Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Engineer
Guide
(Grade 9)
Tatiana A. Silva
Schlumberger
Dez - 2006
INDEX
1.
DRILLING FLUIDS............................................................................................................................5
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
2.
3.
FUNCTIONS................................................................................................................................... 5
PROPERTIES .................................................................................................................................. 5
PRESSURE LOSS............................................................................................................................ 5
SOLID CONTROL EQUIPMENT ....................................................................................................... 5
4.
SENSORS ...........................................................................................................................................10
5.
ETHERNET .......................................................................................................................................11
5.1.
5.2.
6.
TROUBLESHOOTING ....................................................................................................................12
6.1.
6.2.
6.3.
7.
TOPOLOGIES ............................................................................................................................... 11
SETTING NAME CONFIGURATION ................................................................................................ 11
PROBLEMS.................................................................................................................................. 12
STEPS ......................................................................................................................................... 12
PSAM / ASAP ........................................................................................................................... 12
D&I .....................................................................................................................................................13
7.1.
WELL PROFILES ......................................................................................................................... 13
7.2.
UTM GRID SYSTEM ................................................................................................................... 14
7.3.
WELL PLOTS .............................................................................................................................. 15
7.4.
SURVEYS .................................................................................................................................... 15
7.4.1. Components .......................................................................................................................... 15
7.4.2. Surveying Tools .................................................................................................................... 15
7.5.
INCLINATION .............................................................................................................................. 16
7.6.
AZIMUTH.................................................................................................................................... 16
7.7.
TOOL-FACE ................................................................................................................................ 17
7.8.
D&I DATA USAGE ...................................................................................................................... 17
7.9.
FE RESPONSIBILITIES ................................................................................................................. 18
Tatiana A. Silva
Dez - 2006
7.9.1. Pre-Run................................................................................................................................. 18
7.9.2. BHA P/up.............................................................................................................................. 18
7.9.3. IDEAL................................................................................................................................... 18
7.9.4. Job Execution ....................................................................................................................... 18
7.10.
TAKING A SURVEYS ................................................................................................................... 19
7.10.1.
Procedures ....................................................................................................................... 19
7.10.2.
Field Acceptance Criteria FAC .................................................................................... 19
7.10.3.
Roll Test ........................................................................................................................... 19
7.11.
SURVEY OUT OF FAC ................................................................................................................. 20
7.11.1.
G out of FAC.................................................................................................................... 20
7.11.2.
H or Dip Out of FAC ....................................................................................................... 20
7.11.3.
5-Axis Correction............................................................................................................. 20
7.11.4.
D-Mag.............................................................................................................................. 20
7.12.
DRILLSTRING MAGNETIC INTERFERENCE................................................................................... 21
8.
9.
Tatiana A. Silva
Dez - 2006
10.1.
ARC........................................................................................................................................... 42
10.1.1.
Some specifications.......................................................................................................... 43
10.1.2.
Rt measurement................................................................................................................ 43
10.1.3.
Gamma Ray measurement ............................................................................................... 47
10.1.4.
ARC 6/7/8 Checklist......................................................................................................... 48
10.1.5.
Resistivity Interpretation.................................................................................................. 51
10.1.6.
APWD .............................................................................................................................. 52
11.
BIBLIOGRAPHY..............................................................................................................................58
Tatiana A. Silva
Dez - 2006
1. Drilling Fluids
Water based Mud
Oil Based Mud
Synthetic based Mud
Pneumatic based Mud
WBM
OBM
SBM
PBM
1.1. Functions
Transmit power
Prevent corrosion
Stabilization of the exposed rock
formation
Minimize formation damage
Isolate fluid from formation
1.2. Properties
Shale Shaker
Degasser
Desander
Desilter
Mud Cleaner
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Dez - 2006
2. Pore Pressure
2.1. Surface Indication of Overpressure
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Dez - 2006
3. Drill String
3.1. Drill Bits
Drill Bits
By Cutting Structure
By Bearing System
Insert Bits
Roller Bearing
Milled Tooth
Journal Bearing
Insert
PDC bits
Natural Diamond
PDC
Diamond Bits
TSP
Impregnated Bits
Natural Diamond
Tatiana A. Silva
Welded Blade
Clamp-On
Dez - 2006
Circulation Subs
3.2.11.
Hole Openers
HOLE SIZE
36 22
16 17
12 12
9 7/8 8
6 5 7/8
5 4
COLLAR SIZE
14 9
9 8
8 7
6 6
4
3
TOOL SIZE
11
9
8
6
4
-
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Dez - 2006
MudWeight ( ppg )
65.5
3.6. Connections
For Collars we simply call it a Connection
For Drill Pipe it is called a Tool Joint
Making a Connection:
Tatiana A. Silva
Dez - 2006
4. Sensors
SENSORS
Hookload
Pump pressure
SPT-FA
INPUT
OUTPUT
PSAM
ASAP
WIRES
24 V
4 20 mA
2 10 V
15V
V
S+
Torque
24 V
03V
06V
03V
SPT-BE
24 V
6V
6V
6V
SPT-HA
24 V
7V
7V
7V
Depth Encoder
12 V
5V
5V
5V
Pump Stroke
12 V
12 V
5V
5V
V
S+
Gnd
V
S+
SGnd
V
S+
SGnd
Spare
V
S+
SGnd
V
S+
Calibration:
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Dez - 2006
5. Ethernet
5.1. Topologies
Bus (serially)
Star (IEH IDEAL Ethernet Hub)
5.2. Setting name configuration
Start Ideal Utilities W2KNetConfig
Name
IDEAL1
IDEAL2
HSPM1
HSPM2
IRCT
ICPC
Tatiana A. Silva
Node
ASLAV1
ASLAV2
ASLAS1
ASLAS2
ASLAX1
ASLAX2
IP Address
163.185.21.30
163.185.21.31
163.185.21.32
163.185.21.33
163.185.21.34
163.185.21.35
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6. Troubleshooting
6.1. Problems
Sensor related
Junction Box Related
Cabling related
PSAM / ASAP related
HSPM related
6.2. Steps
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7. D&I
7.1. Well Profiles
S-Type Well
Horizontal Well
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Displacement
East/West
Plane of
Proposal
Target Section
Horizontal
Displacement
(HD)
Displacement
North/South
Plane of
Proposal Angle
Closure Angle
Surface
Reference Point
7.4. Surveys
7.4.1. Components
Measured Depth
Inclination
Azimuth
7.4.2. Surveying Tools
Inclination only (TOTCO and AnderDrift)
Inclination & Azimuth
MN Referenced (Single Shot, Multi Shot and MWD)
TN Referenced (Gyro)
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7.5. Inclination
Tg = Gy 2 + Gz 2
7.6. Azimuth
It is the angle between North Reference and a horizontal projection of
wellbore
Tri-Axial Magnetometers
1 Tool H = 50 Gammas / 1 NanoTesla = 1 Gamma
Magnetic Dip Angle = Cos-1 (HC/H) (HC = horizontal component)
DIP 90 Close to Poles / DIP 0 Close to Equator
Th is stable (Roll Test)
Th = Hy 2 + Hz 2
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Dez - 2006
7.7. Tool-Face
Orientate a motor high-side
Low inclination magnetometers Magnetic Tool-Face (MTF)
High inclination accelerometers Gravity Tool-Face (GTF)
MTF
Drift < 5
Drift < 2.5
GTF
Drift > 8
Drift > 3.5
Previous
5< Drift < 8
2.5 < Drift < 3.5
Use
GFH
QA
All G
HFH
QA
All H
DIP
QA
All G, all H
Inclination
Wellpath
All G
Azimuth
Wellpath
All G, all H
MTF
Steering
GTF
Steering
Gy, Gz
Cont_inc
Steering
Rgx
Gy, Gz
Cont_azi
Steering
Rgx, Rhx
Tatiana A. Silva
Real-time
Last Survey
Gx, Hx
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Dez - 2006
7.9. FE Responsibilities
7.9.1. Pre-Run
ARC
360
Circ
7.9.3. IDEAL
D&I Inits Geomag
o Inputs: Long, Lat, Date and Elevation
o Outputs: Loc G, Loc H, Mag. Dec. and Mag. Dip Angle
Tie In Point
Platform Reference
BHA
DLIS SAVE
7.9.4. Job Execution
SHT
o
o
o
o
o
Gx 1000 counts
Gy and Gz 0
Tool G Loc G
Inc 0
Pay attention: flow rate, standpipe pressure and tur_rpm
Surveys
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7.10.
Taking a Surveys
7.10.1.
Procedures
Off Bottom
Stop Rotating
Work pipe (to remove trapped torque), last movement up.
Stop ALL movement, chain down break.
Drop pumps below min flow rate until you see signal loss.
Bring pumps up above minimum flow.
No pipe movement before the pre-cursor.
Complete a written survey record
7.10.2.
Dez - 2006
Roll Test
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7.11.
7.11.1.
G out of FAC
Possible causes
Pipe Movement (erratic G and H)
Failed Sensor (accelerometers: 0 or
stuck values)
Incorrect MWD Calibration
7.11.2.
Dez - 2006
What should I do
Watch the Driller
Repeat the survey
Roll Test
Checkshot or Benchmark
Checkshot or Benchmark
Drillstring Magnetism
External source
Failed Sensor (magnetometers: erratic values)
Incorrect MWD Calibration
7.11.3.
5-Axis Correction
D-Mag
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20
7.12.
Dez - 2006
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Dez - 2006
8. MWD Telemetry
8.1. Signal Generation
1) Modulator in open position mud flows through
2) Modulator in closed position mud flow is blocked
3) Kinetic energy pressure
4) Varying the speed of rotation the frequency changes
5) Slowing down or speeding up for a short period original frequency
the phase changes
8.2. Modulators
PowerPulse
SlimPulse
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Dez - 2006
Signal
Strength
GAP
Erosion
GAP
Flow Rate
LCM
Depth
Mud Viscosity
Mud Solids
* Increased mud weight has the same effect as increased flow rate - they both increase
signal strength.
QPSK
MSK
SymbolRate = 2(Fa-Fb)
180o
1
No shift
0
BPSQ
0
00
90
01
fc-fb/4 *
0
180
11
270
10
fc+fb/4 *
1
PowerPulse
IMPulse
TeleScope
SlimPulse
12/6 bps
6 bps
48/24 bps
1/0.5 bps
8.5. SPTs
SPT-H / dynamic output frequencies from 0.5 to 24Hz
SPT-H / static output frequencies from 0 to 2 Hz
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Dez - 2006
Survey Frame
Utility Frame
Repeating Frame
Repeating Frame
Precursor:
1 1 1 1 ... 1111
Repeating Pattern
001101011...10
Special Precursor
Survey Frame:
Frame Sync
FID
Data
CRC
Utility Frame:
Frame Sync
FID
Data
Repeating Frame:
Frame Sync
FID
Data
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Dez - 2006
8.7. Bandwidth
Bandwidth
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Dez - 2006
Survey quality
SPM
60
FR
P
SPM = FR @ piston V
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Dez - 2006
SOLUTIONS:
Check the mud conditions (viscosity, gas)
Change the Stroke R
Stagger the pumps (increase the strokes in one and decrease in the
other one)
Check the pulsation dampeners (1/3 to of standpipe pressure)
Use Dif. Filter (SPT1 and SPT2 spacing = wavelength apart at
the carrier frequency)
Pump Noise Canceller
Force retraining
Change band pass
Use notch filter
Try a downlink (telemetry / frequency / bps / FSL)
IMPORTANT:
If the SPTs are located between 1/8 and 3/8 of a wavelength apart the
telemetry waves at each SPT will interfere constructively and result in
increased signal strength. Separations of <1/8 wavelength or >3/8
wavelength will cause a reduction in signal strength.
c = f (c = speed of sound, f = carrier frequency, = wavelength)
8.8.3. Downhole Noise
Bit/Drilling Noise
Rotary Noise
Motor Noise
SOLUTIONS:
Change Flow Rate (motor RPM)
Change WOB
Change the motor
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Dez - 2006
Changes in Pipe ID
SOLUTIONS:
Try the Adaptive Equalizer (HSPM)
Use a stronger SPT
Change the SPT position
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Dez - 2006
8.9. HSPM
8.9.1. Pump Noise
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Dez - 2006
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Dez - 2006
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Dez - 2006
Null in telemetry
band
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32
8.10.
Dez - 2006
No Signal
8.10.1.
Dead sensor.
Bad connection.
Bad wiring
8.10.2.
Bad PSAM/ASAP
Bad USP board (Check with loop back
connector)
Tool Dead
8.10.3.
Bad configuration
Accidental downlink
8.10.4.
Washout
Tool erosion
Mud property changes
Flow change
Air/gas trapped in mud.
Changes of ID in pipes
8.10.6.
SPT-B
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Dez - 2006
9. MWD Tools
9.1. All Tools
SlimPulse
IMPulse
PowerPulse
TeleScope
Retrievable
Collar-Based
Collar-Based
Collar-Based
1-3/4 OD
4-3/4 OD
Battery Powered
Turbine
Turbine
Turbine
35 1200 gpm
0.75 24 Hz
0.75 24 Hz
6 bps max.
12 bps max.
48 bps max.
Bits Sent
Risk Level
PowerPulse
IMPulse
SlimPulse
1.
2.
Shk>50 Gs
Shk>50 Gs
Shk>50 Gs
No Risk
cps < 1
cps < 1
cps < 2
Med Risk
High Risk
Tool Failure
Imminent
cps > 10
cps > 10
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Dez - 2006
9.2. PowerPulse
The PowerPulse can measure inclination, azimuth, GTF, MTF,
transverse shocks and tool temperature. Formation gamma ray,
DWOB, DTOR, MVC and APWD are optional
It has downlinking capabilities to change the bit rate, frequency, FSL
and telemetry mode
There isnt power supply for the up-extender in MTF
9.2.1. Components
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Dez - 2006
LCM
< 50 ppb
well mixed
pumped w/ toll turned off
Failure
Open position small drop in the standpipe pressure
Closed position large increase in the standpipe pressure
Cold Start
PPL/ BPSK/ 1Hz/ 0.5bps/ low temp/ jamming at pump up restart the tool
9.2.3. MEA Sub Components
MEC
- M10 Electronics Chassis
LTB 24 V
ROP 12 V
MDI
- M10 Direction & Inclination Package
D&I is 7.71 ft / 2.35 m from ROP
MGR/D
- M10 Gamma Ray/Dummy Package
MVC
- M10 Vibration Chassis
MEH
- M10 Electronic Housing
9.2.4. MGR Gamma Ray
Sources of natural gamma ray: thorium, potassium, and uranium
The effect of the potassium (mud) on the MGR cannot be corrected
Plateau type scintillation detector
GR NaI (thallium) light flash photocathode electron
photomultiplier many electrons discriminator circuit
GRHV at a certain range of high voltages the number of counts
registered by the device does not change as the voltage increases (the
readings plateau). A value in the middle of this range is then picked as
the GRHV for the tool
Corrections: mud weight, collar size (tool size) and bit size
Real time sample rate 11 sec
The PP averages the GR measurement every 30sec
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Dez - 2006
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Dez - 2006
6.75
16000
8.25
NF 16000 HF 29000
9 / 9.5
29000
Cycle pumps
Rotate, if possible
Work the drill string, if possible
Vary flow rate
Drill ahead for a while
Reduce LCM content in mud
Change shaker screens
Pump the water pill (low-viscosity sweep basically)
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38
9.2.10.
Dez - 2006
IWOB Calibration
Tatiana A. Silva
675
4.5
15
25
16000
825
4
12
25
16000
29000
900
3.5
10
25
29000
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Dez - 2006
9.4. Downlink
PowerPulse SlimPulse
TeleScope
IMPulse
Legacy
Manual Fast
*
*
PowerPulse SlimPulse
TeleScope
IMPulse
Telemetry
Frequency
Baud Rate
FSL
Record Rate
*
*
VPWD Power
Baud
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Dez - 2006
9.4.1. Legacy
Minimum Drop for Downlink
500 Turbine RPM
Low Motor Inhibit Level:
1200 Turbine RPM after the tool is turned ON
1500 Turbine RPM before the tool is turned ON
High Motor Inhibit Level:
4300 to 4700 Turbine RPM (electronics controlled)
Downlink frame
12Hz, 1.5 bps, BPSK
9.4.2. Manual Fast
High state
Flow near to your drilling flow rate ~ 500 GPM
Low state
Flow of 10% less ~ 450 GPM
Stay in high state for a minimum of 15 seconds before sending a
command
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Dez - 2006
ARC
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42
10.1.1.
Some specifications
Collar size
DLS_rotating
DLS_sliding
Pressure (Kpsi)
Pressure drop const
10.1.2.
Dez - 2006
675
8
16
20/25
121000
825
7
14
16/25
970000
900
4
12
16/25
970000
Rt measurement
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Measurements:
Attenuation better depth of investigation
Att = 20Log
A1
dB
A2
Phase
Rm
Rmc
Rxo
mud
mudcake
flushed zone
Tatiana A. Silva
Attenuation
Rt
Rmf
Rw
uninvaded zone
mud filtrate
formation water
44
Dez - 2006
Environment:
Resistors in parallel
1
Rmeasered
1
1
+
Rxo Rt
Ideal environment
Rm > 10 Rt (resistive mud OBM)
Dielectric Constant:
Important at high resistivities
=
108.5
r + 5
Rt 0.35
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Dez - 2006
Depth of investigation
Less noise signal
Less eccentricity effect
More sensible to bad calibration
10.1.2.4. Borehole Compensation (rugosity)
RT1 (16)
RT2 (22)
RT3 (28)
RT4 (34)
RT5 (40)
Tatiana A. Silva
T1
T1
T2
T3
T3
T2
T2
T3
T4
T4
T3
T3
T4
T5
T5
46
Dez - 2006
Bit size
Tool size
Mud weigh
Potassium %
Barite (ON/OFF)
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47
10.1.4.
Dez - 2006
PRE-RUN
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
Visual inspection
Check connections
Torque in the sub
Torque on the extender
Go-no-go
Resistance
ROP voltages
Fishing Diagram
BATTERIES
1) Check the jam nut o-ring
2) Grease
3) Depassivation
Resistors 4 W / 100 Ohms
OCV 21 V
LV 19 V
PROGRAMMING
1) Test communication
2) Edit job file
3) Load cal record
a. Read from tool
i. Max Temp = 150
ii. Max Pressure = 20
iii. GRHV and GR Gain OST
iv. No-APWD POFF = 0
v. APWD
1. APRS ~ 14 psi
2. RPRS ~ 117 psi
3. POFF = RPRS APRS
b. D:\TOOLDATA\Run\ARC ARC#SN#RUN.CAL
4) Edit configuration Rates
a. System 5
b. Resis 6
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Dez - 2006
3600
2(dp / ft ) ROP ( ft / h)
b. DefFreqSel 1 / 1
6) Edit job profile
a. Add
b. Forever
c. Enter mem. size
7) Initialize the tool
8) F9
9) Status words F7
10)
Check calibration
11)
Diagnostic Recorded mem. Summary
12)
Diagnostic Snapshot (STATE.DAT)
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49
TLSW
ABAM
ABBM
ABAT
ISBS
ALTB
ARVP
ARVN
TIMP
SCNT
ACCL
DERR
RESS
AMC2
AMC4
GRHV
PGRA
PGRP
GRAP
APRS
ATMP
RPRS
Dez - 2006
0
300 400
~ 10
18 V
0
0
10 0.2
-10 0.2
Amb.
0
10
0
0
77777
77777
OST 10
~ 14 psi
Amb.
~ POFF + 14 psi
POST-RUN
1) Process Process now
2) Utilities ASCII Time Frame Non wave form
3) Utilities Tech Log
ABAM / ABBM / TEMP / ABAT / ALTB / ARCSTAT / SHKLV
4) Check:
a. STATE.DAT compare pre and post run
b. DUMP.DAT elapsed PC time = elapsed tool time
c. RESET.DAT number of resets (must be empty)
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10.1.5.
Dez - 2006
Resistivity Interpretation
POLARIZATION HORN
BED BOUNDARIES
Thin beds
Rps and Rad will cross
In the middle, Rps will spike
2MHz is more sensible
DIELECTRIC EFFECT
CONDUCTIVE INVASION
Sand
Usually OBM (Rmf > Rt)
Rps > Rad
Short > Long
BAD CALIBRATION
Sand
WBM (Rmf < Rt)
Rad > Rps
Long > Short
ECCENTRICITY
OBM
Shale
Rps > Rad
Short > Long
Tatiana A. Silva
Resistive formations
Rad > Rps
Short > Long
OBM
Wet rock
Big hole / small tool
Only 2MHz is affected (spikes)
Mitigation: blended resistivity
51
10.1.6.
Dez - 2006
APWD
Principal Functions:
Monitoring hole cleaning
Monitoring the pressure/fracture gradient w/ ECD
Kick/influx detection
Some Concepts:
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Dez - 2006
Mud weight
Hole depth (true vertical depth)
Cutting load in mud
Mud temperature
Mud viscosity and gel strength
Drillstring speed and rotation rate
Pump pressure
Mud flow rate and flow regime (Laminar or turbulent flow)
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Annular _ Pr essure
[g (TVD EHED )]
Annular _ Pr essure
+ Annular _ Pr essure _ Loss
[g (TVD EHED )]
APL
[g (TVD EHED )]
ECD =
Tatiana A. Silva
(P
annulus
(P
annulus
Psea _ water )
Psea _ water )
54
Dez - 2006
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Dez - 2006
PMAX PESD
SPPMAX SPPSTATIC
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INTERPRETATION GUIDE
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11. Bibliography
1. ENG 1 Presentations; United Kingdom Training Centre, 2006
2. PowerPulse Operations Reference Manual; Barry Cross & Kuatrinnus
Wijaya, 2004
3. TeleScope Operations Reference Manual; Kuatrinnus Wijaya, 2005
4. ARC 6/8/9 Uniform Operating Procedures; Schlumberger, 2000
5. APWD Self-Learning Package; Schlumberger, 2001
6. InTouch3866229 Extended Leak Off Test procedures; Randy Green,
2006
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