:1

021981444

23 2013

:1

1.1
) A P ( A " A A, B A A\B A A .
= : A A A, B A B c A
A\B = B c A A .A, B A
= A A A .Ac = X\A A
A B = B\Ac B, Ac A A B A .
1.2
) A1 , A2 , ... P ( An An+1 n 1 An

n=1

= A : .

: , A1 , A2 , ... A1 A . A
A, B A i, j N A Ai ,B Aj" i j {An }n
A, B Aj Aj A\B Aj A
.A\B A A ,.

:2

2.1 :
d 1:


Rd0 = {} {(a1 , b1 ] ... (ad , bd ] | aj bj 1 j d} P Rd
2.1 aj , bj
] (a1 , b1 ] ... (ad , bd Rd0 .
2.2
R20 :
: :
R2 = (, ) (, ) R20 . R20

 2 :2

2.2 :

] (a1 , b1 ] (a2 , b2 ] (c1 , d1 ] (c2 , d2 R20

:
)] [(a1 , b1 ] (a2 , b2 ]] [(c1 , d1 ] (c2 , d2 ]] = ((a1 , b1 ] (c1 , d1 ]) ((a2 , b1 ] (c2 , d2
:
[(a1 , b1 ] (a2 , b2 ]] [(c1 , d1 ] (c2 , d2 ]] = R20
a1 = a2 = c1 = c2 = = b1 = b2 = d1 = d2 :
((a1 , b1 ] (c1 , d1 ]) ((a2 , b1 ] (c2 , d2 ]) = (R R) (R R) = R2 R20
" } {(a, b] | a b
e1 , f1 , e2 , f2 R :
((a1 , b1 ] (c1 , d1 ]) ((a2 , b1 ] (c2 , d2 ]) = (e1 , f1 ] (e2 , f2 ] R20
R20 .
] (a1 , b1 ] (a2 , b2 ] (c1 , d1 ] (c2 , d2 X, Y
A X B Y :
) (X Y ) \ (A B) = (X B c ) (Ac Y
:
)] ((a1 , b1 ] (a2 , b2 ]) \ ((c1 , d1 ] (c2 , d2
])= [((a1 , b1 ] (a2 , b2 ]) (R (c2 , d2 ]c )] [((a1 , b1 ] (a2 , b2 ]) ((c1 , d1 ]c R
c

])= [((a1 , b1 ] R) ((a2 , b2 ] (c2 , d2 ] )] [((a1 , b1 ] (c1 , d1 ] ) ((a2 , b2 ] R

] = (a1 , b1 ] ((a2 , b2 ] (c2 , d2 ]c ) ((a1 , b1 ] (c1 , d1 ]c ) (a2 , b2
] = (a1 , b1 ] ((a2 , b2 ] \ (c2 , d2 ]) ((a1 , b1 ] \ (c1 , d1 ]) (a2 , b2
} R10 = {(a, b] | a, b R
:

!
!
m
n
n
m
[
[
[
[
((a1 , b1 ] Ai )
(Bj (a2 , b2 ])
= ] Bj (a2 , b2
Ai
] (a1 , b1
j=1

i=1

j=1

i=1

.R2d

2.2 :
2.3 :
A1 , ..., An A A1 , ..., An .
) S P ( A, A1 , ..., An S
Sm
An+1 , ..., Am S A1 , ...Am .A = i=1 Ai
2.4

) S P ( ,:

S Ai Aj = 1 i j m

Aj | m N , A1 , ..., Am

m
[

j=1

= A

:3

)) A = A (S .(S
Sn
: ) A A (S A S A A = i=1 Ai
A1 , ..., An S A .
A S A (S) A .
:
.1 : A, B A A1 , ..., An ; B1 , ..., Bm S :
B = B1 ... Bm
A = A1 .... An
Ci,j = Ai Bj S } i {1, ..., n } .j {1, ..., m :

!
ri
m
[
[
Ai =
Ci,j
Di,l
j=1

l=1

Di,1 , ..., Di,ri S . :

!
!
qj
m
[
[
El,j
Ci,j
= Bj
i=1

l=1

E1,j ...., Eqj ,j S . :

Ci,j A

[ n
m
[

= AB

i=1 j=1

.2 : :
Di,l A
Dl,j A

ri
[ n
[

i=1 l=1
qi
[ m
[

= A\B
= B\A

j=1 l=1

B = A .Ac = \A A
A (S) A ) A = A (S A .S

:3

3.1

) K, K P (X ) K K (K

. (K) = K



: K K K ) (K



K . (K) K ) K (K K


K ) K (K .
3

 4 :4

3.2 d 1 Rn :


Rd = ({V Rn | V is open}) = Od
3.3
d

C R

= C

. O

d

O

:
O Od




d
d
c
d
,

C
Od . C
O


O d O

d
d
d
d
c
d
d
C C C C C C O C O C
.
3.4




d
d
d
) R = R0 = (B ) .B = B (x, r) | x R , r (0,

3.5 .Rd
:
) (B
) B Od (B ) .Rd = Od = (B Rd0
Qd
. ] i=1 (ai , bi
:
!
!
d
d
d
Y
Y
Y
) (ai ,
] (, bi
= ] (ai , bi
i=1

i=1

i=1

Qd
Qd
) i=1 (, bi Rn ) i=1 [ai ,
.

) Rd
(


d
d

Rd Rnd0 Rd . R R0
o
Qd
d
.R
. i=1 (ai , bi ) | ai , bi R , ai < bi
) (a1 , b1 ) . . . (an , bn :





[
b 1 a1
b d ad

a1 , b 1
. . . ad , b d
) = (a1 , b1 ) . . . (ad , bd
2n
2n
n=1

Rd0

. Rd
) Rd se ond- ountable

Rd .
(

Od Rd0 Rd = Od Rd0 .

:4

4.1 :
4.1
) A P ( A " .
4

4.2 :

:4

= :
.
= A , A1 , A2 , ... A :
Bn

{ |} z

n
[
[
= Ai
Bn
n=1

= Ai

n=1 i=1

i=1

Sn

Sn

S Bn := i=1 Ai
S
A i=1 Ai

A i=1 Ai = n=1 Bn . A
.

4.2

) M P (R R M M .:
} onvex and unbounded

M = {} { I R | I is

:
.1 R M R .
.2 A M A ] A = (, b b R
) Ac = (b, R .M A
) A = [a, a R .Ac = (, a) M A
A = R .Ac = M " M .
M . Ij M :
Ij Ij Ij

Ij Ij Ij
S
a b Ij
j1 , j2 S a Ij1 b Ij2"
Ij2 [a, b] Ij2 Ij .

.
.Ij1 Ij2 a, b Ij2

Ij T
.M , Ij M j0 . Ij = Ij0 M
, Ij k > j Ik .Ik Ij
Ij k > j Ik . j
Ij ) ( k > j Ik
j Ij k > j Ik .
R j Ij )
( . " Ij Ik .k > j j N ,aj = inf Ij
} {aj .R :
{Ij }j j=0
.1 aj M = lim aj ) Ij = [M,
j

T [M, ) [aj , )T= Ij [M, ) (aj , ) = Ij

) x [M,
T x aj .j
x Ij j .x Ij x Ij x Ij j
x lim aj = M ) .x [M, . Ij = [M, ) M
j

T
.2 aj Ij = M Ij
j aj .

:5

x x Ij j x aj

M .
](, b] [a, ) = [a, b
a < b R [a, ) , (, b] M / M
M .

:5

5.1
.
F P , f : F"
: )T(
}) x 7 {A F | x A x ( . F
" F .

.x f (x) \f (y) F
x, y x 6= y = f (x) f (y) 6 )/ f (y
) F ( ) f (x x .F
) f (x ) x f (y ) .y f (x f
) x f (x) f (y ) y f (y) f (x ).f (x) = f (y
S ] f [ F A F

) . A = xA f (x :

F ] f [
] f [ S
) f (x |] 2|f [ " F
. ] f [ .0
f [] F }.f [] = {Bi | i N
F S
P (N) F ,I 7 iI Bi F Bi "
" P (N) F |F | |P (N)| = .