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© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 3
Objective
• To determine the ratings and settings of
fuses, breakers, relay, etc.
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 4
Criteria
• Economics
• Operating Practices
• Previous Experience
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 5
Design
• Open only PD nearest (upstream) of the fault
or overload
• Provide satisfactory protection for overloads
• Interrupt SC as rapidly (instantaneously) as
possible
• Comply with all applicable standards and
codes
• Plot the Time Current Characteristics of
different PDs
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 6
Analysis
When:
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 7
Spectrum Of Currents
• Load Current
– Up to 100% of full-load
– 115-125% (mild overload)
• Overcurrent
– Abnormal loading condition (Locked-Rotor)
• Fault Current
– Fault condition
– Ten times the full-load current and higher
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 8
Protection
• Prevent injury to personnel
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 9
Coordination
• Limit the extent and duration of service
interruption
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 10
Coordination
C D B A
t
C D B
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 11
Protection vs. Coordination
• Coordination is not an exact science
• Compromise between protection and
coordination
– Reliability
– Speed
– Performance
– Economics
– Simplicity
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 12
Required Data
• One-line diagrams (Relay diagrams)
• Power Grid Settings
• Generator Data
• Transformer Data
– Transformer kVA, impedance, and connection
Motor Data
• Load Data
• Fault Currents
• Cable / Conductor Data
• Bus / Switchgear Data
• Instrument Transformer Data (CT, PT)
• Protective Device (PD) Data
– Manufacturer and type of protective devices (PDs)
– One-line diagrams (Relay diagrams)
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 13
Study Procedure
• Prepare an accurate one-line diagram (relay
diagrams)
• Obtain the available system current spectrum
(operating load, overloads, fault kA)
• Determine the equipment protection guidelines
• Select the appropriate devices / settings
• Plot the fixed points (damage curves, …)
• Obtain / plot the device characteristics curves
• Analyze the results
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 14
Time Current Characteristics
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 15
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 16
TCC Scaling Example
• Situation:
– A scaling factor of 10 @ 4.16 kV is selected for
TCC curve plots.
• Question
– What are the scaling factors to plot the 0.48 kV
and 13.8 kV TCC curves?
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 17
TCC Scaling Example
• Solution
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 18
Fixed Points
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 19
Capability / Damage Curves
It2 I2t I2 t
t
I22t
Motor
Xfmr Cable
Gen
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 20
Cable Protection
• Standards & References
– IEEE Std 835-1994 IEEE Standard Power Cable
Ampacity Tables
– IEEE Std 848-1996 IEEE Standard Procedure for the
Determination of the Ampacity Derating of Fire-Protected
Cables
– IEEE Std 738-1993 IEEE Standard for Calculating the
Current- Temperature Relationship of Bare Overhead
Conductors
– The Okonite Company Engineering Data for Copper and
Aluminum Conductor Electrical Cables, Bulletin EHB-98
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 21
Cable Protection
The actual temperature rise of a cable when exposed to
a short circuit current for a known time is calculated by:
2
t
A
T2 234
0.0297log
T1 234
Where:
A= Conductor area in circular-mils
I = Short circuit current in amps
t = Time of short circuit in seconds
T1= Initial operation temperature (750C)
T2=Maximum short circuit temperature
(1500C)
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 22
Cable Short-Circuit Heating Limits
Recommended
temperature rise:
B) CU 75-200C
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 23
Shielded
Cable
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 24
NEC Section 110-14 C
• (c) Temperature limitations. The temperature rating associated with the
ampacity of a conductor shall be so selected and coordinated as to not exceed
the lowest temperature rating of any connected termination, conductor, or
device. Conductors with temperature ratings higher than specified for
terminations shall be permitted to be used for ampacity adjustment, correction,
or both.
• (1) Termination provisions of equipment for circuits rated 100 amperes or less,
or marked for Nos. 14 through 1 conductors, shall be used only for conductors
rated 600C (1400F).
• Exception No. 1: Conductors with higher temperature ratings shall be permitted
to be used, provided the ampacity of such conductors is determined based on
the 6O0C (1400F) ampacity of the conductor size used.
• Exception No. 2: Equipment termination provisions shall be permitted to be
used with higher rated conductors at the ampacity of the higher rated
conductors, provided the equipment is listed and identified for use with the
higher rated conductors.
• (2) Termination provisions of equipment for circuits rated over 100 amperes, or
marked for conductors larger than No. 1, shall be used only with conductors
rated 750C (1670F).
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 25
Transformer Protection
• Standards & References
– National Electric Code 2002 Edition
– C37.91-2000; IEEE Guide for Protective Relay Applications to
Power Transformers
– C57.12.59; IEEE Guide for Dry-Type Transformer Through-Fault
Current Duration.
– C57.109-1985; IEEE Guide for Liquid-Immersed Transformer
Through-Fault-Current Duration
– APPLIED PROCTIVE RELAYING; J.L. Blackburn; Westinghouse
Electric Corp; 1976
– PROTECTIVE RELAYING, PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS;
J.L. Blackburn; Marcel Dekker, Inc; 1987
– IEEE Std 242-1986; IEEE Recommended Practice for Protection
and Coordination of Industrial and Commercial Power
Systems
–
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 26
Transformer Category
ANSI/IEEE C-57.109
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 27
Transformer Categories I, II
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 28
Transformer Categories III
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 29
Transformer
FLA
200
Thermal
t I2t = 1250
(D-D LL) 0.87
(sec)
Infrequent Fault
(D-R LG) 0.58
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 30
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 31
Transformer Protection
MAXIMUM RATING OR SETTING FOR OVERCURRENT DEVICE
PRIMARY SECONDARY
Over 600 Volts Over 600 Volts 600 Volts or Below
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 32
Transformer Protection
• Turn on or inrush current • Oil Level
• Internal transformer faults • Fans
• External or through faults of major • Oil Pumps
magnitude
• Pilot wire – Device 85
• Repeated large motor starts on the
transformer. The motor represents a • Fault withstand
major portion or the transformers KVA • Thermal protection – hot spot, top of oil
rating. temperature, winding temperature
• Harmonics • Devices 26 & 49
• Over current protection – Device 50/51 • Reverse over current – Device 67
• Ground current protection – Device • Gas accumulation – Buckholz relay
50/51G
• Over voltage –Device 59
• Differential – Device 87
• Voltage or current balance – Device 60
• Over or under excitation – volts/ Hz –
Device 24 • Tertiary Winding Protection if supplied
• Sudden tank pressure – Device 63 • Relay Failure Scheme
• Dissolved gas detection • Breaker Failure Scheme
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 33
Recommended Minimum
Transformer Protection
Winding and/or power system Winding and/or power system
Protective system grounded neutral grounded neutral ungrounded
Above
Up to 10 MVA Above 10 MVA Up to 10 MVA
10 MVA
Differential - √ - √
√ -
√
Gas detection
Over excitation -
√ √ √
Overheating -
√ -
√
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 34
Question
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 35
Answer
• For delta-delta connected transformers, with
line-to-line faults on the secondary side, the
curve must be reduced to 87% (shift to the
left by a factor of 0.87)
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 36
Question
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 37
Infrequent Fault Incidence Zones for Category II & III Transformers
Source
Feeders
* Should be selected by reference to the frequent-fault-incidence protection curve or for
transformers serving industrial, commercial and institutional power systems with secondary-side
conductors enclosed in conduit, bus duct, etc., the feeder protective device may be selected by
reference to the infrequent-fault-incidence protection curve.
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 39
Motor Protection
• Motor Starting Curve
• Thermal Protection
• Fault Protection
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 40
Motor Overload Protection
(NEC Art 430-32 – Continuous-Duty Motors)
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 41
Motor Protection – Inst. Pickup
1
I LOCKED
ROTOR XS Xd "
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 42
Locked Rotor Protection
• Thermal Locked Rotor (Device 51)
• Starting Time (TS < TLR)
• LRA
– LRA sym
– LRA asym (1.5-1.6 x LRA sym) + 10% margin
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 43
Fault Protection
(NEC Art / Table 430-52)
• Non-Time Delay Fuses
– 300% of FLA
• Dual Element (Time-Delay Fuses)
– 175% of FLA
• Instantaneous Trip Breaker
– 800% - 1300% of FLA*
• Inverse Time Breakers
– 250% of FLA
*can be set up to 1700% for Design B (energy efficient) Motor
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 44
Low Voltage Motor Protection
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 45
Low-voltage Motor
Ratings Range of ratings
Continuous amperes 9-250 —
Nominal voltage (V) 240-600 —
Horsepower 1.5-1000 —
Starter size (NEMA) — 00-9
Types of protection Quantity NEMA
designation
Overload: overload
relay elements
3 OL
Short circuit:
circuit breaker current 3 CB
trip elements
Fuses 3 FU
Undervoltage: inherent
with integral control
supply and three-wire
control circuit — —
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 46
Minimum Required Sizes of a NEMA
Combination Motor Starter System
FUSE SIZE
MAXIMUM CONDUCTOR LENGTH FOR ABOVE AND
CLASS J
FUSE
BELOW GROUND CONDUIT SYSTEMS. ABOVE GROUND CIRCUIT BREAKER
SYSTEMS HAVE DIRECT SOLAR EXPOSURE. 750 C
SIZE
CONDUCTOR TEMPERATURE, 450 C AMBIENT
460V NEC FLC
CONDUCTOR
GROUNDING
MOTOR HP
STARTER
MINIMUM
SIZE
SIZE
LARGER GROUND
LENGTH FOR 1%
LENGTH FOR 1%
LARGER WIRE
CONDUCTOR
DROP WITH
USE NEXT
MAXIMUM
MAXIMUM
VOLTAGE
VOLTAGE
LARGEST
MINIMUM
250% 200% 150%
DROP
NEXT
WIRE
WIRE
SIZE
SIZE
1 2.1 0 12 12 759 10 1251 15 15 15 5
1½ 3 0 12 12 531 10 875 15 15 15 6
2 3.4 0 12 12 468 10 772 15 15 15 7
3 4.8 0 12 12 332 10 547 20 20 15 10
5 7.6 0 12 12 209 10 345 20 20 15 15
7½ 11 1 12 10 144 8 360 30 25 20 20
10 14 1 10 8 283 6 439 35 30 25 30
15 21 2 10 8 189 6 292 50 40 30 45
20 27 2 10 6 227 4 347 70 50 40 60
25 34 2 8 4 276 2 407 80 70 50 70
30 40 3 6 2 346 2/0 610 100 70 60 90
40 52 3 6 2 266 2/0 469 150 110 90 110
50 65 3 2 2/0 375 4/0 530 175 150 100 125
60 77 4 2 2/0 317 4/0 447 200 175 125 150
75 96 4 2 4/0 358 250 393 250 200 150 200
100 124 4 1 250 304 350 375 350 250 200 250
125 156 5 2/0 350 298 500 355 400 300 250 350
150 180 5 4/0 500 307 750 356 450 350 300 400
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 47
Required Data - Protection of a
Medium Voltage Motor
• Rated full load current
• Service factor
• Locked rotor current
• Maximum locked rotor time (thermal limit curve) with the motor at ambient and/or
operating temperature
• Minimum no load current
• Starting power factor
• Running power factor
• Motor and connected load accelerating time
• System phase rotation and nominal frequency
• Type and location of resistance temperature devices (RTDs), if used
• Expected fault current magnitudes
• First ½ cycle current
• Maximum motor starts per hour
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 48
Medium-Voltage Class E Motor Controller
Class El
Class E2 (with
Ratings (without
fuses)
fuses)
Nominal system voltage 2300-6900 2300-6900
Horsepower 0-8000 0-8000
Symmetrical MVA interrupting 25-75 160-570
capacity at nominal
system voltage
NEMA
Types of Protective Devices Quantity
Designation
Overload, or locked Rotor, Phase Balance
or both:
Thermal overload relay 3 OL OC TR/O
Current balance relay 1 BC NEMA Class E1
TOC relay 3
3 Negative-sequence voltage 1 — medium voltage starter
IOC relay plus time delay
relay (per bus), or both
Thermal overload relay 3 OL
Undervoltage:
TOC relay 3 OC Inherent with integral
IOC relay plus time delay 3 TR/OC control supply and three-
wire control circuit, when
voltage falls suffi-ciently to — UV
Short Circuit:
permit the contractor to
open and break the seal-in
Fuses, Class E2 3 FU circuit
IOC relay, Class E1 3 OC Temperature:
Temperature relay,
Ground Fault operating from resistance — OL
sensor or ther-mocouple in
TOC residual relay 1 GP stator winding
NEMA Class E2 medium
Overcurrent relay with toroidal voltage starter
1 GP
CT
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 49
Starting Current of a 4000Hp, 12 kV,
1800 rpm Motor
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 50
Starting Current of a 4000Hp, 12 kV,
1800 rpm Motor - Oscillographs
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 51
Thermal Limit Curve
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 52
Thermal Limit Curve
Typical
Curve
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 53
(49)
I2T
O/L
tLR MCP
(51) 200 HP
ts
Starting Curve
MCP (50)
LRAs LRAasym
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 54
Protective Devices
• Fuse
• Overload Heater
• Thermal Magnetic
• Electro-Mechanical
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 57
Total Clearing
Time Curve
Minimum Melting
Time Curve
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 58
Current Limiting Fuse
(CLF)
• Limits the peak current of short-circuit
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 59
Current Limiting Action
Ip
Current (peak amps)
ta = tc – tm
Ip’
ta = Arcing Time
tm = Melting Time
tc = Clearing Time
tm ta Time Ip = Peak Current
tc (cycles)
Ip’ = Peak Let-thru Current
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 60
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination
Let-Through Chart
7% PF (X/R = 14.3)
Peak Let-Through Amperes
230,000
300 A
12,500 100 A
60 A
5,200 100,000
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 63
Selectivity Criteria
Typically:
• Non-CLF: 140% of full load
• CLF: 150% of full load
• Safety Margin: 10% applied to Min
Melting (consult the fuse manufacturer)
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 64
Molded Case CB
• Thermal-Magnetic Types
• Magnetic Only • Frame Size
• Motor Circuit Protector • Poles
(MCP)
• Trip Rating
• Integrally Fused (Limiters)
• Current Limiting • Interrupting Capability
• High Interrupting Capacity • Voltage
• Non-Interchangeable Parts
• Insulated Case (Interchange
Parts)
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 65
MCCB
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 66
MCCB with SST Device
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 67
Thermal Maximum
Thermal Minimum
Magnetic
(instantaneous)
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 68
LVPCB
• Voltage and Frequency Ratings
• Continuous Current / Frame Size / Sensor
• Interrupting Rating
• Short-Time Rating (30 cycle)
• Fairly Simple to Coordinate
• Phase / Ground Settings
• Inst. Override
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 69
LT PU
CB 2
CB 1
LT Band
CB 2
ST PU 480 kV
CB 1
IT
ST Band
If =30 kA
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 70
Inst. Override
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 71
Overload Relay / Heater
• Motor overload protection is provided by a
device that models the temperature rise of
the winding
• When the temperature rise reaches a point
that will damage the motor, the motor is de-
energized
• Overload relays are either bimetallic, melting
alloy or electronic
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 72
Overload Heater (Mfr. Data)
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 73
Question
What is Class 10 and Class 20 Thermal
OLR curves?
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 74
Answer
• At 600% Current Rating:
– Class 10 for fast trip, 10
seconds or less
– Class 20 for, 20 seconds or
less (commonly used) 20
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 75
Answer
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 76
Overload Relay / Heater
• When the temperature at the combination motor starter is more than
±10 °C (±18 °F) different than the temperature at the motor, ambient
temperature correction of the motor current is required.
• An adjustment is required because the output that a motor can safely
deliver varies with temperature.
• The motor can deliver its full rated horsepower at an ambient
temperature specified by the motor manufacturers, normally + 40 °C. At
high temperatures (higher than + 40 °C) less than 100% of the normal
rated current can be drawn from the motor without shortening the
insulation life.
• At lower temperatures (less than + 40 °C) more than 100% of the
normal rated current could be drawn from the motor without shortening
the insulation life.
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 77
Overcurrent Relay
• Time-Delay (51 – I>)
• Short-Time Instantaneous ( I>>)
• Instantaneous (50 – I>>>)
• Electromagnetic (induction Disc)
• Solid State (Multi Function / Multi Level)
• Application
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 78
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination
Time-Overcurrent Unit
• Ampere Tap Calculation
– Ampere Pickup (P.U.) = CT Ratio x A.T. Setting
– Relay Current (IR) = Actual Line Current (IL) / CT
Ratio
– Multiples of A.T. = IR/A.T. Setting
CT IL = IL/(CT Ratio x A.T. Setting)
IR
51
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 80
Instantaneous Unit
• Instantaneous Calculation
– Ampere Pickup (P.U.) = CT Ratio x IT Setting
– Relay Current (IR) = Actual Line Current (IL) / CT
Ratio
– Multiples of IT = IR/IT Setting
CT IL = IL/(CT Ratio x IT Setting)
IR
50
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 81
Relay Coordination
• Time margins should be maintained between T/C
curves
• Adjustment should be made for CB opening time
• Shorter time intervals may be used for solid state
relays
• Upstream relay should have the same inverse T/C
characteristic as the downstream relay (CO-8 to
CO-8) or be less inverse (CO-8 upstream to CO-6
downstream)
• Extremely inverse relays coordinates very well with
CLFs
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 82
Situation
4.16 kV
CB
Cable
CU - EPR
1-3/C 500 kcmil
Isc = 30,000 A
DS 5 MVA
6%
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 83
Solution
5,000kVA
Transformer: IL 694 A
3 4.16kV
5 IL
IR IL 4.338 A
800
IR
I Inrsuh 12 694 8,328 A R CT
Set Relay:
125% 4.338 5.4 A
TAP 6 .0 A (6/4.338 1.38)
TD 1
5
Inst (50) 8,328 52.1 A 55 A
800
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 84
Question
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 85
Answer
B
A
t CB Opening Time
+
Induction Disc Overtravel (0.1 sec)
+
Safety margin (0.2 sec w/o Inst. & 0.1 sec w/ Inst.)
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 86
Recloser
• Recloser protects electrical transmission systems from temporary
voltage surges and other unfavorable conditions.
• Reclosers can automatically "reclose" the circuit and restore normal
power transmission once the problem is cleared.
• Reclosers are usually designed with failsafe mechanisms that prevent
them from reclosing if the same fault occurs several times in succession
over a short period. This insures that repetitive line faults don't cause
power to switch on and off repeatedly, since this could cause damage
or accelerated wear to electrical equipment.
• It also insures that temporary faults such as lightning strikes or
transmission switching don't cause lengthy interruptions in service.
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 87
Recloser Types
• Hydraulic
• Electronic
– Static Controller
– Microprocessor Controller
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 88
Recloser Curves
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 89