KEY CONCEPT

Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life.

Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties.

Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other
atoms, including other carbon atoms.
Carbon-based molecules have three general types of
structures.

straight chain
branched chain
ring

 Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small

subunits bonded together.

Monomers are the individual subunits.

Polymers are made of many monomers.

There are four main types of

biological molecules

1. carbohydrates
2. lipids
3. proteins

4. nucleic acids

Carbohydrates
made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Carbohydrates
Examples:
Monomer: monosaccharides
Glucose, galactose,
fructose in fruit
Disaccharides: two monomers
Sucrose (table sugar) and
lactose (milk sugar)
Polymers: polysaccharides
Starches (in veggies),
cellulose (plants), and
glycogen.

Identify two of each:

monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide.

Function:

quick energy and main source of energy

some carbohydrates are part of cell structure.
Polymer (starch)
Starch is a polymer of
glucose monomers that
often has a branched
structure.

Polymer (cellulose)
monomer

Cellulose is a polymer
of glucose monomers
that has a straight, rigid
structure

Choose the correct pair:

A.Monosaccharide- starch
B.Polysaccharide- table
sugar
C.Disaccharide- fruit
D.Polysaccharide- veggies

Lipids
Examples:
nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, waxes and
hormones

Lipids
Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids.
Fats and oils contain fatty acids bonded to glycerol.
Draw a triglyceride. How is it different than a carbohydrate?
Triglyceride

Function:

broken down as a source of energy

make up cell membranes
used to make hormones
insulate the body

 Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids.

saturated fatty acids

unsaturated fatty acids
What is the difference between a saturated and
unsaturated fat?

 Phospholipids make up all cell membranes.

Polar phosphate head

Nonpolar fatty acid tails
Phospholipid

Give the correct function of

lipids:

A.Quick energy
B.Insulate the body
C.Store genetic
information
D.Body structures

Proteins

Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

Monomers- amino acids

20 different types
Polymers- amino acids chains (proteins)

 Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers.

Twenty different amino acids are used to build
proteins in organisms.
Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups.
Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds.

 Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids.

Amino acids interact to give a protein its shape.

Hemoglobin

hydrogen bond

Incorrect amino acids change a proteins structure

and function.

Proteins
Examples

Forms skin, muscle, hair and bone

collagen and keratin
Enzymes
Meat, cheese, beans, nuts, seeds

Functions
Do the work in cells
Structure of the body (hair, skin, nails)
Energy

Choose the correct pair for

proteins:
A. monomer- amino acids.polymer- fatty acid
B. monomer- monosaccharide.polymerprotein
C. monomer- amino acids.polymerpolypeptide chain
D. monmer- nucleotide..polymerpolysaccharide

Nucleic Acids

Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and

phosphorus

Monomers- nucleotide
Made of phosphate, sugar and nitrogen base
5 bases- adenine, thymine, guanine,
cytosine and uracil

Nucleic Acids

Polymers-nucleic acid chain

DNA
RNA

Functions

DNA-stores genetic information

RNA- makes proteins
DNA

RNA

What is a nucleotide made

of?
A. Sugar, phosphate and nitrogen
base
B. Sugar, phosphate and fatty acid
tail
C. Chains of amino acids
D.Chains of carbon based rings

Life depends on chemical reactions.

Bonds break and form during chemical reactions.

Chemical reactions change substances into different
ones by breaking and forming chemical bonds.
Reactants are changed during a chemical reaction.

Products are made by a chemical reaction.

CO2 + H2O

H2CO3

 Bond energy is the amount of energy that breaks a bond.

Energy is added to break bonds.

Energy is released when bonds form.

Chemical reactions release or absorb energy.

Activation energy is the amount of energy that
needs to be absorbed to start a chemical reaction.

A catalyst lowers activation energy.

Catalysts are substances that speed up chemical reactions.

decrease activation energy
increase reaction rate

PAC MAN VIDEO

QUESTIONS

Why does PAC MAN remind us of enzymes?

What does the enzyme do to the substrate?

What are enzymes made of?
What do enzymes have the ability to do?
What two things affect enzymes?
What is an example of an enzyme?

PAC MAN VIDEO

QUESTIONS
Why does PAC MAN remind us of enzymes?

It fits the substrate

hat does the enzyme do to the substrate?
Breaks it down or builds it up
What are enzymes made of?
Proteins
hat do enzymes have the ability to do?
Speed up reactions
What two things affect enzymes?
pH and temperature
What is an example of an enzyme?
Lactase

Enzymes allow chemical reactions to occur under tightly

controlled conditions.

Enzymes are catalysts in living things.

Enzymes are needed for almost all processes.
Most enzymes are proteins.

 An enzymes structure allows only certain reactants

to bind to the enzyme.

substrates
active site

substrates
(reactants)

enzyme

Substrates bind to an
enzyme at certain places
called active sites.

 The lock-and-key model helps illustrate how

enzymes function.

substrates brought together

bonds in substrates weakened

Substrates bind to an
enzyme at certain places
called active sites.

The enzyme brings

substrates together and
weakens their bonds.

The catalyzed reaction forms

a product that is released
from the enzyme.

 An enzyme will no longer work if conditions change

Each enzyme has a specific temperature and pH that it
works at
Example- lactase works at pH of 6 and 37 degrees C

If you change the optimal temperature

and pH the enzyme will denature or
fall apart
These break hydrogen bonds and the structure of the enzyme
changes so that it will no longer work

Naming Enzymes
Enzymes have ase at the end of their name
The beginning of the enzyme tells you what
it breaks down
Ex- lactASE breaks down LACTose
GlucASE breaks down GLUcose