BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 1926:2006 Natural stone test methods — Determination of uniaxial compressive strength ‘The European Standard EN 1926:2006 has the status of a British Standard =pace Jn British Standards Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Thu Jan 18 01:19:28 GMT+00:00 2007, Unconi [NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWLicensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Thu Jan 18 01:19:28 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS EN 1926:2006 ‘This British Standard was published under the authority ofthe Standards Policy and Strategy Committon fn 31 January 2007 © BSI 2007 ISBN 978-0-580-49936-4 National foreword ‘This British Standard was published by BSI. It is the UK implementation of EN 1926:2006. It supersedes BS EN 1926:1999 which is withdrawn. ‘The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee 1B/545, Natural stone. A list of organizations represented on B/545 can be obtained on request to its secretary. ‘This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. Amendments issued since publication Amd.No. [Date CommentsLicensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Thu Jan 18 01:19:28 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 1926 NORME EUROPEENNE EUROPAISCHE NORM December 2008 ICS 73.020; 91.10.15 ‘Supersedes EN 1926:1999 English Version Natural stone test methods - Determination of uniaxial compressive strength Méthodos dessa dos perros naturolles - Détermination do Prafvertahren fOr Naturstln - Bestimmung der inachsigon la résistance la compression uniaxiale Drucktestighet ‘This European Standard was approved by CEN on 8 November 2006, (CEN membors are bound to comply withthe CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions forgiving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alleration. Up-1-dat lists and bibliographical referenoas conceming such national Standards may be obtained on application tothe Central Sorotarat orto any CEN member. “This European Standard exists in thre official versions (English, French, German). Aversion in any othe language made by translation under the responsblty of a CEN member into is own language and noted tothe Central Secretariat has the same status as the offcial (CEN membors are the national standards bods of Austia, Belgium, Cyprus, zach Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Franco, Germany, Greece, Hungary, iceland Ireland, Nay, Lavi, Lithuania, Luxemoourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Span, Sweden, Switzeriand and United Kingdom. EUROPAISCHES KOMITEE FUR NORMUNG Management Centro: rue de Stassart,35 B-1050 Brussole (©2006 CEN. Allrights of exploitation in any form and by any moans reserved Fl. No. EN 1926-2006: E ‘worldwide for CEN national Members.Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Thu Jan 18 01:19:28 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EN 1926:2006 (E) Contents page 1 Scope 2 Normative references. a4 3 Principle. 4 Terms and Definitions 5 SYMBOIS veermnnmnnrnnnnnsnn sensi 6 Apparatus 7 Preparation of specimens.. 74 Sampling.. 72 Test specimens. 734 73.2 7.4 Conditioning of specimen before testing mn 8 Procedure. 8.4 Measuring the specimen 82 Placing the specimen in the testing machine ..ncnnnen 83 Loading 9 Expression of results. 6 10 Test report ‘Annex A (normative) Determination of the compressive strength of armourstone At Scope A2 Normative references 8 A3 Principle. 9 ‘Ad _ Definitions and symbols teeters zo AS Apparatus A Preparation of specimens.. AGA SaMplingenrnnnnnnnnnenn 8 AG2 Test specimens 9 A6.3 Surface preparation 40 AGA Conditioning of specimen before testing wcnn.unnunennesannnnn 40 AT Procedure 10 AB — Expression of results. A9 Test report: ‘Annex B (informative) Determination of the point load strength index of natural stone. BA General. B2 Background. B3 Correlation data vn Saisie cocaneanctaia 12 ‘Annex C (normative) Statistical evaluation of the results 43 CA $0000 insricrmnenioanctons pisraaaeca 13 €2 Symbols and definitions C3 Statistical evaluation of test results .. Annex D (informative) Bibliografy related to Annex B.. Bibliography...Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Thu Jan 18 01:19:28 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EN 1926:2006 (E) Foreword ‘This document (EN 1926:2006) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 246 “Natural stones’, the secretariat of which is held by UNI This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, af the latest by June 2007, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by June 2007. This document supersedes EN 1926:1999. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, ‘Switzerland and United Kingdom.Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Thu Jan 18 01:19:28 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EN 1926:2006 (E) 1 Scope ad European standard specifies a method for determining the uniaxial compressive strength of natural stones. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 197-1, Cement ~ Part 1: Composition, specications and conformity criteria for common cements EN 12390 (all pars), Testing hardened concrete EN 12670:2001 Netural stone - Terminology EN 1383-1:2002, Armourstone - Part 1: Specification 3. Principle ‘The specimens, after mechanical preparation of surfaces or, if needed, after capping, are laid and centred on the plate of a testing machine. A uniformly distributed load is applied and increased continuously until failure occurs. 4 Terms and Definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 12670:2001 apply. 5 Symbols |) height of the specimen, in millimetres; 7 mean value of the lateral dimension, ic. the distance between opposite vertical faces of the specimen (if cubic), in milimetres; mean value of the diameter of the specimen (If cylindrical), in millimetres; cross-sectional area of the specimen before testing, in square millimetres; failure load, in Newtons; pom me AL uniaxial compressive strength of the specimen, in Megapascals; ml mean value of the uniaxial compressive strength, in Megapascals; ‘S_ standard deviation; ¥ coefficient of variation,Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Thu Jan 18 01:19:28 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EN 1926:2006 (E) 6 Apparatus 64 Asurface grinder. 62 Alapping machine if final preparation of the specimens is needed 63 A test machine of appropriated force, in accordance with EN 12390 and calibrated according to this standard, 6A Atime counter accurate to 1 s 6.5 Avenillated oven which can maintain a temperature of (70 # 5) °C. 6.6 Awoighing instrument which has an accuracy of 0,1 g 6.7 Alinear measuring device with an accuracy of 0,05 mm. 68 _ Airconditioned room with a temperature of (20 # 10) °C. 7 Preparation of specimens 74 Sampling The sampling is not the responsibilty of the testing laboratory, unless specially requested. ‘Atleast 10 specimens are to be tested and the direction of any existing plane of anisotropy recorded 7.2. Test specimens Test specimens shall be cubes with (70 £ 5) mm or (60 + 5) mm edges or right circular cylinders whose diameter and height are equal to (70 + ) mm or (50 + 5) mm. The lateral dimension or the diameter of the specimen shall be related to the size of the largest grain in the rock by the ratio of at least 10:1. If the maximum observed dimension of the grains exceeds 7 mm, it is recommended to have a larger number of specimens in order to obtain representative results. The axis of the specimen shall be normal to the planes of anisotropy, ¢.g. bedding planes, foliation, etc. (gure 1a and 2a). If @ test with orientation of loading parallel to the planes of anisotropy is required, another set of specimens with the same dimensional characteristics shall be prepared (Figure 1b and 2b). 7.3. Surface preparation 7.3.1. General ‘The faces to which the load is to be applied shall be flat to a tolerance of 0,1 mm in any 100 mm and such that the top surface lies between two parallel planes which are parallel to the bottom surface, and not greater than ‘Imm apart for every 100 mm The sides of the specimen shall be smooth and free of abrupt irregularities and straight fo within 0,3 mm over the full length of the specimen. To meet the above requirements the specimens shall be finished on either a lathe or surface grinder, with final preparation on a lapping machine if needed. Capping with mortar according to the procedures indicated in 7.3.2 is to be used only if the indicated tolerances are not obtainable with the prescribed mechanical preparation. This condition shall be clearly indicated in the test report.Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Thu Jan 18 01:19:28 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EN 1926:2006 (E) 7.3.2. Capping with mortar Itis possible to cap the specimen using a mortar made with cement CEM | 52,5 R according to EN 197-1 and then waiting until the cement has hardened, 7.4 Conditioning of specimen before testing Specimens, whether capped or uncapped, shall be dried at (70 + 5) °C to constant mass. This is assumed to have been attained when the difference between two weighings at an interval of (24 + 2) his not greater than 0,1% of the mass of the specimen. After drying and prior to testing the specimens shall be stored at (20 + 5) °C until the thermal equilibrium is reached. After that, the tests shall be performed within 24 h. 8 Procedure 8.1 Measuring the specimen The cross-sectional dimensions of the test specimen (lateral dimension for cubic diameter for cylindrical test specimens) shall be measured to the nearest 0,1 mm by averaging two measures taken at right angles to ‘each other at about the upper-height and two about the lower-height h of the specimen. The average lateral dimension 7 or the average diameter d shall be used for calculating the cross-sectional area. The height of the specimen shall be determined to the nearest 4,0 mm. 8.2 Placing the specimen in the testing machine Wipe the bearing surfaces of the testing machine clean and remove any loose grit from the bed faces of the specimen. Align the specimen carefully with the centre of the ball-seated platen, so that a uniform seating is obtained. Do not use any packing material. 8.3 Loading Load on the specimen shall be applied continuously at a constant stress rate of (1 + 0,5) MPals. The maximum load on the specimen shall be recorded to the nearest 10kN. 9 Expression of results ‘The uniaxial compressive strength R of each specimen is expressed by the ratio of the failure load of the specimen and its cross-sectional area before testing, by the equation: E a ‘The result shall be expressed in Megapascals with at least two significant figures. The mean value R shall be calculated to the nearest 1 MPa. aLicensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Thu Jan 18 01:19:28 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EN 1926:2006 (E) 10 Test report The test report shall contain the following information: a) unique identification number for the report; b) number, title and date of issue of this European standard; ©) name and address of the testing laboratory and the address where the test was carried out if different from the testing laboratory; d) name and address of the client; €) itis the responsibilty of the client to supply the following information: — petrographic name of the stone; — commercial name of the stone; — country and region of extraction; — name of the supplier; — direction of any existing plane of anisotropy (if relevant to the test), clearly indicated on the sample or on ‘each specimen by means of two parallel lines; — name of the person or organization which carried out the sampiin — surface finish of the specimens (if relevant to the test); f) date of delivery of the sample or of the specimens; ) date when the specimens were prepared (if relevant) and the date of testing; h) number of specimens in the sample; i) dimensions 7 (or d) and hr in millimetres and the failure load F of each specimen, in kiloNewtons measured without any decimal place; j) surface preparation of the specimens and their conditioning before testing; k) orientation of the of loading with respect to the existing planes of anisotropy; 1) compressive strength R of each specimen, in Megapascals with at least two significant figures; m) mean value R of compressive strength, in Megapascals to the nearest 1 MPa; rn) standard deviation s., in Megapascals to the nearest 1 MPa, and the variation coefficient v 0) all deviations from the standard and their justification; p) remarks. ‘The test report shall contain the signature(s) and role(s) of the responsibie(s) party(s) for testing and the issue date of the report. It shall also state that the report shall not be partially reproduced without written consent from the testing laboratory.Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Thu Jan 18 01:19:28 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EN 1926:2006 (E) a) Key 2). load normal to the planes of anisotropy ') load paralle to the planes of anisotropy Figure 1 — Cubic test specimens a Key 2) load normal to the planes of anisotropy 'b) load parallel to the planes of anisotropy Figure 2 — Cylindrical tast specimens » »Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Thu Jan 18 01:19:28 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EN 1926:2006 (E) Annex A (normative) Determination of the compressive strength of armourstone A1 Scope This annex specifies the method for the determination of compressive strength of stones of different size and irregular shape, which are used in hydraulic protection and regulation structures. The term armourstone is used for such materials. A.2 Normative references See clause 2. A3 Principle ‘See clause 3, For materials to be used as armourstone, specimens shall be tested in @ condition indicating their strenath in water and in their weakest orientation with respect to any existing plane of anisotropy. 4 Definitions and symbols See clauses 4 and 6. AS Apparatus See clause 6. A.6 Preparation of specimens A6.1 Sampling ‘The sample shall be taken in accordance with annex A of EN 13383-1:2002. A.6.2 Test specimens Each specimen shall be prepared from a separate piece of armourstone. Test specimens shall be cubes with (60 & 5) mm edges or right circular cylinders whose diameter and height are equal to (50 + 5) mm. For the pieces of armourstone whose compressive strength is lower than of equal to 40 MPa, the use of cubes with (70 + 7) mm edges or right circular cylinders whose diameter and heigth are equal to (70 + 7) mm are allowed. The lateral dimension or the diameter of the specimen should be related to the size of the largest grain in @ representative piece of the material by 2 ratio of at least 10:1. For coarse-grained material, cubes or cylinders having an edge or diameter no greater than 150 mm are admitted. In this case, the maximum dimensions of the grains shall be indicated in the test report.Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Thu Jan 18 01:19:28 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EN 1926:2006 (E) ‘The axis of the specimen shall be parallel to the planes of anisotropy, e.g. bedding planes, foliations, etc. If a test with orientation of loading normal to the anisotropy is required, another set of specimens with the same dimensional characteristics shall be prepared. 6.3 Surface preparation AAs in main text, 7.3. A6.4 Conditioning of specimen before testing ‘Test specimens shall be fully immersed in tap water at a room temperature of (20 + 10)°C for (48 + 4) h and tested for strength within 1h of removal from the water, taking care to minimise any changes in moisture content of the specimen prior to testing, AT Procedure As in main text, clause 8. A8 Expression of results As in main text, clause 9. AQ Test report ‘The test report shall contain the following information: 2) unique identification number of the report; b) number, tile and date of issue of this European standard; ©) name and address of the testing laboratory and the address where the test was carried out if different from the testing laboratory; d) name and address of the client; @) itis the responsibility of the client to supply the following information: — petrographic name of the stone; — commercial name of the stone; — country and region of extraction; — name of the suppli — direction of any existing plane of anisotropy (if relevant to the test) to be clearly indicated on the sample or on each specimen by means of two parallel lines; — name of the person or organization which carried out the sampling: — surface finish of the specimens (if relevant to the test); f) date of delivery of the sample or of the specimens; 10Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Thu Jan 18 01:19:28 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 9) h) i k) » m) n) o) P) a EN 1926:2006 (E) date when the specimens were prepared (if relevant) and the date of testing; ‘number of specimens in the sample; dimensions 7 (or d ) and h in millimetres and the failure load F of each specimen, in kiloNewtons measured without any decimal place; surface preparation of the specimens and their conditioning before testing; orientation of the axis of loading with respect to the rock anisotropy; compressive strength R of each specimen, in Megapascals with at least two significant figures; mean value R of compressive strength, in Megapascals to the nearest 1 MPa: standard deviation s , in Megapascals to the nearest 1 MPa, and the variation coefficient v; description of any specimen breakages that occurred during specimen preparation, detalling the number of such breakages; all deviations from this standard and their justification; remarks. The test report shall contain the signature(s) and role(s) of the responsible party(ies) for the testing and the issue date of the report. It shall also state that the report shall not be partially reproduced without the written consent from the laboratory. 1Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Thu Jan 18 01:19:28 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EN 1926:2006 (E) Annex B (informative) Determination of the point load strength index of natural stone B.1 General This informative annex is given to provide a simple method for the factory production control of the uniaxial compressive strength of natural stone and stone used in hydraulic structures. B.2 Background The point load strength index is widely used in rock mechanic applications for obtaining a rapid and cheap assessment of the variability in rock source strength and Is therefore ideal for use in factory production control B.3 Correlation data To use point load strength index data to obtain estimates of uniaxial compressive strength, the ideal correlation equation to use is one based on a preliminary study of the particular rock source in question. The point load strength test method to be used is the suggested method of the Intemational Society for Rock Mechanics (ISRM), 1985, see reference in Annex D. If a correlation for the specific rock type Is not available, the general correlation equation given in the reference in Annex D is as follows: — Uniaxial Compressive Strength = 22 times Point Load Strength Index It is based on an extensive investigation of a wide range of strong and weak rocks. It will not give a very accurate prediction of compressive strength for all rock types, however, it is recommended as the best researched single correlation factor to predict the compressive strength of all rock types. An aspect ratio of 2:1 for length to diameter of cylinders is assumed for the compressive strength data in the above correlation equation. 12Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Thu Jan 18 01:19:28 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EN 1926:2006 (E) Annex C (normative) Statistical evaluation of the results C1 Scope This annex establishes a method for the statistical treatment of test results obtained following the natural stone test method described in this standard. €.2 Symbols and definitions Measured values Number of measured values Mean value ‘Standard deviation Coefficient of variation Logarithmic Mean Logarithmic Standard deviation Maximum value Max Minimum value Min Sy tt5) Lower expected value where ks (quantile factor) is given in Table 1 Quantile factor kg see table 1 13Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Thu Jan 18 01:19:28 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EN 1926:2006 (E) C.3 Statistical evaluation of test results For the caloulation of the mean value (t), the standard deviation (s) and the coefficient of variation (V), @ ‘normal distribution is assumed. When calculating the lower expected value (E), a logarithmic normal distribution is assumed. The lower expected value (E) corresponds to the 5 % quantile of a logarithmic normal distribution for a confidence level of 75%. Table C.1 Quantile factor (kg) in dependence on the number of measured values (n) in correspondence to the 5% quantile for a confidence level of 75% . he 3 3,15 4 2.68 5 2.46 6 2.94 7 2.25 8 219 9 2.14 10 2,10 15 1,99 20 1,93 30 187 40. 1.83 60 1.81 a 1,64 14Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Thu Jan 18 01:19:28 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI The following examples should help to clarify the method: EN 1926:2006 (E) EXAMPLE 1 Calculation of mean value, standard deviation, maximum value and minimum value of 6 measured values: Measurement no Mean value Standard deviation Maximum value Minimum value 1 Measured value x 2000 2150 2200 2300 2350 2400 2383 147 2400 2000 EXAMPLE 2 Calculation of mean value, standard deviation, coefficient of variation and lower expected value of 10, ‘measured values: From table 1 for: "10k, lower expected value 1819 Measurement no Mean value Standard deviation Variation coefficient 2,1 Measured value x 2000 2150 200 2300 2350 2400 2600 2750 2900 3150 2480 363 0.18, (nx) (7,60) 87) (7,70) 7a) (7.76) (7.78) (7,86) 7.92) a7) (6,08) 15Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Thu Jan 18 01:19:28 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EN 1926:2006 (E) Annex D (informative) Bibliography related to Annex B The International Society for Rock Mechanics convened a Working Party to produce a ‘Recommended ‘Suggested Method’ for the determination of the point load strength index. The reference is as follows: Franklin, J.A. [co-ordinator] (1985), Suggested method for determining Point Load Strength, International Society for Rack Mechanics Commission on Testing Methods, (revised version). International Journal of Rock Mechanics, Mining Sciences and Geomechanical Abstracts., Vol 22, pp 51-60. 16Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Thu Jan 18 01:19:28 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI (1) (2) 8] (4) 5] 6 8] 10) [10] (1) (12) [13] (14) [15] (16) 7 {18} {19} (20) (21) 22) EN 1926:2006 (E) Bibliography EN 1925, Natural stone test methods —~ Determination of water absorption coefficient by capillary. EN 1936, Natural stone test methods ~ Determination of real density and apparent density, and of total and open porosity. EN 12370, Natural stone test methods — Determination of resistance to salt crystallisation. EN 12371, Natural stone test methods — Determination of frost resistance. EN 12372, Natural stone test methods — Determination of flexural strength under concentrated load. EN 12407, Natural stone test methods — Petrographic examination. EN 12440, Natural stone - Denomination eriteria. EN 13161, Natural stone test methods — Determination of flexural strenath under constant moment. EN 13364, Natural stone test methods — Determination of the breaking load at dowel hole. EN 13373, Natural stone test methods — Determination of geometric characteristics on units. EN 13755, Natural stone test methods — Determination of water absorption at atmospheric pressure. EN 13919, Natural stone test methods - Determination of resistance to ageing by SO, action in the presence of humidity. EN 14066, Natural stone test methods ~ Determination of resistance to ageing by thermal shock, EN 14146, Natural stone test methods — Determination of the dynamic modulus of elasticity (by measuring the fundamental resonance frequency). EN 14147, Natural stone test methods — Determination of resistance to ageing by salt mist. EN 14158, Natural stone test methods — Determination of rupture energy. EN 14205, Natural stone test methods — Determination of Knoop hardness. EN 14231, Natural stone test methods — Determination of the slip resistance by means of the pendulum tester. EN 14579, Natural stone test methods — Determination of sound speed propagation. EN 14580, Natural stone test methods — Determination of static elastic modulus. EN 14581, Natural stone test methods — Determination of linear thermal expansion coefficient. EN 14157, Natural stone test methods — Determination of the abrasion resistance. 7Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Thu Jan 18 01:19:28 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS EN 1926:2006 BSI 389 Chiswick High Road London Wa 4AL BSI — British Standards Institution BSI is the independent national body responsible for preparing British Standards. It presents the UK view on standards in Europe and at the international level, [tis incorporated by Royal Charter. Revisions British Standards are updated by amendment or revision. Users of British Standards should make sure that they possess the latest amendments or editions. It is the constant aim of BSI to improve the quality of our products and services. We would be grateful if anyone finding an inaccuracy or ambiguity while using this British Standard would inform the Secretary of the technical committee responsible, the identity of which can be found on the inside front cover. ‘Tel: +44 (0)20 8996 9000. Fax: +44 (0)20 8996 7400. BSI offers members an individual updating service called PLUS which ensures that subscribers automatically receive the latest editions of standards. Buying standards Orders for all BSI, international and foreign standards publications should be addressed to Customer Services. ‘Tel: +44 (0)20 8996 9001. Fax: +44 (0)20 8996 7001. Email: orders@hsi-global.com. Standards are also available from the BSI website at http/www-bsi-global.com, In response to orders for international standards, it is BSI policy to supply the BSI implementation of those that have been published as British Standards, unless otherwise requested, Information on standards BSI provides a wide range of information on national, European and international standards through its Library and its Technical Help to Exporters Service. Various BSI electronic information services are also available which give details on all its products and services. Contact the Information Centre. ‘Tel: +44 (0)20 8996 7111. Fax: +44 (0)20 8996 7048. Email: info@bsi-global.com. Subscribing members of BSI are kept up to date with standards developments and receive substantial discounts on the purchase price of standards. For details of these and other benefits contact Membership Administration. ‘Tel: +44 (0)20 8996 7002, Fax: +44 (0)20 8996 7001. Email: membership@bsi-global.com. Information regarding online access to British Standards via British Standards Online can be found at http://www.bsi-global,com/bsonline. Further information about BSI is available on the BSI website at http://www. bsi-global,com, Copyright Copyright subsists in all BSI publications, BSI also holds the copyright, in the UK, of the publications of the international. standardization bodies. Except as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 no extract may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise — without prior written, permission from BSI. ‘This does not preclude the free use, in the course of implementing the standard, ofnecessary details such as symbols, and size, type or grade designations. If these details are to be used for any other purpose than implementation then the prior ‘written permission of BSI must be obtained. Details and advice can be obtained from the Copyright & Licensing Manager. ‘Tel: +44 (0)20 8996 7070. Fax: +44 (0)20 8996 7553. Email: copyright@bsi-global.com,