Velocity extraction and editing

Objectives

Linear velocity extraction

Minimum depth error
Interval velocity extraction
Edit velocity points
Trend surfaces from velocity points
Velocity modeling based on velocity surfaces
Velocity modeling based on well tops only

Linear velocity function

Method: Minimum Depth Error - Principle
Described for the first layer :
V0 = f(k,T,Z), V0 can be calculated from a k value and a (T,Z) pair
1.
Select a velocity log or time depth curve (checkshot survey)
2.
Starting with k=-2.0, calculate V0 from k and (Th,Zh) of the well top linked to the surface

Th (well top)

Time
T-D converted velocities

Zh (Well top)

Depth

Well top

Horizon

Linear velocity function

Method: Minimum Depth Error (continued)
3.

Using V0 and k=-2.0 calculate the z-value for each time sample of the checkshots
within the layer and for each well

Time

Horizon
Depth

Linear velocity function

Minimum Depth Error (continued)
4. Calculate the difference between the measured depth and the calculated depth at each sample
5. Sum the error of all samples at all velocity locations

Time
Depth error

Horizon
Depth

Linear velocity function

Minimum Depth Error (continued)
6.
7.
8.
9.

Increase k by a small increment (e.g. 0.01) and repeat the process

Stop the process after N steps (e.g. 400)
Plot k against the total summed depth error
Use the k of the minimum error and its V0 for the linear velocity function

k = -0.75

Linear velocity function - error minimization

Minimization functions for 4 wells

In this example:
k extracted individually for each well.

Correction of the linear velocity function

In general the correction is done with well tops:
The depth error is minimized through varying k. However this time V0 is calculated from k, Z of the well top
and TWT of the surface at the well top position. In case of missing well top the Z,T pair is taken from the
intersection of the TWT surface with the interpolated checkshot survey
For wells without velocity data V0 is calculated from well top Z, surface TWT and the (constant or
interpolated) k- value at the well position

TWT_Surface

Time
T-D converted velocities

Z_Top

Depth

Well top

Horizon

Determination of interval velocities

Method: Minimum Depth Error - Principle
Described for the first layer:
1.
Convert the well velocity logs (sonic, checkshots etc) into a time-depth curve

Time
T-D converted velocities

Horizon
Depth
Note: Method similar to the linear velocity function extraction