Energy Balance on Open System

Open System is one in which there is Mass Flow

across its Boundaries

m
in

(inlet Mass Flow Rate)

out

(outlet Mass Flow

Rate)

System

(inlet Specific
Internal Energy )

(outlet Specific
Internal Energy)

uin (inlet Velocity)

uout (outlet Velocity)

Zin (inlet elevation)

Zout (outlet elevation)

in

V
in

out

V
out

(Outlet Specific
Volume)

(Inlet Specific Volume)

Pin (Inlet Pressure)

Pout(Outlet Pressure)

Types of Work

fl

= Shaft Work + Flow Work

Shaft Work= Work Done by Process Fluid Moving Part

within System
Flow Work = Work Done by Fluid at System Outlet
Work Done on Fluid at System Inlet

Illustration of Flow Work = PV Work

MassRateIn

in
V
SpecificVo l . In
in
P
Inlet Pr essure
in

Pipe

m
MassRateout
out

V
SpecificVo l .Out
out
P
Outlet Pr essure
out

Dimensional Analysis
V P ( Kg / Sec ) * ( M 3 / Kg ) * ( Newtons / M 2 )
m
in in in
NewtonMeters / Sec Force * Dis tan ce / Time

fl

V P
m
V
P
m
out out out
in in in

Flow Work is a State Function

Form of Energy Equation for Open System

u
g
Q W s m out ( PoutVout U out out Z out )
2 gc gc
2

u
g
m in ( PinVin U in in Z in )
2 gc gc

State Properties of Steam

(Table B.6)Prop. Of Saturated Steam
P
(Bars)

T
(oC)

0.00611

V (Liq.Water)
3

V ( Steam )
3

U (Water )

U ( Steam )

M /Kg

M /Kg

KJoules/Kg

KJoules/Kg

0.01

0.001

206.2

Zero

2375.6

0.10

45.8

0.00101

14.67

191.8

2438.0

0.50

81.3

0.00103

3.24

340.5

2484.0

1.01325

100.0

0.001044

1.673

419.0

2506.5

Another State Function

Enthalpy = Internal Energy + Flow Work = A State Function

U PV SpecificH
H

(Table B.6)Prop. Of Saturated Steam

P
(Bars)

T
(oC)

(Water )
U

U ( Steam )

(Water )
H

( Steam )
H

KJoules/Kg

KJoules/Kg

KJ/Kg

KJ/Kg

0.00611

0.01

Zero

2375.6

+0.0

2501.6

0.10

45.8

191.8

2438.0

191.8

2584.8

0.50

81.3

340.5

2484.0

340.6

2646.0

1.01325

100.0

419.0

2506.5

419.1

2676.0

Heat of Vaporization

( Steam ) H
(Water )
H

Internal Energy of Vaporization

( Steam ) U
(Water )
U

Energy Balance for Open System with Multiple Feed &

Product Streams
,u ,Z
H
1 1 1

,u ,Z
H
1 1 1

,u ,Z
H
2 2
2

System

,u ,Z
H
j
j
j

,u ,Z
H
k k
k

Energy Balance Equation

u2
gZ
u2
gZ
j
j
k
k
W

(H
(H

)m

)Q
m
k
k
j
j
s
2
g
g
2
g
g
k
j
c
c
c
c

Simplification of First Law of Thermodynamics

for Open System
E

Here All Terms are Rates of Energy &

Out In

Compare with First Law of Thermodynamics

For Closed System

U E

Q W

Here All Terms are Amounts of Energy &

Final Initial

Simplifications of Energy Balance for Open System

E

If Single Input & Single Output Stream

m
m

(H
m

out

in

)m

out

in

( u 2 u2 ) m
out
in g ( Z
Z ) Q W
out
in
s
2g
g
c
c

Simplifications:
If no Moving Parts in System
Shaft Work Rate = 0.0=

W
s

If System & Surroundings are at Same Temperature

Heat Transfer Rate = 0.0= Q

If Linear Velocities of All Streams are Equal

Neglect Kinetic Energy Term: E k 0.0
If all streams enter & leave process at the Same Height
Neglect Potential Energy Term:

0.0

If Specific Enthalpy is Same for All Streams

& Because Mass is Conserved
H
( m
(0.0) 0.0

) H
H
m
k
j
k
j