Chapter 14 Decline-Curve Analysis 14.1 Introduction Decline-curve analysis hasbeen the most widely used method ‘of forecasting future production from oil and gas fields since ‘Amps! formalized the technique in 1945, The technique has few fundamental theoretical foundations, but the simplicity and success of its forecasts are responsible for its general ac- ceptance and use. There are three decline-curve types: expo- nential, harmonic, and hyperbolic. In actuality, exponential and harmonic decline curves are particular subsets of hyper- bolic decline; therefore, there really is only one general de cline-curve type with three parameters [qd and 1 (or h)] that have tobe determined from measured data, When n = 0 (or h = &), the decline is exponential: and when n = 1 (or ‘i= 1s the decline is harmonic. While n usually is between O and 1, cases where n > 1 have been reported. Values of 1n < O have not been reported: however, there is no reason this could not happen. We have observed negative exponents, which we show in one example in this chapter and explain, A Yalue of n > 1 usually i attributed to tight ga, fractured, or very heterogeneous reservoirs. ‘Simple graphical techniques exist for determining the de cline-curve parameters g, and din the special cases of expo- nential and harmonic decline. The exponential parameters can be determined froma log ate, 4, VS. time, plot o from 44,8. cumulative-production, Q,, plot (on a linear scale), ‘The harmonic parameters can be determined from a log 4, vs. Q, plot ora linear plot of 1/4, s.. The parameters are deter~ ‘mined from the slopes, mand intercepts, b, ofthe plots, and these estimates can be made more accurateif linear regression is used in their determination, Three parameters are needed forhyperbolic declines, and various techniques (which are al- ways iterative in nature) have been proposed to determine them, Sec, 14.2 reviews the mostimportant methods, Howey er, the techniques that have been proposed and are used most widely lack accuracy; therefore, we discuss more rigorous techniques for determining hyperbolic parameters accurately. We propose two complementary techniques for hyperbolic: Parameter estimation and use iterative linear regression ofthe ‘methods to ensure accuracy. Then, we show use of nonlinear- v0 regression techniques to solve for the three parameters. The methods are simple to apply and do not rely on the skill orex- perience of the user, and the results obtained are repeatable and independent of the user. 14.2 Historical Review Amold and Anderson? gave the firstand most obvious mathe- matical approach to decline curves. Cutler’ later proposed ‘that a straight line could be obtained on log-log paper for hy- perbolic decline by shifting the curve slightly horizontally For exponential and hyperbolic declines, Larkey! used the ‘method of least squares or statistical approach to extrapolate the decline curves. Pison derived the loss-ratio method and determined rate/ime relationships for production decline curves having a constant loss ratio. Arps! classified the de- cline curves on the basis of the loss-ratio method and later _gave the simplified rate/time and rate/eumulative-production {equations for three basi types of declines ® Three decline methods were derived from the differential equation for the normalized decline rate Ka" aaa) ‘where two hyperbolic-dectine exponents, and h, are shown (note that n = 1/h) and K = proportionality constant Inthe following three decline equations, d, = initial dectine rate. 1. Exponential decline, n = or h = = 42) and Q, = (143) 2. Hyperbolic decline, all motherthan n = Oand n = 1 or allh <1 4 (44) [re(amyf (rma FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF RESERVOIR ENGINEERING-_ and Oy = Gaga ~ a) ait gla = a) cas) 3.Hamoie detine, n= Toe h = 1 046) can Example 14.1—Forecasting Future Production With De- ‘Curves. A well hasan intial rate of $50 STB/D and an initial decline rate, d,, of 2%/month. Determine the rate and cumulative production after 3 years for the following cases: (1) exponential dectine (n = 0), (2) hyperbolic decline with n= 0.6, and (3) harmonic decline (n = 1). Solution. Two conversion factors are used here to convert time: 30.4167 days = I month and 12 months = 1 year. Case I get = 550exp(~ 0.02 x 3 x 12) = 267.7 STBID and Q, = a = (550 ~ 267.7/(0.02/30.41667) = 429,310 STB. Case 2 a + ma) = (550)/(1 + 0.6 x 0.02 x 36)'"* = 3023 STB/D ‘nd Fea gt = Gaga - a = [(550°* x 30.41667)/(0.4 x 0.02)] x (550 302.3) = 445,204 STB. Case 3. _4 [+a = (550)/(1 + 0.02 x 36) = 319.8 sTB/D « wo, ‘= (550 x 30.41667/0.02) In(550/319.8) DECLINE-CURVE ANALYSIS 14.3 Parameter Estimation for Exponential Decline If-m = 0, the dectine is exponential. Ths isthe most widely used of the three methods, primarily because itis easy to de- termine the parameters and gives a more conservative est mate of future reserves for given parameters. Example 6.5, Fig 6.6, showed that the decline in a well producing at constant wellbore flowing pressure ina finite-acting homoge- neous cylindrical reservoir is approximately exponential Fetkovich etal.” show that stronger hyperbolic results are ob- tained if the infinite-acting production is not excluded from the decline-curve analysis. Even ifthe decline is strongly hy- perbolic, an exponential curve can easly be fitted tothe last few points and future production can then be projected with the exponential fit. While itis true that this gives a conserva- tive estimate of reserves, hyperbolic decline is more realistic and should be used when appropriate. If n = 0 is assumed, only two parameters, q,and d, need to be determined. Taking ‘the natural log of both sides ofthe exponential rate/time rela- tionship (Eq. 14.2, ~ d,loge) gives Ing, = Ing, ~ dt. (14.8) ‘Therefore, a plot of Ing, vs. F gives a straight Line with m = ~ d, and b = Ing, If it is more convenient to plot log qivs.1,then m = — d)loge and b = logq. 14.4 Parameter Estimation for Harmonic De If'n = 1, the decline is harmonic. This isa less common, but rn less simple, decline method. It can be used if the log qs. , plotis linear. This comes from Eq, 14.7, which can be rear- ranged to give Ing, = Ing, ~ d,Q,/a, Therefore, a plot of Ing, vs. Q, gives a straight line of m= ~diq,and b = Ing,.If it's more convenient to plot Toga. v8. Op then m =~ d/qloge and = Ing, Har- ‘monic decline is also linear on a plot ofthe inverse of rate vs time. This comes from Eq, 14.6, which can be rearranged 2s Va. = Wa, + (d,/4,) Here, a plot 1/4, vs. gives a straight line of m = d./q,and b= Va, Note that just asit usually is possible tofitthe latest produc- tion values with an exponential decline, it also usually is pos- sible to fit the latest points with a harmonic decline because a few points will be linear on a log, vs. Q, plot. However, this is also erroneous and usually leads to more optimistic re- serves ifthe true mis less than 1 49) (14.10) 14.5 Production Plots In the previous section, we discussed four types of plots for analyzing and diagnosing production declines. If any ofthese plots are linear, the slope. m, and intercept, b, can be used as described previously to determine d, and q,. This section ssurmmarizes the plots and discusses their relative merits. 1. A plotof log q,vs.ris linear ifthe decline is exponential and concave upward if the decline is hyperbolic (n > 0) or harmonic (1 = 1). 2. A plot log q,vs. Q, is linear ifthe dectine is exponen- tial and concave upward ifthe decline is hyperbolic (n > 0) or harmonic (n = 1), 3. Aplot of log qs. Q, is linearif the decline is harmonic, concave downward ifthe decline is hyperbolic(n < )orex- mpponential (n= 0), and concave upward ifthe decline is hy- perbolic with n >" 1. 4. plot of 1/g, vs. ris linear if the dectine is harmonic, concave upward ifthe decline is hyperbolic (n < I)orexpo- nential, and concave downward if the decline is hyperbolic with n> 1 Plots 1 and 3 are the more common methods of presenting production data, and Plots 2 and 4 can be used to confirm trends observed there. Once again, these plots often can be ‘made to appear linear if to0 few points are used; therefore, at the least, Plots 1 and 3 should be used to avoid confusion. 14.6 Hyperbolic Decline All real wells actually have hyperbolic decline. Exponential and harmonic decline are simply particular cases of hyperbol- ic decline that have to be treated separately because inegra- tion of Eq, 14.1 does not give Eq, 14.4 when n = O and in- tegration of Eq. 14.4 doesnot give Eg. 14.5 when = 1, Tn addition, these subsets are simpler to use because only iwopa- rameters need tobe determined. In our opinion, however, al three parameters should be determined forall wells if sufi cient decline data are available because this shows that almost, ‘no wells have declines where nm =O or | exactly. While de- termining the three parameters(,d,,andn)ismore dificult, the techniques discussed next show how to doit simply and consistently. The literature provides several approaches to calculation ofthe parameters based on wial-and-error meth: ods, type-curve overlays, graphical methods, and mathemati calor statistical analysis ‘Slider and Fetkovich® both developed type-curve-overlay methods to determine the parameters, Slider suggested that several curves be plotted on transparent paper for diferent values of mand d,.4,¥s.ris plotted on semilog paper fom the production history ofthe wel; then, values of mand dean be obtained by overlapping the set of curves. Fetkovich re- viewed Slider's method and suggested that a log-log type- curve-matching procedure could be developed to analyze de- cline-curve data, He used some particular dimensionless variables and found that exponential decline is common to both empirical (given by Arps!) and analytical data. He also 1, a further example of fractured reservoirs having Regression Coeicient FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF RESERVOIR ENGINEERINGau MST ‘gee MSTBYmonth Fig. 145—Log q vs. tplot for Bore field Muddy in > 1, However, Cases 4 through 6 are individual wells in the same reservoir, each with n < 1. A negative decline ex- ponent was obtained for Case 4; consequently, the graph of log q,vs. 1 + nd,t hada positive slope. The ine inthe graph of log q,vs. also curved down, which is symptomatic of the negative exponent for the well. In this case, the meaning of a negative exponent, particularly when total field n is greater than I probably means that the well has mechanical problems. Fordecline-curve analysis tobe valid, all wellbore conditions ‘must remain constant, particularly the bottomhole pressure. Ifmechanical problems (such as scale buildup or pump ineffi- ciency) develop, the rate may fall more quickly than usual, causing 1 to decrease and possibly become negative in ex treme cases. In fact, because the overall field had n > 1, an ‘n-< 1 inall three wells in the field could indicate varying de- grees of mechanical problems. Results ofall six cases showed some discrepancy between the methods, and we noticed that the discrepancy increased i Regression Costiciont a Ande Fig. 18.56—Decline-curve plot for Borie field, Method 1. as the data became more scattered. The discrepancy in re- sults for Cases 2, 3, , and 6 can be explained adequately as errors in measurement of rate and cumulative production. A good method of selecting the most accurate technique is not yet available. One proposal is touse the technique that gives the highest maximum regression coefficient. The last col- ‘umn of Table 14.1 gives the maximum regression coefficient for each case. According to this criterion, Method 1 should be used for Cases 2 and 3 and Method 2 should be used for Cases I and 4 through 6. 14.9 Hyperbolic-Decline-Curve Anal Nonlinear Regression on a Spreadsheet ‘Towler and Bansal!8 proposed the two methods for decline- ‘curve analysis that are based on linear regression discussed in the previous section. A potential problem with these methods is that linear regression is performed on logs of variables that impose more weight on smaller values of production rates. ng Fig. 14.7—-Regression-coetticient plot for Borie field, Method 1. DECLINE-CURVE ANALYSIS Production, Q,, STB Fig. 14.8—-Decline-curve plot for Borie field, Method 2. usRegression Costfcient Fig. 14.9—-Regression-costficient plot for Borie eld, Method 2. Another problem is that the two methods do not produce equivalent results. A method is needed that isnot tedious, can produce repeatable results, and that weights the production rates equally during curve-fitting. ‘This led to development of a nonlinear-regression tech: nique done with a computer spreadsheet equipped with a solver that would satisfy these criteria. The solver works by ‘optimizing A? with noniinear-equation solvers while varying conly the three parameters in the equation. In addition, the technique is simplified because many production databases exist in spreadsheet format and it can be generalized to any nonlinear curve-fitting application Here, we present the technique so thatthe reader can use it immediately. We develop the method in steps as would be typed into a spreadsheet, apply the steps in an example, and provide a sample spreadsheet that relates to both the method and the example. We do not present development ofthe com puter method as 2 tutorial of the software. The reader should refer o a user's manual of the particular software to answer specific questions that arise. However, the spreadsheet is built ina stepwise fashion with specific reference to initialization of variables and specific formulas in cells and columns. The ‘method is developed in Steps | through 12, then applied to-an ‘example case in the same stepwise fashion. Results for eight ‘cases that illustrate the efficacy of the method are discussed, 14.9.1 Nonlinear-Regression Method. Spreadsheets, such 8s Quattro Pro, Excel, or Lotus 123, canbe used indeveloping the method. The following steps are designed to be generic ‘enough for application to all spreadsheet packages. For clari- fication, refer to Table 14.2 while reading through the steps. |. From experimental data, create a spreadsheet with a col- ‘umn of oil-production rate, g,, anda column of production time. 2. Create a new column for fitting ¢, that begins at the point inthe finite-acting time period when the remaining oil-produc- tion rates decline steadily. It is sometimes helpful to plot the data in Step 1 for determining this high point, especially for a large dataset. The time when the well or reservoir becomes fi- nite acting can be determined with Eqs. 6.21 and 6.22. All fur- ther steps depend on the q, values from this column, 3. Place the column of times, f, next to 4, 116 4. Setup cells forthe hyperbolic exponent inital decline rate, d. and intial oil-production rate, q. We recommend filling these cells with an intial guess of 0.5 form; d can be estimated with Eq, 14.1 and q, from the highest value of q, 5. Set up a cello calculate average oi-production rat, from 4, 6.Set up a column, containing the hyperbolic-dectine curve equation to fit the production, q 7. Set up a column to calculate the errors squared from a— 45) 8. Setupacell that calculates the sum ofthe errors squared, Sey from Step 7 9° Setupa column to calculate the total erors squared from aa 10. Setup cell that calculates the sum of the total errors Squared, Sy, from Step 9. 11. Setup acell tocalculate the square ofthe regression co clfcien, from R= 1 ~ Sy /Soy. 12. Initialize the solver to optimize the contents ofthe cells contain nd and g, by maximizing the cel that contains Towler and Bansal!® recommend thatthe solver be run ‘more than once to ensure that R® has been maximized, ‘The following example applies this method and shows a sample spreadsheet with the results (Table 14.2). Note that an alternative to maximizing R° is to minimize the sum ofthe squares of the residuals, Se, which gives the same result Example 14.2—Hyperbolic-Decline-Curve Analysis Us- ing Nonlinear Regression on a Spreadsheet. Determine the hyperbolic-decline-curve parameters forthe production data shown in Table 14,2 using the nonlinear-regression technique discussed Solution. Table 14.2 is a working copy ofthe spreadsheet. ‘The top and left borders ofthe table are the spreadsheet col- ‘umn (alpha) and row (numeric) cell references, respectively. 1. Cells A8 through A3I and B8 through B31 contain the production times and rates, respectively. 2. Cells D10through D31 contain the production rates tobe curve fit, 3. Cells C10 through C31 contain times of the production rates to be curve fit, 4. Cells AS, BS,andCS initially contained estimated values for, dand q,0f0.5,0.5, and 1,520, respectively. The values shown in these cells are the results after optimization 5. Cell ES contains the average of the data in Cells DIO through D3] 6. The hyperbolic-decline-curve equation is entered into Cells E10 through E31 on the basis of the values in Cells AS, BS, and C5 and the values in the corresponding Cells C10 through C31 7. Values in Cells F10 through 31 are the differences ines- rors squared from the values in the corresponding cells of Cols. D and E. 8. Cell GS contains the sum of the errors squared from Step 7. 9. Values in Cells G10 through G31 are the differences in the total errors squared from the values in the corresponding cells of Col. D and Cell ES. 10. Cell HS shows the sum of the total errors squared from Step 9 1, Cell DS contains the formula for calculating the square Of the regression coefficient. 12. The solver is called and initiated to optimize the con- tents in Cells A5, BS, and C3 by maximizing the contents of FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF RESERVOIR ENGINEERINGTABLE 142 EXAMPLE SPREADSHEET FOR FITTING PRODUCTION DATA WITH JAHYPERBOLIC-DECLINE-CURVE EQUATION x 3 co. © Fs 1 wos 2 Ded Cuve Analy 3 4 n 4g #3 ese 5 sooees—“ojesea 150051 096ee00 ess | rare Lots 6 a 7 Monty (ston ae: 8 Decemberi990at9 8 caruny 19811039, 10 Fetnryss61 152001500 net eat zeae i Morn 1901 148311891409 ate 217459 12 Apa toe 2s 1205185012060 13 May 19% tae 3 takes ee 14 June 191 torr 40780528887 15 yay 1001 tot 5 nosh nome ae 8.88 13 August 10010571087 tse 10s 17 Septonberise1 9737 Shotts 18 Osobert991 862m 19° Noverber 1991 sot wth sass gd zo December i991 53185] 2888 21 Jarvary199 ook ze Feonayisie edt] 23 March 1080 ee 24 August 1992 soe 14 messmo 25° May 1002 ee ee rs 28° dno 862 www 27 ay 1992 mo 817 eHow .83 IB 20 August 082 er eer 29° Soniemberione 785i] 788_ BCT 50 Ociocers962 7532073 TBSSTB «a7 31 November 1902763278755 8——50.004 cell DS. In Quattro Pro, this is under TOOLS OPTIMIZER: in Excel, itis under TOOLS SOLVER. The solver is runagain, until the contents in Cell DS are maximized and do not change between runs. Note that these steps are not hard and fast. The reader is en- couraged to experiment with such things asthe arrangement ofcellsand columns tosuit specific applications. The remain- ing seven cases were analyzed in the same manner. The next section discusses the results forall eight cases. 14.10 Other Applications The nonlinea-regression spreadsheet method (Method 3) was tested wit eight different sets of production data. Table 14.3, shows the results forthe eight sets; the table contains the case ame; the hyperbolic-decline-curve parameters, n.d, and 4; andthe square of the regression coefficient. The eight cases are (1) Sliders! example, a dataset he used as an example of de- clin-curves; (2) Borie field in Wyoming (total monthly pro- duction); (3) Wel 1; (4) Well 2; (5) Well3; (6) Well 4 (7) Well Siand (8) Well 6. Wells I through 6 are from an unnamed Field in Wyoming’s Powder River basin. Details ofthe parameters and curve fit are discussed individually forthe Slide example DECLINE-CURVE ANALYSIS and the Borie field and collectively for Wells | through 6. Figs. 14.10 through 14.17 graphically represent curve fitting of the actual data for Cases 1 through 8, respectively. ‘The Slider and Borie data sets were selected for compatison purposes because the results (showing the square of the re- gression coefficient) for these two cases were discussed in Sec. 14.8 and by Towler and Bansal.'® The square of the re- ‘gression coefficient is used as the measure of comparison be- tween Method 3 and Methods 1 and 2 of Ref. 18. Slider's data are used as a base case to test two methods with linear regression. Comparison of the square of the re sression coefficients shows 0.999842 (Method 3) compared with 0.997916 (Method 1) and 0.998759 (Method 2). The ‘comparison reveals that Method 2 achieved the fit closest to 1. Fig. 14.1 shows curve fitting of actual data by linear-re- ‘gression Method 1 ‘Towler and Bansal also used Borie field data to test the two methods, Comparison of the regression coefficients shows, (0.984216 (Method 3) compared with 0.9664694 (Method 1) and 0.9641359 (Method 2). The comparison reveals that Method 3 achieved the fit closest to 1. Fig. 14.1] shows curve fitting of actual data by the Method 3, i”‘TABLE 14.3—HYPERBOLIC-DECLINE-CURVE PARAMETERS USING NONLINEAR REGRESSION Hyperbole Decine-Curve Parameters Regression Goefciont, case a 4 a ___ Sider example 05241 0.00159 69273 0.990842 Borie field ogee = 0.05951 90,191.73 0.984216 Wetlt 3.73920 0.47052—1,838.05 o.ses098 Wetl2 308071 0.46400 1,63.99, 0.968656 wets 140244 0.68698. 4.579.77 0.975136 weld 4azts2 0.21596 664.63 0.986547 Wells 02684 0.1256 1500.81, 0.960890 wells 263868 0.16823 3,018.10 0.973083 | : i : a é ‘ . sas ee ee Date Yoar Fig. 14.10—Hyperbolic-curve fit, Slider’s example Fig. 14.12—Hyperbolie-curve ft, Well 1. Six unnamed wells from the Powder River basin were cho- sento test Method 3 further. Regression coefficients for Wells | through 6, respectively, are 0,948098, 0.968656, 0.975136, 0.956547, 0.969890, 0.973983, In Table 14.3, note thatthe hyperbolic exponent, nis great- certhan I for Wells | through 6. Towler and Bansal'® offer the following explanation for this. Fetkovich? postulated that usually falls between 0 and 1. Other researchers have given reasons why n cannot be greater than 1 or less than 0. They ‘base this on analysis that assumes single-phase flow in homo- ‘geneous simple geometrical reservoirs. However, experience 18 Fig. 14.11—Hyperbolic-curve fit, Bort field. Monin Fig. 14.13—Hyperbolic-curve fit, Well2. shows that numerous field cases exist where this is not so. In the case for n greater than 1, Towler and Bansal!8 suggested thatcases of n > 1 could be caused by fractured or heteroge- ‘nous reservoirs and that cases of n < I could result fromme- ‘chanical problems. ‘The nonlinear-regression technique of this section may not always be the most accurate method of fitting the data It de- pends somewhat on the source of the errors which cause the scatter in the data. Ifthe errors are relative errors (relative to the value of the production rate) then a technique, which re- _gresses on the logs ofthe variables, may be more accurate. If FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF RESERVOIR ENGINEERINGRate, STB/mostn Fig. 14.14—Hyperbollecurve fit, Wall 3. Month Fig. 14.16—Hyperbolic-curve fit, Well 5. the errors are more absolute (not dependent on the value of production rate) then the regression used here, which re~ gresses on the absolute value of the variables, may be more accurate. In certain circumstances, a weighted regression ‘may be more appropriate. ‘Once the decline parameters have been determined from the production history, Eqs. 14.2 through 14.7 can be used to fore cast future production rates and total cumulative production froma well or field, Sometimes, however, itis useful to adapt the formulas to special situations. Eqs. 14.2 to 14,7 can caleu- late the rate ata given time or total cumulative production at that ime, To determine the annual production for future fore~ ‘asts, for example, the pitfall of calculating the rate at some point then multiplying by 36S to get the annual production should be avoided. This is wrong because the rate changes, throughout the year. One could calculate the cumulative pro- duction atthe beginning ofthe year and again tthe end ofthe year and subiract the two to get the annual production. How- ever, this can be done in one step by deriving the following ‘equations to give the cumulative production between two time periods, and 1) For hyperbolic decline, Op = On = Tang l i” (14.14) DECLINE CURVE ANALYSIS Fate, STBimonn Month Fig. 1.17—Hyperbolic-curve fit, Well 6. forexponenta decline, Op ~ On = BF (iaas) and for harmonic dectne dag (22 On = On = fin( $4) + (416) Another useful set of formulas calculates the time to reach ‘certain production rate once the decline parameters are de~ termined. The following are the time formulas. For exponential decline (n= 0), v= du(@): asin for hype dete [ley - 2(() ‘} ass and forharmonc elie (= a1} (4)- -afe)-] ca) Itis also important to be able to calculate the decline rate at any Time #, This can be used to convert wells that started production at different times to the same time basis. The for- 179‘mula also can be used to calculate the decline rate every day, every month, orevery year. From Ea, 14.1, the decline rate at any Time ris given by , (#) ee decline rate remains constant when = 0, while the decline rate decreases with time for n > 0. 4, (1420) Problems 14.1 A well with an exponential decline of 19/month cur- rently produces at 150 STB/D. 1. What will its production rate be in 2 years? 2. What will its cumulative production be in those 2 years? 3. What will its decline rate be in 2 years? 4, How long will it take to reach a rate of 10 STB/D? '5. What will otal cumulative production be from the end of ‘Year 24 10 the end of Year 25? 142A well with a current harmonic decline of 1%/month currently produces at 150 STB/D. 1, What will its production rate be in 2 years? 2, What will its cumulative production be in those 2 years? 3 What will its decline rate be in 2 years? 4, How long will it take to reach a rate of 10 STB/D? 5. What will otal cumulative production be from the end of Year 2410 the end of Year 25? 14.3 A well with a current hyperbolic decline of 15:/month and = 0.6 currently produces at 150 STB/D. 1. What will its production rate be in 2 years? 2. What will its cumulative production be in those 2 years? 3. What will its decline rate be in 2 years? 4, How long will it take to reach a rate of 10 STB/D? 5. What will total cumulative production be from the end of| Year 24 to the end of Year 25? 1444 A well has production data given in Table 14.4. 1. Make the following plots a. Log 4, vs. 1 ‘TABLE 14.¢—PRODUCTION HISTORY FOR PROBLEM 14.4 Time Fate (ernie) _1sTa0) os 80 15 596 25 579 35 523 45 531 55 at 65 410 15 410 85 456 95 382 105 405 ns 384 125 264 135 388 145 223 b. avs. Oy Log 4.5. Q,. a. 1/51 2. Determine whether the decline is exponential hyper bolic, of harmonic. 3. Use hyperbolic-decline-curve analysis with nonlinear repression ona spreadsheet to determine the exponent: ini- tial dectine rate, d and apparent initial rate, 4, 4. Use these 1 estimate the expected rate and expected eu- mulative production in (a) the 240th month and (b) the 480th month, '. What isthe remaining life of the well ifthe economic limit is 6 STB/D? 14,5 Table 14.5 shows a well’s production history 1, What type of decline is this and why? 2. Estimate the production rate at r = 0, Estimate d, and n intercept on y axis, general decline rate, L'/t, RB/D decline rate, L'/t, RB/D hhyperbotie-dectine exponent = integration constant slope of best-fit Hine hyperbotic-dectine exponent = 1/h initial oiF- production rate, L'/t, RB/D production rate at Time r, L'/t, RB/D ‘cumulative production at Time tL, STB regression coefficient sum of squares of errors in measured data = total sum of squares of measured data time, independent variable dependent variable /n Superseript average ‘TABLE 14.5—PRODUCTION HISTORY FOR PROBLEM 145 | Time Rate (months) _ _(sTB1) ° 350 1 345 2 30 3 395 4 330 5 325 6 320 7 315 8 310 | 8 306 | 10 301 " 27 2 22 13 208 “ 284 180 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF RESERVOIR ENGINEERING.-_ References 1. Apps, JJ"Analysis of Decline Curves," Trans,, AIME (1945) 160, 228 2. Amold, R. and Anderson, R.: Preliminary Report on Coalinga Oil Distic." U.S. Geological Survey Bull. (1908) 387, 79. 3. Cutler, W.W. Je: “Estimation of Underground Oil Reserves by Well Production Curves,” U.S. Bureau of Mines Bull. (1924) 228, 4, Larkey, CS: "Mathematical Determination of Production De- cline Curves,” Trans., AIME (1925) 71, 1322 5 Pirson, SJ: “Production Decline Curve of Oil Wells May Be Extropolated by Loss Ratio Method,” Oil & Gas J. (1935) 34, No. 46,34 6. Arps, JJ: “Estimation of Primary Oil Reserves,” Trans., |AIME (1956) 207, 182 7. Fetkovich, MJ. Fetkovich, EJ.,and Fetkovich, M.D.:“Useful Concepts for Decline Curve Forecasting, Reserve Estimation, and Analysis,” SPERE (February 1996) 13 8. Slider, H.C.: “A Simplified Method of Hyperbolic Decline Curve Analysis.” JPT (March 1968) 235 9.Fetkovich, MJ: “Decline-Curve Analysis Using Type Curves," JPT (June 1980) 1065. 10, Long, D.R, and Davis, M.J: “A New Approach tothe Hyper- bolic Curve," JP7 (uly 1988) 909, 1, Kelkar, B.G. and Perez, G.: "Discussion of A New Approach to the Hyperbolic Curve,” JPT (December 1988) 1617, DECLINE-CURVE ANALYSIS 12, Fraim, M.L, and Wattenbarger, R.A. "Gas Reservoir Decline- Curve Analysis Using Type Curves With Real Gas Pseudopres sure and Pseudotime.” SPEFE (December 1987) 620. 13. Gentry, RW: "Declne-Curve Analysis” JPT January 1972) 38, 14, Gentry, R.W. and McCray, A.W.: "The Effect of Reservoir and Fluid Properties on Production Decline Curves," JPT (Septem- ber 1978) 1327. 15, Levine, J. and Prats, M.: “The Calculated Performance of Solution-Gas-Drive Reservoits,” SPEJ (September 1961) 142; Trans.. AIME, 222. 16, Bailey, W.: “Optimized Hyperbolic Decline Curve Analysis of Gas Wells” Oi! & Gas J. (15 February 1982) 116, 17, MeNolty, RR. and Knapp, RM. “Statistical Decline-Curve Analysis.” paper SPE 10279 presented a the 1981 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio, Texas, 5-7 October, 18. Towler, B. and Bansal, S.: “Hyperbolic Decline-Curve Analy sis Using Linear Regression,” J. Pet Sei. & Eng. anary 1993) 8,257, 19. Slider, H.C: Worldwide Practical Petroleum Reservoir Engi ‘neering Methods, PennWell, Tulsa, Oklahoma (1983) 542, 20, Walpole, R.E. and Meyers, R.H.: Probability and Statisties ‘Jor Engineers and Scientists, MacMillan and Co., New York City (1972), ‘SI Metric Conversion Factors bbl X 1,589 873 ft 2.831 685 wrice Appendix A Values and Tabulations ‘TABLE A-1—VALUES FOR EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL (adapted from Ref. 1) =Ei(= 9, 0.000=0.208, interval 0.001 x ° 1 2 a 4 5 7 8 2 000° += 693256395205 ada 708 49024259 a2 001 4038 «3948 = 385837793705 3.637 3514 3458 3.405, oo2 3955 39073261 328176 3.137 3062 30282002 003 2959 ©2827 baer 267 28982810 2758 2731 2.706, 00s 2681 Bess 26382122590 568 2527 25072487 005 2408 ©2449 bast 2132.95 277 pase 2ae7 at 005-2295 = 2279 a6e © BD 2205 2.200 21g2 2178 6s 007 2151 24982125 2220992087 2062 © 20502039 008 202720152008. «3.991.982 1.97 4.950 1.939 1.929 009 1919 4.909 1.890.889 1.8791 869 1850 1881 1.892 010 48291814 = 1805 1.705.788 1.779 1762001754 1.745 om 737.729 tata 4.705 1.697 16621674 1.667 012 1.600 1.652645 1638 611.628 1603 1.603 1.596 0131588 158215761569 15621556 158315371830 ox 1524 ©1518 451215061500 1.498 14s20 1476 4.470 015 1404164581453 naa? tae? 1498 14251420 1.418 016 1.409 140¢ 1900 1.993 4.988) 1.988 1373 1.968 1.968 On7 4958 1983138194339 1.399 1328 13191314 O18 1910 1.905301 1.206.291 1.287 12781274 1.269 0x8 1.285 128112581252 «4.248 1.083 1285 12311287 020 1.2230 121912181210 1.208202 4195 tot 187 —_ = Bil, 000< x 200, inter _ —_ 00 +2 4038985592681 2H8§= 2285S TST SCT ~C«NND O1 1823 1.737 486015891824 t464 1.408 4.358 1.3001 208 02 1223 1.189.145. t.110=1078 04 = 1.014 850887 oat 03 0.906 0.882 Oass 088s ots oes © 774 = o785 ora? O79 04 0702 0.686 087008554025 Ost = s88 «©0888 72 05 056005480536 0s8S asta ©0503] a7 (Ose 06 045s ads 043740012 =o 0.396888 381 07 0378 036703600888 oa7 adds g8 ee 6 08 0311 0308-0300 0850289284 ©=— 279740630288 09 0260 0258 ©0281 ond? 2430209) 0235 «oat oer 0223 19 0219 oz oz12 020902050202 0198 «195 «tg. 44 0486 0.183 0.180 0.177.174.7269 e664 ote 12 0158 0.550.153 Ots1 01490148 tad tae. 13 0438 013303109 0.t27 0.125 tesa t20 nt 14 06 ote = oS ott 0.109.108 0.806. ~—0 1050103 tae 15 0.1000 00985 0.0971 0.0857 0.043 0.0929 091s 0.0902 o.0889 © 0.0876 18 0086300851 0.0898 0.0825 0.0814 080200791 0.0780 0.0768 -—«O.0TST 17 00747 0.0736 0072500715 0.0705 0.0698 O.08RS 0.0675 0.0668 0.0686 18 0.0847 0.0698 0.0629 0.0620 0.0612 0.0503 00595 0.0586 © 0.0578 0.0870. 19 00562 0.0554 0.0548 0.0539 0.0531 0.0524 0.0517 0.0510 0.0503 0.0896 20 00489 0.0482 0.0475 00469 0.0463 00455 0.0850 .OK4A —OOHSB OOS 2.0 7.189, 18x10 6447 25x10 6605 BOxt0> 7.098 60x10 7.026 TOx10 7.114 90x10 7.238, 20x10? 6494 90x105 6.681 90x105 7.056 7.0x109 7.082 BOxI08 7.167 1.0108 7280 25x108 6587 35x105 6.738 10x10 7.067 BOx10° 7.123 90xI05 7.210 158x108 7.407 380x108 6652 4.0x105 6.781 12108 7.080 90x10° 7.156 10x10 7.244 20x10® 7459, 40x108 6729 45x10% 6813 14x10 7.005 1x10 7.177 18x10 7.394 © S0xt08 4SK105 6751 50x105 6897 16x10 7.088 15x 108 7.229 20x10 7.964 © 40x108 7.495 50x10 6766 55x 105 6.854 18x10 7.089 20x10 7241 25x10 7373 50x10 7.495 SSx10° 6777 60x15 6.868 19x10 7.089 25x108 7.243 30x108 7.376 SAxt08 7.495 80x10 6.785 7.0x105 6.885 20x10 7.090 30x10 7248 38x109 7977 S2xt08 7.495 70x10 6794 80x05 6.895 21x10 7.090 31x10 7246 40x108 7.978 Saxt08 7.495 80x10 6798 9.0x105 6.901 22x10 7.090 32x10 7246 442x108 7978 Saxto® 7495, 80x10 6800 1.0x10% 6.904 23x10 7.090 339x109 7246 44x10 7378 Sexto® 7.495, 10x10 6801 12x10 6907 24x10 7.090 to. _fop=2.2000 op=2.4000 _ _ tgp =2,6000 fa=28000 __49=3,0000 bm bm bm _b m _» m » pw 40x105 6854 50x10" 6.966 60x10 7.057 7.0x105 7.194 80x10 7201 10x10 7912 50x10 6966 55x10" 7.013 70x15 7.134 BOx105 7201 90x105 7260 12%108 7403, 60x10 7.056 60x05 7.057 BOx10§ 7200 90x10 7259 10x108 7912 14x08 7480 7Ox108 7192 65x10° 7087 BOxI0% 7.259 10x10 7.912 12108 7409 16x10 7.545 Box108 7.196 7.0x105 7.139 Loxto8 7310 12x10 7401 16x10 7.542 1ext0® 7.602 90x10 7251 75x10% 7.167 12x10 7.998 14x10 7475 20x10" 7.644 20x10 7.651 410x108 7.298 80x105 7.199 18x10 7525 16x10 7596 24x10 7.719 24x10 7790 12x18 7974 95x105 7229 2ox10% 76H 18x10 7588 Zax 7.775 268x108 7794 14x108 7431 90x105 7.256 24x10 7.668 20x10 7631 30x08 7.797 a0x108 7.820 168x108 7474 10x10 7307 28x10 7706 Zax 108 7.699 35x10 7e40 © asx10 7871 18x10 7.506 12x10 7.990 30x10 7.720 2axioh 7.746 40x10° 7.870 40x108 7.908, 20x10 7590 16x10 7.507 35x10 7745 30x10 7.765 5.0xI08 7.905 45x10 7.995 25x10 7506 2ox10% 7579 40x10 7760 35x10 7.709 6.0x10° 7.922 sox 7.955, 30x10 7584 25x10 7.631 50x10 7.75 40x10 7.821 7.0x10° 7990 Baxi 7.979 85x10 7.593 90x10 7.661 GOx10% 7780 50x10 7.845 B.0x10° 7994 70x10 7.992 40x10 7597 95x10 7.677 7x10 7.782 60x10 7.856 9.0x10° 7.996 80x10 7.999 50x10 7.600 40x10 7.688 80x10 7.783 70x10 7.860 10x10? 7997 90x10 8.002 60x10 7.601 $0x108 7.693 GOx10 7.783 BOx10° 7.962 12x10" 7997 1.0x107 8.004, 64x10 7.601 60x10 7.695 95x10 7.783 90x10 7063 19x10? 7937 12x10? 8.006, 70x10 7.696 10x10” 7.863, 15107 8.006 80x10° 7.696 ‘VALUES AND TABULATIONS, is‘TABLE A-3—TABULATED SOLUTIONS TO EQ 6.34, CONSTANT TERMINAL PRESSURE ININFINITE CYLINDRICAL RESERVOIR ee ee Oe SB I Be ca 000 0.000 «© 40.«— (20.804 4o6es 330 «114738 —«670-—208.502 321.032 oor ome 412.208.0345 116.189 675 200.825. 323517 005 0g7@ 422.701 954.385 © 340117638 «680.211.1485, 324.760 010 0404” 43 2101-96 41.735 345 119.083 600215. 784 326.000 015 052044 «= «22.500 97 a.084 © 350120826 © 700 216.417 328.480 020 0806 «45. 2.85798 ads 385 t2t968 «710 «219.046. 330.958 025 0889 «48 «23.201 99 az 7B1 360123403 «720 221.670 333.433 050 0758 © 47.23.68 1004.29 65 takaa8 «72522980 335.906 040 0.898 «48S 28.078 «= 1054.58) 7D 126270 «790 2aa.209 37.142 050 1020 «492.465 «10S «48.574 7527699740 (226,904, 338.376 060 114050285 HS 48.277 380.128.126.750 2.514 340.843 070 1.251 «St 25.284 © 120«S «49.968 985190550 760 282.120, 348.308 080 1359 5225633125. 1648 390191972 -70—«238.721, 348.770 090 1469536020130 S317 995. 138:01 75 296.020 348.290 1 1569 54 26.406 «135 «54.976 400134808 «780 287.918 349.460 2 2447 5528781 14088625. «405196223 «790 209812 350.608 a 3202 5827.74 14588265 410197695 «800242501, 353.148 4 38035727585 15059805 415 130045 B10 245.086 355.597 5 4539 58 27.935 15561517 420140453820 (247.668 358.048 6 5153 5928314160313 425141859825 (248.057 360.496 7 5743 60 «28.691 «165 GATST 490 148.262 «830 250.245 361.720 a e31¢ 612.088 «17065336. 435 © T4kE5s B40 (252819 962.942 9 aco 6220.49 175 67.928 440 148.064 «850 (255.988 965.986 10 7a 6320818180 wast 445. 147.461 6D 257.959, 367.228 " 7940 64 ~=—-30.192185=74.090 45014856 «870260515 370267 2 8457 65—«90.565 «19072661455 «150249 «B75 (261.795 372.708 13 8964 65 «90.937 19574226 © 480 «151.460 © «88D (268073 373902 “ 9461 67 «31.808 200««75.785 485153028 «890265629 375.198 15 9949 6831679205 77.9398 «470 «154416 «= «800 —268:181 s7s72 16 10.434 «69S 52.088 210=S«7.8BG 475155801 © 10270729 380.008, 17 109137 seat7 158A 480157188 © 920278274. 382.432 13 1138671 32.7B5 2081.95 485158565 925274545 364.859 19 185572, 33151225 8B497 490159945 930 275815 386.070 2 123197333517 2305.23 «495 t61.322 940 «278.353 387.283 21277874 aa 2056 SKS «= 500 taz69e © 950 2a0.AEe 389.705 22 192037534247 ©2402 «S10 165.444 © 960 283.420 92.125 23 1968478 KUTT 245 O75 520 168:183 © 970 285.988 306.543 24 tata 77349742509. 525tNSAD aS 27.2 396.968 | 2 1457379 95336 255 92889 830170914 «980 288.473, 998.167 | 25 1501379 35.697 200» 94.090 S40 17639 990 200,095, 399.373 27 18450 «88058265588 S50 176.57 1,000 293514 401.706 | 28 15883 st 36.418 270 97.081 560 «178.069 1,010 296.030, 404.197 [29 t6s13 2 8.777275 9s71 570 teL.774 © 1,020 298543, 406.606 [90 16742 63.97.1968 280 100057 580104473 1,028 290.700 1,470 400.013. [ot wrse7 a 285 101540 590 187.166 1,090 301.053 1475 410.214 |s2 1759085 290 103.019 600» t89.852 1,040 303860 1480 411.418 [33 tom 898.207 205104495 BIO «192533 1,050 308065 1,490 418.820 4 = 1842979569300“ T05.68 620195208 1,060 908567 1,800 416220 95 1884S WB ROI] 90S T07AGT © 62516544 1,070 31.068 1.825 422214 36 19259 a9 «39272-10008 GD T97ATB 1.075. 31214 1.850 428196 a7 19671 «99628315 HOST © GH 2NSAZ 1,080 319562 1.875 434.168, 38 20080 © gtSa.979 g208T— BSD 209201 1,090 916055 1,600 440.128 3920488 924.3355 113.284 66020554 1,100 318545 1.625 448.07 186 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF RESERVOIR ENGINEERINGTABLE A-S—TABULATED SOLUTIONS TO EQ 6.34, CONSTANT TERMINAL PRESSURE ININFINITE CYLINDRICAL RESERVOIR (continued) bo ° % b o © > be _ 1850 452016 3.100 72992 5.800 1.950205 0,000 aoese00 78x10? ie0axi07 1875 497.945 3,150 7a4.042 5.900 1.379.927 25,000 5.008728 20x10? 2108107 1700 469.069 9200 805.075 6.000 1.400593 30,000 5.800.508 25x10" 2607107 1728 46071 9250 816.090 6.100 1.421.228 © 35,000 6.780.287 30x10 3.100010" 1780 475669 3500 27.0086 200 1.441.820 40,000 7.850096 40x10 407i 107 175 481558 3.350 898.067 6.300 1.462.983 50,000 91963099 S 0x10? 00107 1800 487.497 3400 a49.028 6.400 1.482912 60.000 11047299 60x108 saB 107 1825 493.907 3.450 859.974 6.500 1.503.408 70,000 12708.358 70x10? 6.908107 1850 499.167 3.500 870.903 6.600 1.523872 75,000 13531487 @Ox10? 7.865107 1875 5050193850 861.816 6,700 1,544,905 80,000 14,960.121 90x10" B77 107 1.900 510861 31600802712 6.800 1.864.706 90.000 15.9075.389 10x10? 97254107 192 51669531650 909.504 6.900 11585.077 100,000 17596284 15x10? 1.409108 1950 622520 3,700 914.459 7,000 1.605.418 125,000 21560732 20x10? 1.880108 1975 528997 3750 926.909 7,100 1.625.729 180,000 2598x10' 25x10? 2226108 2000 594.145 3.800 996.144 7.200 11648.011 200.000 3308x104 3.0%109 2771x108 2025 599945 3.850946 986. 7,300 1.666.265 250.000 4.086x10' 4.0%109 3.645. 108 2050 545.737 3.800 957.779 7.400 1.686.490 900.000 4817x108 Sox102 asioxio8 2075 951.522 3.950 968.588 7,800 1.706688 400.000 6.267x10' 60x10? 5.968108 2100 587.299 4000 979.344 © 7.600 1726859 500.000 7690x10 7.0%109 6.220% 108 2125 86.068 4.050 990.108 7,700 1.747.002 600.000 8.11310 0x10? 7.068. 108 2450 568.800 4,100 1,000.85 7,800 1.767.120 700000 1051x105 9.0109 7.900% 108 BATS 974585 4,150 1.011505 7,900 1.787212 00000 1.189105 1.010" 8.747% 108 2200 580332 4200 1,022.318 8.000 1.007.278 900.000 1326x105 15x10! 1.288.108 2225 886.072 4,250 1098028 8,100 1.827.919 10x10 1462x105 20x10" 1.657% 108 2250 591.085 4.300 1.049.724 8.200 1.847.956 15x108 2126x105 25x10 2109. 10? 227s 597592 4.380 11054409 8.300 1.867.329 20x108 278x108 30x10" 2508x107 2900 60925 44001065082 8.400 1887298 25x10 3427x105 4.0% 101 3.200% 108 2825 608965 4.450 1.075743 8500 1.907249 30x10 4084x105 50x10" 4.087% 108 2350 614672 4.500 1.096990 8600 1.927.168. 40x10 5.313105 60x10" 4.868.109 2a7S 620972 4.550 1.097.024 8700 1.947.065 50x10 6544x105 70x10 5.649109 2400 626.088 460014107646 81800 1.966942 OXI 7761x105 BOx109? Eaten io? 2425 691.755 4650 1,118257 8,900 1.986796 70x10 965x105 90x10! 7.189% 108 2450 637.437 4.700 1.128854 9.000 2.008.628 80x10 1016x108 tox10" 794ex 108 2475 643.113 4,750 1,199499 9,100 2.026498 90x10 1134x109 s.Sxt0 117K 108 2500 648.781 4800 1,150012 9200 2.046227 tox10? 1282x108 20x10! 435x010 2550 6600834850 1,160574 9,300 2.065996 15x10? 1828x108 25x10" 182% 1010 2600 671.379 4.900 4.171.125 94002085744 20x10? 2308x105 30x10" 2.204100 2650 682.640 4.950 1.181.688 9500 2.105479 25x10 2961x105 40x10" 302x101 2700 693877 5.000 1,192198 9.600 2.125.184 B0x107 35I7x10® s0x10" 9375x1010 2750 705.000 5,100 1.219.202 © 9.700 2144878 40x107 410x108 GoxI0" 4.47% 1010 2900 716280 5.200 1.294.208 9800 2.164555 50x10? S689x10° Toxt0! 519% 1010 2850 727449 5.300 1.255.161 9900 2.184218 80x10? 6758x109 BOx10" sa9n1010 2900 798598 $400 1,276.037 10,000 22200861 7.0x107 7816x108 90x10" @s8x1010 2950 749725 5.500 1206899 12.500 2.688987 BOx107 Basex108 10x10" 728% 1010 3000 7608335600 1.917.709 15.000 3,164.780 90x107 g.atx10 15.10% 108~1010 9080 771922 5,700 1.298486 17,500 __ 3633.60 1.0x108 1.095107 20x10" _taexi0!" VALUES AND TABULATIONS 17‘TABLE A-4—TABULATED SOLUTIONS TO EQS. 6.34 AND 6.40, CONSTANT TERMINAL PRESSURE IN BOUNDED CYLINDRICAL RESERVOIR fp=18—_ teo=20 3 _wo=30_pn35_ apna bw & b a = —% b _G _b 005 0276 005 0278 0.10 0408 0.30 0755 1.00 1571 200 2442 006 0304 0075 0345 015 0509 040 0895 1.20 1.761 220 2598 007 0330 010 040s 020 0599 050 1023 140 1980 240 2748 008 0954 0125 0458 025 ost 060 1.143 160 2111 260 2803 009 0375 0150 0507 090 0758 070 1.256 180 2273 280 90% 010 0395 0175 0553 035 0.829 080 1.363 200 2427 300 3.170 O11 0414 0200 0597 040 0.897 090 1.485 220 2574 325 a9%4 012 0431 0225 0698 045 0.962 100 1.563 240 2715 350 3493 60 4985 65 5.345 0.13 0446 0250 0678 050 1.024 125 1.791 260 2849 375 3645 65 5231 7.0 5.605 014 0461 0275 0715 055 1.083 150 1.997 280 2976 400 3792 70 Séo4 75 5.85t 045 0.474 0900 0751 060 1.140 175 2184 300 3008 425 3992 75 Sea 80 60% 0.16 0.486 0825 0785 065 1.195 200 2953 3.25 3242 450 4068 80 5802 85 6.325 0.17 0.497 0350 0817 070 1248 225 2507 350 3379 475 4198 85 6089 90 6547 0.18 0507 0975 0848 075 1.299 250 264 375 3507 S00 4923 90 6276 95 6760 019 0517 0400 0877 080 1948 275 2772 400 3628 550 4560 95 6453 10 6.965 0.20 0525 0425 0905 085 1995 300 2885 425 3742 600 4779 10 seat 11 7.350 021 0533 0450 0932 090 1440 325 2990 450 3850 650 4982 11 6930 12 7,706 0.22 0541 0475 0958 095 1484 350 3084 475 3951 7.00 5169 12 7.208 13 8035 0.23 0548 0500 0963 10 1526 375 3170 500 4047 750 S949 12 7457 14 8300 024 0854 0550 1028 11 1.608 400 3247 550 4222 800 5504 14 7680 15 8.620 025 0859 0600 1070 12 1679 425 3317 600 4378 850 5653 15 7.880 16 8.879 025 0565 0650 1108 13 1747 450 3381 650 4516 900 5790 16 8050 18 9.398 028 0574 0700 1.143 14 181 475 9499 7.00 4699 950 S917 18 865 20 9791 030 0582 0750 1178 15 1870 500 3491 750 4749 10 6035 20 6m 22 1007 032 0588 0800 1203 16 1924 550 3581 800 4m6 11 6246 22 8809 26 10.5, 034 0594 0900 1253 17 1975 600 3656 850 402 12 6425 24 ag68 25 1059 096 0599 1.000 1295 1.8 2022 650 3717 9.00 5009 13 6580 26 9.097 28 1080 038 0603 11 1330 20 2108 700 3767 950 5078 14 6712 28 9.200 30 1098 040 0606 12 1.888 22 2178 750 3809 10.00 5.198 15 6825 30 9.283 34 11.26 045 0619 13 1382 24 2241 B00 3843 11 5241 16 6922 34 940d 981148 050 0617 14 1402 26 2204 900 sao 12 5321 17 7.008 98 9481 42116 060 0621 16 1492 28 2940 1000 2928 139 5285 18 7076 42 95% 46 1171 070 0623 17 1444 30 2380 11.00 3951 14 5435 20 7.189 46 9.565 501179 080 0624 18 1453 34 2444 1200 3967 15 5476 22 7272 50 9.586 60 1191 20 1468 38 2491 1400 3.985 16 5508 24 7.32 60 9612 70 11.96 25 1487 42 2525 1600 3.993 17 5531 26 7377 70 9621 80 1198 30 1495 46 2551 1800 3.997 18 5551 90 7.434 80 9623 90 11.99 40 1499 50 2570 2000 3999 20 5579 34 7.464 90 9624 100 1200 50 1800 60 2599 2200 3.909 25 SEI! 38 7.481 100 9625 120 1200 70 2613 2400 4000 30 5621 427.490, 80 2619 95 5624 46 7.494 90 2622 40 ©5625 507.497 100 2624 8 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF RESERVOIR ENGINEERINGTT € ‘TABLE A-4—TABULATED SOLUTIONS TO EOS. 6.34 AND 6.40, CONSTANT TERMINAL PRESSURE. IN BOUNDED CYLINDRICAL RESERVOIR (continued) ® qa=7d a=20 % b _% > 6 ~ _& 60 58 90a Tai 5 ona 4291 65 suo 957127 107008 15S” osm 5278 70 878107989 17.920 2012.28 02975 61.98 7S 6002 «6 = 79022 east ae t319S a ozres 7398 80 62732 ast7 13800028 tao ozso2 ea.ea 85 6557 13 aera wt] o297 arot 90 675 4 att 150s) 281559 e170 1177 95 7087 159781018 we os 1036 too 723 «6 «= 0237 soe we 1710 ome ae 10s 75 «1710658287 0.0025 1587 7787184081917 twse 8 os 105.4 2 am 9 14a a9 BCC oma 74 13 8651201851205 gta ota 1878 14 9063-22288 2k 1974 ak asad oe 1994 13 9455281027 mts ak ta 00055 196.9 16 9829-25 139228528 Gata 0.0008 1992 17 1019-28 145392822285 te 1053905722 50 mame 18 1085359398 toas 52028 20 1840749408975 28D 2 N74 451843452028 5824308 2 1228501028 sanz 58288 25 1250 «)20S1 55 ed8 2585S 31374 72s 600405284870 35 14408 22.19 7th 70 arse 75 % 453 902263 802875280 51 1605 100 ©2000 «90 728) 2058s eo 1656 120«S 2047100 as), ws 9018 7 69140. ma71 120 nat) 8083s eo 1741160 = 2085 M8008 «85 ahs 100, | 90 1727 10 = za92 1609058100 sea7 120 ast 100 1796200396 180 8120940 40.89 01741500 2400200124 aSg2 1604275 1201745 2409194 160 70k $80 aaatt 1901748 290 9143 1009785 200 45.06, wo 1748 3203147 200 8s 240 48.95 1501749 3809149 240 ant? ao a7. 1601749 400 9150 200 9956 2048.54 10 1750 500 9150 9209977 8048. 20 1750 380 3988 4004014 m0 1750 400 3994 4404028 43097 4004926, 4902098 VALUES AND TABULATIONS 9‘TABLE A-4—TABULATED SOLUTIONS TO EQS. 6.94 AND 6.40, CONSTANT TERMINAL PRESSURE IN BOUNDED CYLINDRICAL RESERVOIR (continued) =50 7e0=200 7g 500 o _@ & bo & b_ _® % bb _w % 600 02652 1892.00 02904 832x104 01943 219X109 1x10 01866 1.75x108 800 02915 241 3.000 0217975713104 0.1860 277xI0> 13x10 01498 221x104 4.000 02393” 200 4.000 02070 9691. 6x104 0.1820 399x109 16x10 0.1435 265x104 1300 02220 359 5.000 01967 1.171 2x10 01742 408x109 — 2x 10501954 B.21x104 11600 02060 473 6.000 01869 1,963 24x10 0.1869 472x109 24x10 01277 379x104 2.000 0.1865 502 8.000 0.1686 1,718 «x10 0.1262 569x109 ax105 0.1170 447x104 2400 0.1682 5731x104 0.1596 2,000 4x10 0.1401 7.17%109 4x10 0.1012 5.56% 104 3000 01543 667 13x10" 01904 246x107 5x10 0.1236 850x109 Sx 10° 0.0875 650x108 4000 0.1133 795 16x10" O11 262x109 Bx IO 01126 968x109 6x10 O75 7.a1x104 5.000 0.0833 695 2x10" GON 323x107 —ax10 0.0905 1.47%I0' ax IO 0.0585 | B62x 10 6.000 0.0682 974 24x14 O74: 356x109 1x105 00728 133xI0' tx 10 0.0822 9.60% 10 8.000 0.0413 1,082 3x10* 00645 394x107 1.3x105 OOS24 12x10 19x10 0.0273 1.06% 105 TAO 0.0258 1,148 410% 00326 437x109 1.6109 00878 1.65x10' 16x10 0.0176 1.19% 108 13x10 00120 1,201 5x10 0.0195 462x109 2x 107 0244 1.7Ax104 2108 0.0098 1.18% 105 16x10 00056 1,227 GxI0 DONT 477x109 24x10 0.0138 1.86x104 24x108 0.0055 121x108 2x10 oot 1241 8x10 0.0042 492x109 3x 10 0.0082 192x104 3x10 0.0023 1.23108 2Ax 10 0.0006 1.246 1105 00015 497x109 —4x105 0.0028 197xI0+ 4x 108 0.0005 1.25% 108 Sx10* 0.0002 1,249 1.410 0.0009 498x109 5x10 0.0009 1.99108 x10 0.0001 1.25x108 19 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF RESERVOIR ENGINEERINGa TABLE A-4—TABULATED SOLUTIONS TO EOS. 6.34 AND 640, CONSTANT TERMINAL PRESSURE IN BOUNDED CYLINDRICAL RESERVOIR (continued) Tap =2.000 a =4000 iap=1.0%108 o & bo w ® ob _@ _& bo _@ ‘3xi08 Ba0x109 1x10 01606 9x 108 0.1366 3x 108 0.1263. 406x105 axtot 754x108 2108 0.1820 t1 53 10!2not determined 9x10! 0.0568 6.85108, 1x10" 0.0858 751x107 ‘teto" 0069 85x 10° 19x10" 0059938310? 18x10! 05st tera 2x10" 004041. g2x 1010 24x10" 044s 51x 1010 3x10" 00078 1758x1010 4x10" 00285 208x010 Sx10H 90817 aaax 1010 7x10" 90128 -2ars rato 1x10! 00055 agax1010 13x10 90024 04x 1010 ‘extol aot a00x 1010 2x10 0004 attx1o¥ VALUES AND TABULATIONS, 93"TABLE A‘S—TABULATED Gp AND qp VALUES FOR USE AFTER FINITE-ACTING PERIOD FOR EXAMPLE 6.5 7 @ 4 9 thurs b _% (sta) (ST) w (sto) 1 tees = awa2 82 czas ORNED «ta 2 373632 7.1882 4908485089997 ©5784 3 s60448 10.9827 708 «=e O82 4 747263 13.4888 «= 9195080 0.178703 848.2 5 934079165324 «127878 OTSA 566 6 112095 195278 1331 4899 © on7a147 5200 7 1907711 224844 15324838 «= OnTt0M «507 8 494527 25.4085 1732478369950 S174 9 188.1943 2.3088 1929 «4737 oteTeAs 5128 10 188.6158 = 31,1789 21254097 = 865175087 15 280.2238 © 45.2538 30844605 O.161802 489.7 2 © S736317 889857 402042 O.tSBBS aI 25 467.0396 © 724718 4939 «412 O.SSHON 4760 90 s604475 85,7683 54S 450 O.SSHBE 4700 35 6538554 = egI2 © 6741 aa «0.18206 4850 407472633 1118253 7628 «4257 0.180823 4608 45 HOG71S 1248289 © 8507 azz 04062648. 50 9340702 1376358 93804189 «0.148567 4539 55 1027487 1503570 10254161 0.147624 4510 60 1.120895 t63.0012 1.111 41360146773 448.4 65 1218303 «1755758 1.197 «4113159094880 7 107,71 188.0867 ©1282 «= 4093 O.t45290 aan. 75 140119 2005001 1.367 «4073 0.aaBIS aan 80 1498527 at2.9574 1481 4056 0.144008 4400 85 1567905 225.2853 1535 409) Odes a8 80 1.661.343 2575863 1619 ©4024 042004 «467 95 1,774,750 249.8832 1.703 «4009 0.424g7 «4852 100 1,868,158 «2620587 1.786 «= 3898 O96) ©4887 105 1,961,566 274.2951 1,869 «9983141526 «aa M0 2058978 286.9745 1.952 BTN ONTOS 41.1 115 2,148:362 298.4787 2034 ©3860 040708 «4209 120 2,241,700 © 3105496 2.118 989 O.t4oa29 ©4287 125 2395,198 922.5886 2198 988 0.130068 276 130 2.428.605 «9345872 2280 ©3828 0198620 «4286 195 2522018 948.5787 2962 «3819 N82BD «HBS 140 2615422 «988.5284 2443 ©3010 eO7 «42k 145 2708630 970.4832 2525 «3804018668423 150 2.602288 8.3524 2608 ©3892 «=O NaST2 «aaa 155 2.695645 994.2267 2687 38840198089 «aah 160 2.989053 4050772 2767 3877 OSTBIB 21.0 165 3.082461 «417.9047 288 ©3869 OSTSS2 4202 170 3,175,869 29,7099 2928 «= 9862137208 4195 175 3260277 441.4036 © 3.009 3855 0.137051 4187 180 3.362685 «4532565 ©3080 3848 0.136813 4180 185 3.456093 464.9992 3,169 ©5841 .136582 «4173 190 3549501 475,7223 3249 ©9835 0.138057 4166 195 3.642909 488.4285 3,909 382.9 0.136199 159 2003796317 500.1122 340898293 0.195028 415 3 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF RESERVOIR ENGINEERINGE A‘S—TABULATED Qp AND ap VALUES FOR USE AFTER FINITE-ACTING PERIOD FOR EXAMPLE 6.5 (continued) r a 4 9 (ous) _tp C7 (st) (S730) _ qm (STB) 208 3aza7es «T1779 «38887 =— 0.198722. 214 4000619 503081. 3.633 3809 © 0.135350 4135 268 500x108 §— SAX IO 4455 688.2100 aT 321 600x108 §— 774x108 «827567 © NT9MOD EK 428 800x108 tor 108833608 0.115500 3829 585 100x107 124x108 waST 54 tt1800 «a4 6 642 120x107 148x108 99503361 0.108100 3003 749 140x107 167x108 4,981 208 © on04600 196 856 160x107 ta7x 108 © 12.744 3058 0.101200 309.2 964 180x107 207% 10° 14,107 30568 0.097000 200.1 1071 200x107 227x108 15.470 «3056 0.094800 289.6. 1281 290x107 254x108 17.310 ©2750 0.090200 2756 11606 300x107 3.14% 10 21,909 «2619 ©0000 as 2141 400x107 88x10 26442228. 0.068100 208.1 2676 500x107 51x10 30,7985 1925 0.057700 «1783 | ara7 700x107 s4ax10® 37.614 149.7 0.081500 126.8 4282 800x107 887x108 40,004 161 -——0.098200 1075, 4818 900x107 20x10 42,253 008 © 0.029800 at. 5953 1.00108 Ga7x10 44,008 «82S 0.025200 77.0, 6423 120x108 6 90x10 47.0287 == tet00 55.9. 7494 140x108 721x108 49,138 47.4 0.013000 87 9100 170x108 752x108 51,249 «31.6 000700 10708 200x108 771x108 52.543 19.4-——0.004800 147 12912 280x108 © 72x10 §3.293 «1.2 ———0.002000 89 ya917 260x108 789x108 59,770 74 0.001800 55 16059 300x108 794x108 54,t11 38 0000900 27 aiatt 400x109 799x109 54,452 15 0.000200 06 26764 500x108 800x108 54,520 03 0.000100 os Reference ‘SI Metric Conversion Factor 1 Nisle, RG.: “How To Use The Exponential Integral." Per. Eng (August 1956) BITL bbl x 1.589873 E-01 =m} \VALUES AND TABULATIONS, wsAppendix B Answers to Chapter Problems Chapter 2 Problem 2.2 Tae! Se ho ow 00 1.0000 ‘0.0000 02 0.8000 0.0000 03 0.4000 ‘200 0 o2er0 0.0570 os 0.1090 0.1000 os 0.0854 0.1370 o7 ooret o.1940 075 0.0090 0.2290 os 0.0000 0.2630 10 0.0000 1.0000 Problem 2.3, & 4 4 015 3196255 985778 761078 4.820471 016 2227882 8406s S.408409 3.426419 0.17 1559562 6egt042 a. 7e4504 2.298562 0.18 1336640 5.906046 3.243629 2.055715 019 11.1304 4922003 270m204 1.71921 02 © 10.86331 4.711654 2587669 1.630987 025 7526388 3325592 1.826431 1.187597 03 564425 2493948 1.360688 0.868067 035 4391601 1.940502 1.085733 067543, 04 3.764307 1.663287 0.913486 057894 05 2500538 1.108858 0.60889 038596 [06 2195845 0.970251 osse867 0.337715 07 2087887 0900456 0.494535 0313421 08 — 1.882153 ogst64s © 0.456743 028047 09 1.882153 osst64a 0.456743 0.28047 11882153 o.@s1644 0.456743 0.20047 Problem 2.4 = = 0.7731 196 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF RESERVOIR ENGINEERINGProblem 2. c, = 522.9 x 10° psi! Problem2.6 4, = 00172 ep Problem2.7 1. z = 0.8570 22 = 08569 Problem 28 1. p, = 11.35 Ibm/ft 2. B, = 0.919 RBMef Problem 2.9 0.0213 ep 0.0208 ep 97.0 x 10°* psi! 96.8 x 10°* psi! Problem 2.10 = Problem 211 [xg % (98) 93.674 11.060 6515 3960 36 2345 1874 1.480 1179 2651.7 413 Problem 2.12 1,000 1300 1.600 2,000 2.500 4870x106 11670% 10-8 984% 10-6 585% 10°6 451<10"6 390% 10-8 249% 10-8 184x10°6 sat 10-8 ANSWERS TO CHAPTER PROBLEMS wrnn | Problem 2.13 1. p, = 2,509.7 psia 2. TABLE BS > @ % 6 Ho 8 (esa) _(psi-!)_(MeWSTB) (RBISTA) _(ep)__(RBMMH) 100 2290x10°F 0016-10847 1.8141 91.151 500 2220x10°§ ©0110 4.089.040 «S870 900 94.68x10-§ ©0222 1.1622 O7e71 3.076 11300 S555x10-€ © o348 = 1.2097 0.85a2 2022 1,700 9765x108 0.472 1.2808 0.8582 1.489 S204x10°F 0599 1.9128 Osea 1.816 2,100 0607 1.3446 0.4907 1.188, 2510 1897x10-6 0.750 .4128 0488 0.992 3000 1581x10-6 0750 1.9044 4602 3500 1955x10-® 0750 1.9875 0.4858 4000 11.86x10°S 0750 1.9828 5148 4500 1054x106 0750 1.4784 0.5467 5000 948x10-F 0750 1.9752 0.5819 3. TABLE 8-58 egbo (oo) 1.3891 9631 07440 06135 05268 0.4995 0.4648 0.4170 4. py = 2,775 psia 198 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF RESERVOIR ENGINEERINGProblem 2.14 1. p, 2. TABLE BS P & Rs & Mo By tose) _tpsi"")_(MetiSTB) (RANSTA) ep) __(RBIMe) 100128010" 00147 10828 S0720 29a1 200 4722x10- © og's 1060744781 14.279 300 2623x109 o0490 1.0788 39018 ©9580 400 1728x108 00671 4.0849 35000 6000 500 125.1%10"S 90857 10019 32628 5.40 600 98.01x10- 01048 s.0006 2.9860 4.449, 700 767810" 03125813074 27818 3781 a0 ea27x10-§ «0143115425509 3.200 e041 §955x10-F o1s00 1.1181 24890 3.080 1000 1368x106 1500 1.1158 2.5288 1500 9123x10°§ oso ani 204 2000 6842x10- 91500 1.1003 tae 2800 $474x10- 01500 1.1000 9.1898 3000 456x10- 01500 1.1071 9.4008 Problem 2.15 1. Undersaturated 2 py = 2,144.7 psa 3. By = 1.473 RBISTB Ry = 740 scfSTB 4 TABLE BT ® tos erxt0-® g6x10-8 1e6x10-8 21ax10°8 25.2%10°8 s2ox10°8 392x106 a7axto-e ro9x10-® e5.ax10°8 te9.1%10°8 390.1% 10-6 ANSWERS TO CHAPTER PROBLEMSProblem 2.16 Chapter 3 TABLE 8-8 Diferential ~ . Pos Ba a R @ (osia) (soVSTB) —(RBISTB)-—(RBISTB)-—(sclSTB)—_(osi" 3515 7340 1372 705 14.28% 10 3415 7340 1374 705 © -20.87%10"S 31s 7340 1a77 705 14.25x10-8 3.215 7340 1379 75 Harx10-6 315 7340 1.381 75 21.29x10-6 3015 340 1.386 705 14:17%10°6 2ers 7340 1.386 705 1817 10-8 2ats 780 1388 5 13.11 10°8 2s 7340 1.390 75 19:14 10-6 2615 7a80 1.392 705 1809 10-8 2515 7380 1.395 70S 1305x10°6 2ats 7340 1.296 705 17.08«10-8 2318 7380 1.299 ms 1732x108 2.263 7349 1426 1.400 708 95.4% 10" 1970 6430 1.382 1387 6157 120.710 1.725 5740 1349 1328 5479 179.5«10-6 1470 4980 1316 1am 4733 2176x10"8 1215 4300 1.288 1.260 40858 8768x10"S 970 3540 1.252 1229 3319 o7.tx10-® ns 2020 1221 1.199 ari 808.8% 10-8 465 2180 1.192 1.170 1984 14725% 10-8 as 140.0 1161 1.140 1218 68144x10-F 15 0 1.085 1.026 00 Problem 3.1 Problem 3.2 Problem 3.3, Problem 3.4 20 1, 0.24682 psift 5.579 KPa/m, 2. 0.33478 psi/t 7.516 kPam, 3.0.27499 psist 6.223 kPa/m Could be the same reservoir. Pressure for both wells 2,128 psia at 3.474 fiss. ‘The pressures differ by 24 psi at datum depth, but this may not be significant, depending on the accuracy of the pressure ‘measurements. Therefore, it could be the same reservoir. 12 = 089 2. py = 0.0758 psilft p= 3,423.6 psia 3. With Eq. 3.1, p With Eq. 3.5, p 2,847.7 psi 2,891.7 psi (more accurate) FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF RESERVOIR ENGINEERING.Problem 4.1 Problem 4.2 Problem 4.3 Problem 4.4 Problem 4.5 Problem 4.6 Problem 4.7 Chapter 6 1 2 3 15,354,000 STB 2-441 000 m? 1,563,000 STB 248.650 m? 848,500,000 STB 134°900 000 m? 260,600,000 STB 41 440 000 m? 166,300,000 STB 26 440 000 m? 41.38 Bset 1,996 Bsef 1,974.4 Beef 650.8 Bsef 190.47 Bet With the trapezoidal rule, 222,509 MSTB With Simpson's rule, 269,821 MSTB With the pyramidal rule, 221,028 MSTB 27,704 MSTB 28,610 MSTB. 7,916 Bet 16,450 MSTB — Problem 6.1 Problem 6.2 Problem 6.3, Problem 6.4 After I hour, p = 2, 8.7 psia ‘After 100 hours, p = 2,389.2 psia After 1 hour, p = 2,528.7 psia After 100 hours, p= 2, 89.2 psia Alter | hour, p = 6,599.7 psia After 100 hours, p = 2,389.2 psia Finite acting at 5063 hours Afier 1 hour, p 528.7 psia ‘Afier 100 hours, p ~ 2,389.2 psia ANSWERS TO CHAPTER PROBLEMS 201Problem 6.5 Finite acting at 60.8 hours TABLES _ thous) (esa) ° 3200 1 2500 2 2551 5 2902 10 2465 20 2428 0 207 4 2201 0 2279 © 2:70 70 22988 0 22959 % 22988 100 22054 Problem 6.7 Taare a T a (hous) (st) 1 1.762 2 1.861 5 1545 0 1466 2 1.306 2» 1.358 40 ase 50 1s12 60 1297 70 1.208 20 1279 | 90 1,264 100 202 1.255 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF RESERVOIR ENGINEERINGProblem 68 Problem 6.9 Chapter 7 TABLE 8.12 7 > thous) (osie) ° 3.200 1 2588 2 2581 5 2502 10 2.465 " 2,988 2 2910 8 292 20 2943 at 2760 2 2750 2s 2737 20 2.726 t @ (hours (sta0) 1 1.762 1861 1.545 10 1.466 2 1,396 ay 1978 2s 2916 26 2804 2 ane 4 2620 “4 2545 “ 2522 *° 1.856 50 1,889 5 1919 58 1927 6 1921 a 1916 CS Problem 7.1 Problem 7.2 Problem 7.3, Problem 7.4 Problem 7.5 Problem 7.6 k = 100.0md 1,169 psia 102.5 md = 034 Infinite-acting: & = 101.6 md Finite-acting: k= 95,3 md (area= 173.3 acres) k= 1.68md 5 = 034 kh = 105.5 md-f k= 030md s= - 062 ANSWERS TO CHAPTER PROBLEMSa | Problem 7.7. @ x ¢ = 1.57 x 10° psi~! V, = 974.9 MRB 20.6 md 549 k Problem 7.8 k= 930 md k 12.0 md 2.85 Problem 7.9 Problem 8.1 1. Influx rate = 18,696 MRB 2! Schilthus k’ = 31.16 RB/Dipsi Problem 8.2. Incremental water influx = 16,112 MRB. TABLEB-14 ite > tie rr a (vonths) (si BID) (months) (MBO) ° 2500 ° tt 7.689 1 2475 sat 12 8.500 2 2.450 3 9.395 3 2405 4 10269 4 2.400 2408 8 196 5 2375 3.140 16 2,100 rats 6 23380 3.839 "7 2075 13001 7 2905 4561 18 2.050 14.075 8 2300 5308 9 2,008 15.082 9 2275 6078 20 2,000 16.112 10 2.250 Problem 83 TABLE B15 r (months) ° 3 6 | 9 | e 8 Problem 84 TABLE B16 t Wo (ons) ci) ° ° 3 °° 6 90 ° eat 2 1402 15 2058 208 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF RESERVOIR ENGINEERING.Problem 8.5 Problem 8.6 Problem 8.7 Problem 88 Problem 8.9 2 493 8 465 ‘Schilthuis representation is acceptable. TABLE 8-18 - te 2 15 615 18 870 a 1185 24 1.508 TABLE 6-19) I ie % (months) (wre) ° ° 3 13 6 52 ° 18 2 27 15 353 18 528 2 40 24 993 1. Water influx rate =7,298 RB/D 2. = 97.3RB(D-psi) 3. AW, = 30,277 MRB MK’ = 335.4 RB/D-psi) ANSWERS TO CHAPTER PROBLEMSProblem 8.10 1, For intial oil in place = 801,440 MSTB and initial gas cap = 336,980 Msc, the corresponding net water influx is: ‘TABLE 6-20—CONROE Material Fetkovich van Everdingen Balance Total Cumulative" Cumulaive Lite infu Tux influx years) __ (RB) (RB) (wae) 00 ° 0 ° os 3532 92 204 10 5327 490 1017 15. 131 1774 3554 20 20.879 4.432 8.426 2s 27.424 8242 14.880 30 35,67 we 21258 as 46.232 17316 27.308 40 52,354 zany 33,398 45 59.141 27.388 40.173 50 66,360 s2.945, 47.051 55 70,754 39,030, 54.693 60 795588 45.561 62796 65. 89,349 51.902 ea.a86 70 97012 57.901 76,123 75 103,646 636¢1 81,987 80 110,178 69,148 87.461 85 115.999 74503 92778 90 121691 79901 98207 | 9s 127673 35,430 104,090 100 139,485, 91275 1104873, 105 199,824 97586 117.627 110 146,138 1043392 125,466 15 154,785, 111759 134,056, 120 164,003 9973 143,998, 125 w4at7 129.47 155,983, 130 192.872 199.739 168,466, 138 206,061 150,480 181,123, 140 219019 162,006 194851 145 231.449 174251 200,320 150 26,194 187,182 224,479 155 261.601 200.883, 240,002 160 279.381 214540 255,797 165 293.813 220.208 272.695 170 313.045, 244.369 289;855 175, 328.065, 259.408 306,087 180 340.949 274.181 321.463 185 353.368 288.563, 336,423 190 368.212 303,309 351,727 195, 379.996 318.581 368,178 200 397.918 334.323 385,348 3. Adjustment to the VEH Method= increasing the aquifer permeability to 300 md improves the fit to the material bal- ance total water influx. ‘Adjustment to the Fetkovich Method= increasing the aquifer permeability 350 md improves the fit to the materi al balance total water influx, 4, With Plot 8.5: B= 18.6 MRB/psi ‘Noi = 801,440 MSTB 206 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF RESERVOIR ENGINEERINGProblem 8.11 Problem 8.12 Problem 8.13, Problem 8.14 1. The plot is not linear, which means that the Schilthuis ‘model is not appropriate for this reservoir. 2, A large reduction inthe estimated aquifer permeability, to 10md, provides a good fitof the van Everdingen-Hurstcal- culation to the material balance history. Furthermore, the Fetkovich calculation with this 10 md also provides a good fit. This Fetkovich fit is much improved lover that shown in Fig. 8.10, ‘TABLE 6-21—ALTON Material Balance —_Fetkovich—_van Everaingen Cumulative Cumulative "Cumulative Lite ux nx ius (years) (RB) (wae) (RB) 0.00 ° ° 0 0.08 5 3 5 025, 8 25 4 058 87 108, 14 1.08 va 288 267 200 514 6a 559 400 1216 1.389 1,155 6.00 1.686 11570 4791 8.00 197 1.88 2047 10.00 2061 2.026 2210 14.00 2.205 2.213 2art 3.B'=0.232 MRB Ni = 6.572 MSTB. 11,176 MRB (VEH Aquifer h=31.8 1) 3,000 MRB (IF Aquifer h=71.7 f) 2, 3,062 MRB (Fetkovich Aquifer 3. 3,098 MRB (Schilthuis) 17K, TABLE B-22—MOONIE Material ~——Fetkovicn van Everdingen Balance Total Cumulative" Cumulative Lite Influx inux Influx (years) (MRE) (WRB) (was) 0.00 ° ° 075 1.198 506 100 1719 907 125 2391 1,353 167 3749 2.198 225 5.838 3414 325 9.798 5.493 1342 58,793, 27.025 1742 73,465 36433 21so 100.563 asm 1. Recovery factor = 42.4% (with N= 48,735 MSTB) 2. Sweep efficiency = 93.1% 1. VEH Constant = 2.17 MRBYpsi Tocaleulate 1D, the Huet factor is 0.0060 2. 001P=71,000 MSTB 3. Volumetric OOTP = 71,000 MSTB ANSWERS TO CHAPTER PROBLEMS 207Chapter 9 Problem 9.1 1. 30,600 MMscf 20.642 Problem 9.2 | TABLE B23 > @ (sia) amis 2825 1027.68 2525 1,197.49 2.125 1413.48 4 TABLE 8-24 p We (osia) (uste) 3,200 ° 2,925 0.756 2525 27.007 2.125 174251 Problem 9.3 239,000 MMscf Problem 94 330,000 MMscf; gas expansion is predominant. Aquifer in- fluxis significant. And, especially in the early tages, the pore volume-water compressibility is important. Problem9.5 1. Gy = 1,644,000 MMscf 2 TABLE B25 ' P We (ron (pia (Re) ° 20989 ° 2 2981 41677 ‘ 2er 132,909 6 2.808 1,091,873 8 2987 1432449 10 2040 2954200 2 zen 3.360.381 1 2828 4569.07 6 2.808 6.429.259 18 2706 108.377 20 2782 9.925.608 2 2767 1.917.065, By 2755 s4os7 i 25 2m 16475:533 28 276 18810,138 90 ane 21,152.749 2 2600 pazir.oae u 2.688 25,720,485 36 2667 29913671 208 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF RESERVOIR ENGINEERINGProblem 9.6 Problem 9.7 Chapter 10 Problem 10.1 Guy = 450,000 MMsef With GIP = 328,700 MMsef, aquifer influx 10,806 MRB 9,750,473 fe 1,830.8 acres 12,500 MMsef 749.6 psia 0913 684.44 psia 3. G, = 20,500 MMscf- piz = 1,229.44 psia r= 087 P= 1,069.61 psia 1G = 191,461 MMscf 31,687 MSTB 2. Recovery =7,917 MMef gas and 1,310 MSTB condensate at dewpoint 3 TABLE 6-26 - Gas Condensate Gas__Recovery Condensate Recovery Pp Recovery Eficeney Recovery Eicioncy (psia) (Me) MSTE) Se 5.800 0 00 ° 00 5450 79174 1310 a 590 1003082 164 52 | 4800 19231 100.282 8s 490 20783155 3.60 3800 4291922447142 3900 57,988 903521885 2800 72250 «303520184 2500 94172 49262081989 100 114235978673. 1300 194,660 703 6.980220 800185042 6107285229 4 TABLE 6-27 eB 3 R R (psa) (RBISTB) (RBMMsct) (Msci'STB) (STEMS 5.450 06st 1655 5900 2314 0654 3.005.188: 4800 1785 0688 ats t139 4300 16 06981725 aot 3600 1472782 t4e7 52 3300 1968 083311758 2800 1.276 0955 23 2300 1197 1.156 776 18001126 1.475 606 1300 1086 2040 aa 800 0.996 3.288 203 ANSWERS TO CHAPTER PROBLEMS 209Problem 10.2 Problem 10.3 Problem 10.4 TABLE 8-28 Total Stago-1 Stage2_Gas_—_Condensate Recovery Recovery Recovery Rocovery (psia) (MMe). (Met) “(Met)” _(MSTB) 5728 000 000 0.00 0.00 4018 1012-129 wa 181 35151489183 m9 254 2918 223279 267 56 2ms 4389 40.9 4905 454 13186730837 “0s 519 20 8699 as 9516 sat G = 96,752 MMsef (by volumetrics) G, = 8.369 MSTB ‘These figures obviously are much higher than those ob- tained by material balance. ILis possible that the net-thickness figure is much lower than the 50 ft mentioned in the text. It should be more like 12 to 13 f. TABLE 6-29 Gas Condensate P Recovery Recovery tos) 0) a) 3.428 0.00 0.00 3.000 950 561 2.400 2530 tae 1.800 4522 1560 1.200 e462 1919 700 20.34 22.53 2 TABLE 6-30 P 3 % Re ® (osia)(RBISTB) (RBMscf) _(MclISTB) _(STBMsef) 3428 0778 1481 3.000 1.886 08st 15550875 2400 1.859 0.981 to2t 0503, 1s 1371 4.318 06% ose 120 © 1201 2007 oz 0274 700 1.080 3572 01080296 Problem 10.5 G = 81,000 MMcf 210 G, = 11,664 MSTB FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF RESERVOIR ENGINEERINGFon — Problem 11.1 OOIP==56,505 MSTB Problem 11.2 Fy, = 3.90% Recoverable oil = 2,469 MSTB Problem 1. 312,000 MsTB 202,800 MMsef TABLE B31 > We —(osia)_ ure) 2.740 ° 2.500 3.096 2.290 12204 2,108 za 1,989 34,607 1818 45.910 1.720 56.591 1,608 65.115, 1.535 mart 1480 81,527 1.440 7298 Problem 11.5, '= 280,000 MSTB Problem 11.6 20,000 MSTB Oil properties differ, but pressure connection through an aquifer is possible. Problem 11.7 OOIP=N’=300,000 MSTB indeterminate because R,; is not specified. '= 86,000 MSTB ‘The above ignores the pore volume and water compressibility. These are important for this reservoir, which produces above the bubblepoint pressure. 0x 10 psi-tis assumed, Problem 11.8 Ifa pore volume + water OOIP == 84,500 MST For both of these cases, the net water influx is zero: Estimated total water influx = 306 MRB (the produced water volume) Problem 11.9 TABLE B-32 P We (os) ow) | "4705 ° 4565 129 | 4,197 ‘795 924 ton 2700 2.909 | 3.638 4301 | 3,553 6,028 3591 7519 | 2540 8.959 asrs 10240 3606 11,408 605 e514 3.860 19451 With OOIP=1V= 10,000 MST. ANSWERS TO CHAPTER PROBLEMS aProblem 11.10 Problem 11.11 Problem 11.12 Problem 11.13, Problem 11.14 a With the given information, the volumetric OOIP must be in error because it is much less than the produced oil. TABLES 0—PIREON > (os) top tsp tep, Tol ams 4565 0.41 0000 078300751000 4197 0.080 0.000 0878 = a041 1.000 3924 0055 0.000 0918 0028 1.000 3780 0048 0.000 0.830 0028 1.000 3638 0044 0.000 0834 ©0022 1.000 3563 0041 0.000 0.839 oaat_ 1.000 3531 0038 0.000 0943 ©0019 1.000 354 0038 0.000 0948 = 0018 1.000 3575 0081 0.000 0.953 0018 1.000 3.605 0.029 0.000 0.9568 0015.00 3635 0.027 0.000 0.958 0014 1.000 3860 0026 0.000 0.961 0019 1.000 Sills drive indices: For this case, the indices are identical to Pirson, OO1P == 1,000,000 MSTB OGIP = G = 1,080,000 Met OO1P == 101,000 MSTB OGIP = G = 293,800 MMsef OOIP = N= 25,600 MSTB Fetkovich J= 11.92 RB/D Wer = 171,228 MRB van Everdingen :D factor =0. van Everdingen B’ = 0.9257 MRBipsi 1, OOIP= N= 1.045 STB OGIP=G=3.040 Met 2. Bubblepoint Pressure, 4,698 psia OOIP =N = 4,200,000 MSTB OGIP=G=6,510,000 Mer FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF RESERVOIR ENGINEERINGia Chapter 12 Problem 12.1 1. Gas cap=Gjgi= 3,200 MMsef Solution gas= Ng X Ry = Gp OGIP total 9,280 MMscf OOIP = Noi = 22,000 MSTB 48.63% Fy, = 80.55% Problem 12.2 Ina later technical paper (SPE 2314), Lincoln Elkins stated that for this West Edmond field, “many conven | i ‘mance ofthis reservoir.” For this textbook, the following PVT table should be used: | i i 16.280 MMsef TABLE B36 a 8" a (psa (ASIST) (MotB) ——(MetSTB) 1.800 1387 0746 0.605 2,000 1379 0838 0.663 2.200 sai 92a 0.725 2.400 1451 1012 0791 2,600 1501 1.092 0876 i 2.800 1570 1.366 0.994 2,900 1.608 201 1.054 3,000 1.605 1235 1.054 3.145 1.601 1.208 1.058 Fert ec uy prt gpd nme, OOIP = No; = 600,000 MSTB Gas cap =, OGIP = Nu R, > we (ose) (RSE) ure) =n) 3s 00000 ° ° 2904 oans 1901 zara zoe ones, 2.704 2726 zee oot 517310861 2796 ovat sees 12710 279 oss? rar ato 2oe ose 29420. ase 2483 008890956. 83.010 ee ee 2295 0888.85 gas 190202000 ve4as9 170795 Problem 12.3 Ny. = 1.200STB Vapor oi, Gy X ru Ngi = 0.132 STB oo =W=1532 STB Gas cap= Gy = 1.140 Msc Solution gas Ng. X Ry = Gos =3.401 Met oat Si Met | ANSWERS TOCCHAPTER PROBLEMS 2 iProblem 12.4 Solution ofthis problem depends upon the identification of the volumes of injected gas inthe total cumulative £285 production. This is because of the drastically different By properties ofthe two kinds of gas. As a rough approximation, if we assume that 90% of the gas production has been injection gas, the volumetrically deter- ‘mined oil and gas-cap volumes are reasonable. No; = 60,000 MSTB, 464 Mot Nps X Ru = Gi = 19,500 MMef 4,964 Mot TABLE 8.26, > Bot F Eee (psa) (BvSTB) (wa) (wes) 965 0.0000 ° 0 952 0.0080 696 481 838 0.0965 3.037 5787 585 0.0549 4903 3.294 876 0.0628 3616 aq7t a7 srt 5.307 4026 250.1079 4350 6472 839 0.0055 6241 5,730 310.1029 6343 6.176 765 0.1743 9676 10,480 786 0.1498 8467 8,990 770 0.1683 zat 10,098 7e2__ 0.1779 5.482 10.674 2.976 Met Ng = 1.050STB Vapor oil = Njgi= 0.174 STB 224STB Problem 12.6 1, Roughly the same as the volumetric values, Solution os = Ny, XR, = Gj = 480,000 MMet OGIP = G = 830,000 MMet 2, At 1,900 psi Fx, = 36.0% 23.3% 26 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF RESERVOIR ENGINEERING3 _ TABLE B37 - 2 ° (osia) ‘oo. 2 wo. to (88) _bp Avo tea. 2177 0.15082 0.14807 0.69710 0.00891 2.067 0.16402 0.16092 0.67081 00425 2170 0.25950 025460 0.47918 0.00672 2,058 0.16898 0.16578 0.66086 0.00438 2.148 0.58910 0.92681 0.99148 0.00863 2,088 «0.17345 0.17017 0.65189 0.00449 2125 082377 0.1765 0.95020 0.00838 © 2.029 o.t8s2 0.18191 0.62786 0.00480 210 091907 0.31204 0.35963 0.00826 2,008. 020058 0.19679 0.50744 0.00819. 2103 0.90954 0.30969 0.97875 0.00802 2,003 0.19068 0.18706 0.61734 0.00494 2105 0.24906 024435 0.50015 0.00685 1,988 0.19439 019072 0.60985 0.00503, 2096 0.24593 024069 0.50762 0.00635 -«1,978 0.19578 0.19207 0.60708 0.00607 2089 0.20098 023544 0.51837 0.00621. 1,963 «0.19795 0.19428 0.60271 0.00813 2088 022815022083 54212 a00ss1 1,952 0.19703 0.19390 0.60457 000510 2071 024143 0.29686 0.51546 0.00625 1,944 0.19452 0.19091 0.60946 0.00804. 2070 0.22693 022205 0.84877 0.00588 1,936. -««O.19132 0.18771 O.61602 0.00495, 2077 0.20126 0.19748 0.59607 0.00521 1,917 0.19628 0.19258 0.60614 0.00508, 2081 0.18898 0.18187 0.62795 0.00480 1,918 0.18842 0.18486 © 0.62185 0.00488 2084 0.17943 0.17015 0.65192 0.00449 1,919 0.18353 18008. 0.69168 0.00475 2088 016112 0.15807 087664 0.00817 1,926 0.17545 0.17214 64787 00454 2088 0.15596 0.15902 0.68698 a.00K0d 1,824» 0.17890 0.17002 0.85219 00449 2086 0.15409 0.15118 0.60074 0.00999 1,820» «O.1716% 0.16899 0.85553 O00Kad 2083 0.15900 0.15040 0.69234 0.00397 1,903-«O.17742 0.17406 © 0.64982 0.00489 2025 0.23133 022698 0.53572 0.00509 _1,900—O.17435 0.17105 0.65008 0.00451 Problem 12.7. OOIP=. Gas cap = Gigi = 8,300 MMef Solution gas= NX R, = Goi = 14,980 MMet OGIP = G =23,280 MMe | Problem 12.8 OOIP=NV= 112,000 MSTB Gas cap 1,000 MMF Solution gas= NX R, = Ge, =57,120 MMet OGIP=G= 138,120 MMet Problem 12.9 At p=3.530 psia: [ANSWERS TO CHAPTER PROBLEMS ais216 4,980 TABLE B38 Depth Pe Depth Fe fs) St) fos) _ Sy 4877 1717 01804958367 0310 4935 750 0150495935017 49967330160 4960 3330.25 4977170162 49613470900 4908 7.000164 4962-300 0.350 4909 68301684963 283 0.360 4o40 667 01684964 267 0.65 4981 65001704965 2500.76 492 63301724968 25377 4963 617 (0.178 49872170388 494 60001784958 © 200 0.400 4965 56301784969 1830420 490567 01804970167 0.450 4947 5600185 49711500400 aoa 53301874972 1930540 499 517 0260 49731470810 49590 50002704574 = 100-0750 49514830275 49750830940 4952467 02804878 067 1.000 4953450 0285 ©4977 0.501.000 495644330200 4978 0.331.000 4955 41702884979 0.17 1.000 4956 400 02974980 0.001.000 49573830300 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF RESERVOIR ENGINEERINGTABLE B29 Zee z + ozs 575 2 om i 3 0200 55 4 0140 10 S: Zonet Zone? Zoned Zoned 100 0.086 © 0088700839 0.0307 095 00s © 09700399 ocais 090 00816 a03e7-oase9 caer 08s 0018 © casera 0348 080 00816 cose © o.case © 0.0885 075 0046 ©~— oot 0.0877 0.084 070 © 00157 004590418 00400 065 0m ©0470 0870429 060 00541 0.0529 0.0488 04st 055 0080300575 00528 00800 050 0088 © 00827 0080900887 045 07ers o7o1 oes 040 00057 0882 0.0867 0.0848 03501208 0.150 01099 o.ts 033019101255 o.207 0.1200, 030 01560 o.n45 0.15080 1460, 02 © 0207902001 02008 © 02075 oz 027024052419 o24s0 oz 02703 ooze ozris 02800 o2t 0201 omer 041 ozaat 02 © 039 03198 © omt67 ast 019 0359503659 oss © oss 018 ostss ote ozs 208 017 05198 oszer—os279—ost88 016 082s avai o7ar _o.s76s. Problem 13.2 1. J = 0.0513/(S, — 0.1151). 2 TABLE B40 yo Point _@ (md) (tips) Sy 1 018 90 2333 oar70 “o2se 2 018 55 6 19399 779.149 | 3 022 235 4 567 148082 0.150 4 029 250 120 000 5.19018 0.125, 5 on 15 4750 oete12 0199 6 0m 9 9 1500 061766 0.198 7 012 8 19 187 010700 0899 ANSWERS TO CHAPTER PROBLEMS 207Problem 13.5 TABLE BAI & Ta Tg RO AA 00s os ° ° ° ° ey ee eT ed 015 ogo 0758 1062 © 0a oneae 00ST 02 coos osao0 ts § zea azo ates 02s oor oateo soa asst ase 077 03 © ouzze © onze 7582 esa 08775 Oscar 035 ones 01800 © 08700 «07890 «07020 gtes os casio onaaz mee ©0873 07888 © 07200 045 ogsi0. «tue ea) 0m050 ase © nee 05 01286 00800-09807 gs71 080650817 055 01778 00556-90109 © osat 08067 0s 02066 «00066520 g7ss oss] OmmG oss 0072 «0020009079 anes © ogres ©0677 07 03806 00s 099 maes | osea7 © ones 075 os7e © oeaz««0.099«a.mnes © 0na7s © snes 0806 ° 1 1 1 1 Problem 13.6 1. At time =2.0 years: TABLE 6-42 x (toot) Su 00 0.800 139 0760 269 0.700 460 0.450 668 0.600 940 0560 1932 0.500 1944 0.480 2962 0.400 465.4 0.350 5294 0.395 Front 5304 0.000 Problem 13.7 At time =2 years: Distance to the front= 539.4 ft Problem 13. Distance to the front, without initial saturation = 495.4 ft Distance to the front, with initial saturation = 595.0 ft Problem 13.9 Exponent for oil =2.62 Exponent for water 08 218 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF RESERVOIR ENGINEERINGr Problem 13.10 1. S,,, = 0.5 Sys 0056 Kma/Egas = ONT 2 TABLE 8-43 % % _oste)_ unecy ° ° | 45 270 ears 5610 sae 1.720 2a as70 9940 10300 tose 13500 11.090 7400 00 ra708 21400 200 13509 26.100 100 vases 20 900 Problem 13.11 I. S,,, = 0.162 2.5,"= 0070 Ker moel bran = 0-264 TABLE BAe > % & tosiay usta) esc 2.500 ° 3 2.300 1.700 rte 2.100 4.350 2.868 1.900 7821 5401 1.700 10,198 azze 1500 2251 13.960 11300 taar7 19407 1100 15.669 25567 00 17400 297 700 e058 30210 500 20380 a7a0 200 22606 7.705 100 25762 e738 so 27000 70,000 Problem 13.12 1. S;,, = 0.2 S."= 005 Kramalkyamn = 0481 | ANSWERS TO CHAPTER PROBLEMS 29Problem 13.14 Chapter 14 2. TABLE B45 P ™ & (sia) (ust) ume 4515 00 00 401s 48 ou 3815 210 452 315 24a 525 3615 zat 604 3515 319 686 3482 29 ne 3.015 21 1763 2615 1358 3668 2n5 1789 e439 1815 ant 9551 415 2388 s2a1 715 2589 15446 315, 2853 1.8908 TABLE B46 Se Won 020 ‘0.000 0.25 0.000 0.30 0.008 0.35 ore 0.40 0.087 045 0.080 050 0.186 055 0.345 0.60 0757 065 1686 070 3.162 075 7589 0.80 17687 0.85 infinite —_——$ um Problem 14.1 Problem 14.2 Problem 14.3 Problem 20 1.180 STBD 2.97351 STB 3..0,0088905/month 4,270.8 months 5. 2,896 STB 1.121.0STBD 2.98,145 STB 3.0,008064/month 4. 1,400.0 months 5. 13,897 STB 1,119.9 STBD 297,846 STB 3, 0.008369/month 4,679.6 months 5. 10,059 STB 3. 4, 4 n= 217 0.1162/month 699.8 STB/D FUNDAMENTAL PRINCI ES OF RESERVOIR ENGINEERING4,4, q at 239.5 months = 105.1 STB/D ‘Np= 1.288 MSTB after 240th month bq at 479.5 months = 76.6 STB/D N, = 1,934 MSTB afer 480th month 5. Timetoreach 6 STB/D = 122, 305 months or 10,192 years. This demonstrates that hyperbolic decline with ‘adecline exponent > | cannot be sustained indefinitely. Problem 14.51. Exponential 2,380.35 STB/D 3. d, = 1.S%/month n=0 Nomenclature BY = van Everdingen-Hurst aquifer constant, L42/m, RBipsi gas FVF at Time, L'/L!, RB/sef oil FVF, L'/L, RB/STB oil FVF at bubblepoint, L’/L', RB/STB oil FVF from differential liberation (DL) tes, L/L), RB/STB isothermal gas compressibility, Lt'/m, psi~ isothermal oil compressibility, Lt?/m, psi! tal decline rate, L'/t, RB/D foal expansion factor, L'/L3, RB/scf fractional flow of gas reservoir voidage from production, L°, RB gas recovery factor oil recovery factor original gas in place, L?, sef apparent gas in place. L', sof initial gas inthe free-gas phase, L’,sef initial gas inthe free-oil phase, L scf inital condensate in place. L’. ft" ‘cumulative gas produced, L’, Sef formation thickness, Lf depletion-drive index formation-drive index segregation-drive index waterdrive index Leverett J function Fetkovich reservoir productivity index, L4¥m, RBID-psi = permeability, L?, md K = Schilthuis constant, L't/m, RB/D:psi 4, = relative permeability to gas van = maximum relative permeability to gas 1, = relative permeability to oil Anau = maximum relative permeability to oil ‘iq. = relative permeability to water 'n = decline exponent defined in Chap. 14 1 = original oil in place, L', STB Ney = apparent oil in place, L?, STB Nj, = ofiginal oil in the free-pas phase, L' ‘Nqx = initial oil in the free-oil phase, L [ANSWERS TO CHAPTER PROBLEMS ‘cumulative oil produced, L*, STB = pressure, m/Lt, psia bubblepoint pressure, m/Lt® psia initial pressure, m/Lt, psia P, = capillary pressure, m/L", psi 4q = oil-production rate, L'/t, B/D radial distance, L, ft solution-gas/-oil ratio, L/L) sefiSTB solution-gas/-oil ratio at or above bubblepoint, LY/L sefiSTB Ry, = solution-gav-ol ratio from DL test, L'/L*, scf/STB initial solution gas, L"/L?, se/STB volatie-ciligas ratio in gas phase, LYL?, sof/STB 5 = skin factor critical gas-phase saturation liquid saturation ‘reducible liquid saturation "= water saturation time, t water encroachment from aquifer, L’, RB Fetkovich initial encroachable water, L', RB, waterlil ratio, L/L’, BIB gas-compressiblity factor ‘a8 viscosity, nVLt, ep i, = oil viscosity, m/Lt, ep ‘gas density, m/L",Ibm/tt? reservoir porosity y, p Ps P ‘SI Metric Conversion Factors acre X 4.046 873 bbl X 1.589 873 ep x 1.0" ft x3.048" f2 9.290 304 £8 2.831 685 Ibm x 4.535 924 psi x 6.894 757 psi > 1.450377 “Conversion ctor ena