106 PETROLEUM REFINERY ENGINEERING short range of percentage the average property is equal to the property at the mid-point of the fraction. The arithmetical average of the proper- ties of these small fractions is the property of the total or large fraction, or even the entire sample. The mechanism of using the foregoing principles can be best illustrated by an example: Example 4-2. Use of Gravity Mid Per Cent Curve. Compute the specific gravity of a 41.4 API (0.8183 sp gr) mixed-base crude‘oil from the speeific-gravity mid per cent curve. Figure 4-15 is the gravity mid per cent curve as determined in the laboratory. Lo [ef Gasoline -}-~-~-> Kerosene} Gas ail>«Reduced crude Q9| z aa i 08 b= g ath 3 i 07 +] 06 1}2]3]4/5]}6]7]8} 9/10] 1 123] 14]15}16}17}18} | 19 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Percentage Distilled Fie. 4-15. Gravity mid per cent curve (see Example 4-2). Assume that the curve is broken up into 19 fractions as indicated in Fig. 4-15. The gravities of the 19 materials are indicated by the 19 short horizontal lines. ‘The curve is substantially straight through fractions 5 to 18, inclusive, and the horizontal lines pass through the centers of these fractions. The horizontal lines (average gravities) for the other fractions (1 to 4 and 19) do not pass through the mid-point but are so arranged that the triangular areas above and below the curve are equal. ‘The gravi- ties of the 19 fractions are tabulated in Table 4-7. ‘The gravity of the crude oil is equal to five times that of each of the fractions 1 to 18 inclusive plus ten times the gravity of fraction 19, all divided by 100. ‘The computed gravity is 0.8171, and the actual gravity of the crude oil was 0.8183. This is a reason- able check and is sufficiently accurate for most engineering design work. This crude oil contains 40 per cent gasoline, 15 per cent kerosene, 15 per cent gas oil, and 30 per cent reduced crude oil. The gravity of the gasoline equals five times the Stavity of fractions 1 to 8 inclusive divided by 40 and numerically is 0.7399 (59.8 API). ‘1 @ similar manner the gravity of the kerosene is equal to five times the gravity of fractions 9, 10, and 11 divided by 15 and is 0.8172 (41.6 API). Likewise the gravities ine Bas oil and reduced crude oil are respectively 0.8496 (35 API) and 0.9037 (25.1