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Donald A. Gurnett
Colloquium presented in the Dept. of Physics and Astronomy,
University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, December 12, 2003.
F = force, A = Area
Since l1 > l 2 it follows that U1 > U2 so p1 < p2. Therefore, F2 > F1.
(WRONG). One cannot assume that the stagnation point (where
the streamlines separate) is exactly at the leading edge. One must
solve for the entire flow pattern over the wing, which varies
considerably with the angle of attack.
Theorem:
Circulation
r r
= c U d l
r r r r r
= ( U) = 0
Vortex lines are continuous
r r
r r r
Theorem: = c U d l = s U dA
r r
= s dA
Continuity equation
r
m r
+ (mU) = 0
t
r
r
U r r r
2r 1 r r r
m + (U )U = p + m U + ( U)
3
r
U = 0
r
r r
r
2r
= (U ) +
t
Convection
Reynolds Number
RN =
Diffusion
| convection | UL
| diffusion |
Reynolds Number
Typical values (at sea level)
U
RN
Commercial Jet
600 mph
20 ft
1.1 x 108
Light plane
100 mph
5 ft
4.7 x 106
Glider
60 mph
3 ft
1.6 x 106
Model airplane
40 mph
8 in
2.5 x 105
Seagull
20 mph
4 in
6.2 x 104
Butterfly
5 mph
1 in
3.9 x 103
Housefly
5 mph
0.3 in
1.2 x 102
r
m + (U )U = p
t
(Eulers equation)
Kelvins theorem
If m = constant and = 0, then
r r
= dA = constant
s
Velocity potentials
If = 0 in the upstream flow, then
the flow. It follows then that
r r r
= U = 0
at all points in
r r
U=
Laplaces equation
r r
From the continuity equation, U = 0, one then has
2
= 0, or
2 2
+ 2 =0
2
x
y
Complex Potentials
If z = x + iy, any analytic complex function F( z ) = ( x, y ) + i( x, y )
provides a solution to Laplaces equation
2 = 0
and
2 = 0
Examples:
Uniform flow
At an angle
Dipole
U0 z
U0 z ei
0
z
Vortex
i
0
ln z
2
a2
U0 z +
z
At an angle
With circulation
a2 i
U0 z + e
z
a2 i0 z
U0 z + +
ln
z 2 a
m
2
W
dz ,
c
2
w here W (z ) = dF/dz = U x iU y is the com plex velocity.
Fx iFy = i
1
1
W (z ) = U 0 + i 0 + b n
2 z n
z
c W 2 dz = 2 i Res ( W 2 ) = i2U 0 0
Fx = 0
Fy = m U 0 0
,where z = x + iy,
Fy = mU00
L = 1 m U2 A 2 sin
2
CL =
( 21 U ) A
m
2
0
= 2 sin
CL = 2 1+ 0.77 t sin( + 0 ), 0 = 2h / l
l
Kutta condition
satisfied
= 10
Slight flow
separation
= 15
Complete flow
separation
(stall)
r r r r
r
= x (U x ) + 2
t
1
L
1
L2
Note:
Vortex Trails
Vortex Trails
Induced Drag, Di
Upstream
At the wing
L = mU0 (z)dz
s
m s s d (z ')
Di =
dzdz '
4 s s dz z z '
1/ 2
(z) = c 1 (z / s)2
, i.e., an ellipse
Viscous Drag
1 A
L2
Di = 2
4 s 1
2
2 mU A
1
Df = m U2A CDf
2
Winglets
Compressibility Effects
Shock Wave
Mach Number
v s ~p , = 1/5
M = U0/VS
Mach Cone
Detached Shock
Attached Shock
Solution: transform to M = 0
x'=
x
1 M2
M>1
Hyperbolic differential equation
=f y 1 x
2
M 1
CL =
2 sin
1 M2
Supersonic (M > 1)
CL =
4
M2 1
Sweepback
(Busemann, 1935)
Sweepback increases the
critical Mach number
Supercritical Airfoil
(Whitcomb, 1971)
Conventional Airfoil
Supercritical Airfoil
Course Advertisement
Consider taking Mechanics of Continua, 29:211
12:15 to 1:30 p.m., T-Th, 618 Van Allen Hall
Topics covered include the fundamental equations of
fluid mechanics, incompressible and compressible flows
in 2 and 3 dimensions, wave propagation, shock waves,
instabilities, turbulence, and boundary layer physics
Prerequisites: working knowledge of vector calculus,
i.e., curl, divergence, gradient and associated identities