Seismic Design of

Conventional Structures

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka

Basic Design Requirements

No Collapse Requirement:
EC 8 - 2
ultimate limit state
10 % in 50 years return Period: 475 years

Damage Limitation Requirement:

serviceability limit state

10 % in 10 years return Period: 95 years

Earthquake Engineering

Prof. Dr.Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka

Stand: 11.07.2006

Basic Design Requirements

Importance Categories:
EC 8 - 2

1
1,4

IV
III

1,2

II

1,0

0,8
Recommended
importance factors

Earthquake Engineering

Prof. Dr.Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka

Stand: 11.07.2006

Representation of Seismic Action

Seismic Zones

Reference peak-ground
acceleration:

Udine

agR= 0.275 g
ag= 0.275x1.2=0.33 g
Importance factor building category III

Earthquake
Engineering
Stahlbau Grundlagen
Einfhrung
Prof.
Dr.Ing.
Uwe
E.
Dorka
Prof.
Dr.-Ing.
Uwe
E.
Dorka
Dr.

Stand: 11.07.2006

Representation of Seismic Action

Classification of Subsoil Classes
EC 8 - 3

Earthquake Engineering

Prof. Dr.Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka

Stand: 11.07.2006

Representation of Seismic Action

Inertia Efects

EC 8 - 3

Earthquake Engineering

Prof. Dr.Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka

Stand: 11.07.2006

Representation of Seismic Action

Elastic Responce Spectra
viscously damped SDOF oscillator
From Meskouris (5)

From Petersen (2)

&& + d u& + k u = m &&

mu
yF ( t )

1
m

&& + 2 u& + 2 u = &&

u
yF ( t )
where:

Eigenfrequency:
Damping ratio:

k
m
d
=
2 m
=

-solving this equation for various and , but

only for one specific accelerogramm
-the maximum absolute acceleration of this
solution gives us the abzissa for the
following diagramm

Earthquake Engineering

Prof. Dr.Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka

Stand: 11.07.2006

Representation of Seismic Action

Horizontal Elastic Design Spectra

EC 8 - 3

0 T TB :

Se ( T ) = ag k S 1+ ( 2,5 1)
TB

TB T TC :

Se ( T ) = ag k S 2,5

Tc T TD :

T
Se ( T ) = ag k S 2,5 C
T

T T
TD T 4 sec : Se ( T ) = ag k S 2,5 C 2 D
T
Earthquake Engineering

Prof. Dr.Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka

Stand: 11.07.2006

Representation of Seismic Action

Vertical Elastic Design Spectra

Vertical Elastic Spectrum

3,5

3,0

k*eta*avg/ag

2,5

2,0

1,5

0 T TB :

Sve ( T ) = av,g k 1+ ( 3,0 1)

TB

TB T TC :

Sve ( T ) = av,g k 3,0

Tc T TD :

T
Sve ( T ) = av,g k 3,0 C
T

1,0

0,5

0,0
0,0

0,5

1,0

T (s)

1,5

EC 8 - 3

T T
TD T 4 sec : Sve ( T ) = av,g k 3,0 C 2 D
T

Earthquake Engineering

Prof. Dr.Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka

Stand: 11.07.2006

Representation of Seismic Action

Time-History Representation
EC 8 - 3
General:

representation of seismic motion in terms of ground acceleration time-history is

allowed
for spatial models the same accelerogram should not be used simultaneously along
both horizontal directions
the description of seismic action may be made by using artificial
accelerograms

Artificial accelerograms:
Artfificial accelerograms shall be generated to match the elastic response spectra
given by EC 8
the duration of the generated accelerogram shall be consistent with the relevant
features of the seismic event underlying the establishment of ag
the number of accelerograms to be used shall be such as to give a stable statistic
measure of the response quantities of interest
Recorded or simulated accelerograms:
The use of recorded or simulated accelerograms is allowed if the used samples are
adequately qualified with regard to the seismogenic features of the sources and to
the soil conditions for the site of question

Earthquake Engineering

Prof. Dr.Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka

Stand: 11.07.2006

10

Combination With Other Actions

Combination Coefficients for Variable Actions

EC 8 - 4

Earthquake Engineering

Prof. Dr.Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka

Stand: 11.07.2006

11

Structural Requirements
Regularity

masses regular

stiffness regular

stiffness irregular

masses irregular

Earthquake Engineering

Prof. Dr.Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka

Stand: 11.07.2006

12

Structural Requirements
Regularity
EC 8 - 4

Regularity

Earthquake Engineering

Prof. Dr.Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka

Stand: 11.07.2006

13

Structural Requirements
Torsional Effects

x
Displacements in y-direction
coupled with torsional effects
Displacements in
z-direction

g,y(t)
g,z(t)

Earthquake Engineering

Prof. Dr.Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka

Stand: 11.07.2006

14

Structural Requirements
Accidental Torsional Effects
The accidental torsional effects may be accounted for by multiplying the action effects
resulting in the individual load resisting elements from above with the following factor:

Le

x
mk

= 1+ 0,6

x
Le

ml

Direction of
seismic action

Considering mass m1

z
Stiffness axis

m1

Earthquake Engineering

Prof. Dr.Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka

Stand: 11.07.2006

15

Linear Methods of Analysis

Definition of the q Faktor
to account for non-linear dissipative effects

non-linear
linear equivalent

qud
ud

Earthquake Engineering

Prof. Dr.Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka

Stand: 11.07.2006

qd

16

Linear Methods of Analysis

q-Factors According to EC-8

Earthquake Engineering

Prof. Dr.Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka

Stand: 11.07.2006

17

Linear Methods of Analysis

Non-Linear Design Spectrum

EC 8 - 3

Sd ( T ) :

ordinate of the design spectrum

q:

behaviour factor

lower bound factor for the spectrum

recommended value :

Earthquake Engineering

Prof. Dr.Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka

Stand: 11.07.2006

= 0,2

18

Linear Methods of Analysis

Lateral Force Method
structure could be analyse by a planar model for both horizontal direction
higher modes do not have a significant influence on the structural response.

General:

These requirements deemed to be satisfied in

buildings which fulfil both of the following conditions

4 Tc
T1
2,0 sec

where T1 is the highest natural Period

for one of the both main direction

Base shear force:

The seismic base shear force Fb for each main

direction is determined as follows

Fb = Sd ( T1 ) m

Sd ( T1 )

ordinate of the chosen design spectrum at period T1

T1

highest natural Period of the structure in the direction considered

total mass of the building in regard to other actions

correction factor
= 0,85 if T1 2 TC , or = 1,0 otherwise

Earthquake Engineering

Prof. Dr.Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka

Stand: 11.07.2006

19

Linear Methods of Analysis

Lateral Force Method
Simplified analysis of 1st mode period T1:
For structures lower than 40 m: Ct = 0,085 for steel frames
Ct = 0,075 for rc- frames and excentricaly braced steel frames
Ct = 0,05 for all other structures
Distribution of the horizontal seismic forces:

s mi
Fi = Fb i
s j mj

The seismic action effects shall be determined by

applying horizontal forces Fi to all storey masses mi

m2

Mode 1distribution

s2 m2
s1 m1 + s2 m2

s2

h2
m1

F2 = Fb

s1

F1 = Fb

s1 m1
s1 m1 + s2 m2

h1

Earthquake Engineering

Prof. Dr.Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka

Stand: 11.07.2006

20

Linear Methods of Analysis

Response Spectrum Analysis
General:

the structures have to comply with the criteria for regularity in plan
in some cases the structure shall be analysed using a spatial model
the response of all modes of vibration contributing significantly to the global
response shall be taken into account
demonstrating that the sum of the effektive modal masses for the modes
taken into account amounts to at least 90% of total mass of the structure
demonstrating that all modes with effective modal masses greater than 5%
of the total mass are considered

Combination of modal responses:

the response in two vibration modes i and j may be considered as independent of
each other, if their Periods Ti and Tj satisfy the following condition: Ti 0,9 Tj
whenever all relevant modal responses may be regarded
as independent of each other, the maximum value of the
global response may be taken as:

S=

S
j =1

Earthquake Engineering

Prof. Dr.Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka

Stand: 11.07.2006

2
j

21

Non-Linear Methods of Analysis

Static Push-Over Analysis

General:

a nonlinear static analysis under constant gravity loads and monotonically increasing
horizontal loads
it is possible to analyse the structure in two planar models

Lateral loads:
EC 8 gives two vertical distributions of lateral forces:
1. a uniform pattern with lateral forces that a proportional to masses
2. a modal pattern, proportional to lateral forces consisting with the
lateral force distribution determined in elastic analysis

Earthquake Engineering

Prof. Dr.Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka

Stand: 11.07.2006

22

Non-Linear Methods of Analysis

Static Push-Over Analysis - Example
nodal masses M=18 t
all Beams HEA 320, S 235

T1 = 1,2 sec

q=60 kN/m

q=60 kN/m

q=60 kN/m

q=60 kN/m

q=60 kN/m

q=60 kN/m

q=60 kN/m

q=60 kN/m

f1 = 1,0
f2 = 0,82362

f3 = 0, 54236

f4 = 0, 21149

3500

3500

3500

3500

all Columns HEB 300, S 235

6000

Earthquake Engineering

Prof. Dr.Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka

Stand: 11.07.2006

23

Non-Linear Methods of Analysis

Static Push-Over Analysis - Example

Soil A
Response Spectrum type 1
ag~0,2g=1,962 m/s2
=1,0
k=1,0
m~150t

F1 = 95,14 kN

base shear force: Fb=245 kN

q=60 kN/m

pushover analysis

- monotonically increasing Fi

F2 = 78, 36kN

q=60 kN/m
kN/m
q=60

F3 = 51,60kN

q=60 kN/m
kN/m
q=60

F4 = 20,12 kN

q=60 kN/m

- constant q

Fb=245 kN
vertical Distribution derived with
lateral force method

Earthquake Engineering

Prof. Dr.Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka

Stand: 11.07.2006

24

Non-Linear Methods of Analysis

Design Limits
CAPACITY CURVE
300

Fy*
250

plastic mechanism
as limit displacement

BASE SHEAR FORCE [kN]

200

150

Em*
100

50

0
0,00

0,05

0,10

0,15

d = 0,124
*
y

0,20

dm*

0,25

Earthquake Engineering

Prof. Dr.Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka

0,30

0,35

0,40

0,45

0,50

DISPLACEM ENT ON TOP [m]

Stand: 11.07.2006

25

Non-Linear Methods of Analysis

Design Limits
non-linear cyclic behavior of frames
F

plastic stability

elasto-plastic capacity

limit dipl.

Failure in soft storey

From Mller, Keintzel (2)

Earthquake Engineering

Prof. Dr.Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka

Stand: 11.07.2006

26

Non-Linear Methods of Analysis

Static Push-Over Analysis - Verification
Assuming an elastic system, the
relationship between accelerations
and displacements is given by:
2

T &&
u
u=

control displacement
limit displacement

elastic displ. ~ plastic displ.

control displacement

elastic energy ~ plastic energy

Earthquake Engineering

Prof. Dr.Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka

Stand: 11.07.2006

27

Non-Linear Methods of Analysis

Time History
Non-linear structural models under a number of (generated) esarthquakes
using less than 7, peak non-linear displacements must be used for design
with 7 or more, average displacements can be used

Design limits may be:

ultimate deformation capacity of a member (e.g. rotational capacity of
a plastic hinge
overall plastic instability due to vertical loads

Earthquake Engineering

Prof. Dr.Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka

Stand: 11.07.2006

28

References
(1)

Wakabayashi
Design of Earthquake-Resistant Buildings
McGraw-Hill Book Company

(2)

Mller, Keintzel
Erdbebensicherung von Hochbauten
Verlag Ernst & Sohn

(3)

Petersen
Dynamik der Baukonstruktionen
Vieweg

(4)

Clough, Penzien
Dynamics of Structures
McGraw-Hill

(5)

Chopra
Dynamics of Structures
Prentice Hall

(6)

Meskouris
Baudynamik
Ernst & Sohn

Earthquake Engineering

Prof. Dr.Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka

Stand: 11.07.2006

29