where dis the depth of the web Lz _ is the effective length of the web depending on the conditions of end restraints ‘As with web bearing, web buckling checks will be required at the supports and at the points in the length of the beam where loads are applied through the flange (as shown in Figure 8.3) If the applied load exceeds the web buckling resistance, then a stiffener plus part of the web will be required to carry the applied load. Such stiffeners are described as load carrying stiffeners and are dealt with in detail in Section 13 covering the design of plate girders 8.3. Openings in beam webs 8.3.1 Introduction The code provides guidance on the effects and design of openings in beam webs. It is not intended that the rules be applied to holes for fastenings. | However, allowance for fastener holes does need to be considered for tension members (see Section 4,3) and for shear at connections (see Section 11.2). For a beam with a rectangular opening in the web, as shown in Figure 8.5, the two T sections above and below the hole will be subject to axial tension and compression due to the overall moment on the beam, together with the secondary effects of the shear forces. The easiest way to check the member is to consider the top and bottom T sections as chords of a truss; the force is then simply the moment divided by the distance between the centroids of the tees. The shear is then carried by considering the T sections as fixed cantilevers from the solid section and there will be bending in these members due to this form of action, When considering openings in webs, the following points must also be considered. (2) The provision of stiffening around the opening (b) The effect of openings on tension field action (©) The effect of the openings on the stiffness of the member and on the ceflections. ones oat iL ‘| emarrten Opening Moment on T section due te shear on beam Figure 8.5 Forces at opening 75 BS 5950-1 Cl. 4.158.3.2 Design requirements The code specifically addresses four cases: (a) Isolated circular openings (b) Members with isolated openings (©) Members with multiple openings (@ Castellated beams. In each of the above cases some guidance is given on the design problems, which although not fully comprehensive, reminds the designer of the basic requirements. The guidance provided is simple and conservative for normal design purposes. The code prohibits the use of tension field action in webs where there are substantial openings. 8.3.3 _ Isolated unreinforced circular openings Clause 4.15.2.1 is provided to enable the beam to be checked easily when a few openings are present. The rules are not intended to apply in cases where the engineer carries out a detailed stress analysis of the section to justify its behaviour. The limitations on the use of such openings are that: (@) The member has a Class 1 plastic or Class 2 compact cross-section (b) The cross-section has an axis of symmetry in the plane of bending (©) The openings must be in the middle third of the depth and middle half of the span (® The minimum spacing between centres of adjacent openings must not be less than 2.5 times the diameter of the larger hole (e) Any point loads present should not be applied closer to the centre of the hole than the depth of the member (® The loading is generally uniformly distributed and the shear due to any point load is less than 10% of the shear capacity (g) The maximum shear in the member is limited to 50% of the shear capacity, These requirements are illustrated in Figure 8.6. Outside these limits, ‘members should be designed as described in Section 8.3.5. 2280 20 Point fee Toad >| or pal pal Lia La Li Holes within middle half of span Figure 8.6 Requirements for unreinforced circular openings (BS 5950-1) Cl. 4.15.2 Cl. 4.15.3 Cl. 4.15.4 Cl. 4.15.5 CL 4.15.2.18.3.4 Isolated reinforced circular openings The limits from Section 8.3.3 can be very restrictive in everyday design, therefore provision has been made to allow reinforced openings. | Clause 4.15.2.2 states that: | Web reinforcement may be provided adjacent to the opening t0| compensate for the material removed. It should be carried past the opening for such a distance such that the local shear stress due to force transfer between the reinforeement and the web does not exceed 0.675. There are two types of reinforcement that are commonly used; these are shown in Figure 8.7 may bg one or gene lo} Piet TL Figure 8.7. Types of stiffening for circular openings 8.3.5 Members with isolated openings All members with isolated openings should also be checked for: | (a) Local buckling of all compression elements (b) Shear at the net section across the opening (©) The need to provide load bearing stiffeners; stiffeners should be provided where point loads are closer to the opening than the overall depth of the member (® Moment capacity, allowing for the effects of secondary Vierendeel moments due to shear at the web opening (©) The additional deflection due to the openings. (These deflections should be added to the primary deflection.) Additional guidance on the design of members with web openings is given in SCI publication P068™, which is also referenced in the code. 8.3.6 Members with multiple openings The code provides general design rules for members with multiple openings, ‘The rules cover local buckling, shear stress, moment capacity, buckling moment, deflection, resistance to concentrated loads and web post stability. For most of these checks the code refers to earlier clauses of the code (which are covered in previous sections of this publication). 77 BS 5950-1 Cl. 4.15.2.2 Cl. 4.15.3 Cl. 4.15.48.3.7 Castellated beams Specific rules relating to castellated beams as shown in Figure 8.8 are given in the Code and in SCI publication POOS™, ‘The Code states that: In the case of castellated beams with the standard proportions as shown in Figure 16 of BS 5950-1, reproduced here as Figure 8.8, fabricated from rolled I, H or from channel sections, it may be assumed that the web posts are stable provided that the ratio d/t for the web of the expanded cross-section does not exceed 708. 1.080 Dis the serial size and not the depth ot the original section Figure 8.8 Standard proportions of castellated beams 8.3.8 Cellular beams The design of cellular beams is not specifically covered in the Code. However, the SCI publication Design of composite and non-composite cellular beams provides comprehensive design guidance and is referenced in the Code. 2 Figure 8.9 Cellular beams 73 BS 5950-1 Cl. 4.15.5 Figure 16