcadmium
Acid chlorides' hydrolysation with water Acidic hydrolysis
1.Reduction of amides
2.Hoffmann bromamide degradation
reaction
3.Gabriel phthalimide synthesis
Grignard reagents Nitriles

Rxn with Aldhyde &

ketone

1.Stephen reaction
2.Reduction with DIBAL-H

Treating with Grignard reagent

Rxn with CO2 Nitriles are hydrolysed to amides and then to acids

Reduction
then to acids