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CUSO4.5H2O(s)
Hydrated Copper II
Sulphate (blue)
1. Physical
-
Colour,
Turbidity
Odour
Taste
Solids
Anthropogenic activity
Chemical load
Microbial load
Suspended load
(water bodies)
Suspended
particles
Pathogenic microbes
Organic
Inorganic
e.g. Pesticides and
DDT
(Colloids)
Biodegradable
e.g. Domestic wastewater
& industrial w/w
Non biodegradable
e.g. Phenols,
plastics etc
We have point source pollution (Domestic and Industrial W/W) and the non-point
source pollution (Agricultural runoff)
Before water is supplied to community, quality should be enhanced to meet water
quality standard.
Source
River
Intake
Structure
Sink
Water treatment plant
Transmission
line
Treated water
Distribution system
Wastewater
treatment plant
Quality
Water
quality
wastewater
treatment
River
water
quality
Drinking water
quality
Self purification
capacity curve
Time / Distance
Town B
Source
No treatment
Disinfection only
Aeration
Coagulation
Flocculation
Sedimentation
Filtration
Disinfection
Chlorination
Storage
Assignment: Discuss the impurities typically removed in treating groundwater for a municipal
supply. What are the most common pollutants extracted from surface water?
River
water
Rapid
mix
Treatment
Residual
disinfectant
Chemical
(Alums &
limes)
Coagulation &
flocculation
unit
Sedimentation
Tank
Filtration
Some residual
flocs
Alums flocs
Disinfectant
Produces water free
of microorganism
i. Chlorination
ii. UV radiation
Turbidity
(<5NTU)
Sedimentation---- Physical
Coagulation, flocculation & Disinfectant ---- Chemical
Filtration ----- Physical and Physico-Chemical
Suspended matter
Microscreens
Algae
Turbidity
Colour
Activated carbon
Hardness
Pre-chlorination
Aeration, coagulation, filtration
Pathogens,
MPN/100ml
< 20
20 -100
> 100
Post-chlorination
Coagulation/filtration/post-chlorination
Pre-chlorination
Coagulation/filtration/post-chlorination
Free ammonia
Post-chlorination
Adsorption
V
1 C o
t =
=
1 ..........
Q
k C1
..........
.. 1
V L 1
CO
.......... .......... .......... ..2
t = = = log e
Q v k
C1
Where:
t, V, Q, C0, and C1 are the same as in equation 1
L = length of rectangular basin
v = horizontal velocity of flow
Q
C0
Q, C1
v
C1
C0
(a)
Q
C0
Q
C1
(b)
C1
Exercise 1:
1.
Solution:
Using equation 1 for complete mixing,t
day
min 200 mg / l
t=
1440
1 = 77 min
75
day 40 mg / l
1440
t =
75
= 19 . 2
200
log e
40
2 .3 0 .7 =
= 19 . 2 ( 2 . 3 log 5 )
31 min
Exercise 2:
The in-line system of a flocculator sedimentation tank has the following sized units:
flash mixing chamber with a volume of 5.7m3; a flocculator 4.6 m wide, 21 m long,
and 2.5 m liquid depth; and a settling tank 23 m square, 3.6m liquid depth, and 90
m of effluent weir. Calculate the major parameters used in design of these units
based on a water flow of 11,400m3/d
Solution:
Flow = 11, 400m3/d = 7.92m3/min = 0.132m3/s
Detention time in flash mixer;
5 .7 m
t =
0 . 132 m
3
3
/s
= 43 s
4 . 6 m 21 m 2 . 5 m
t =
= 30 min
3
7 . 92 m / min
Q
0 . 132 m 3 / s 1000 mm / m
v =
=
= 11 . 5 mm / s
A
4 .6 m 2 .5 m
23 m 23 m 3 . 6 m
t =
= 4 .0 h
3
7 . 92 m / min 60 min/ h
Weir loading:
11 , 400 m
90 m
/ d
= 127
/ m .d
Overflow rate:
11 , 400 m 3 / d
=
= 21 . 6 m
23 m 23 m
/ m
.d
Example on chlorination:
Chlorine usage in the treatment of 20,000 m3/d of water
is 8.0kg/d. The residual after 10 min contact is 0.20mg/l.
Compute the dosage in milligrams per liter and chlorine
demand of the water.
Solution:
8.0kg / d 1000g / kg
Dosage =
= 0.40mg / l
3
20,000m / d
Chlorine demand = 0.40 0.20 = 0.20 mg/l
Assignment:
1.
The filter unit of a dual gravity filter has dimension 4.5m by 9.0m. After
filtering 10,000m3/d in a 24-h period, the filter is backwashed at a rate of 10
l/m2.s for 15min. Compute the average filtration rate and the quantity and
percentage of treated water used in backwashing.
2.
Groundwater contamination
Groundwater contamination results from human activities
where pollutants, susceptible to percolation, are stored and
spread on or beneath the land surface.
Almost every known instances of groundwater
contamination has been discovered only after a drinking
water supply was affected
The figure below illustrates idealized flow from a wastewater pond overlying an
unconfined aquifer forming a recharge mound on the water table that flows
laterally outward.
Wastewater pond
Unsaturated zone
Water table