Rate if Reaction

Meaning s: speed at which reactants are converted into products in a chemical

reaction

Observable changes

• Volume of gas liberated

• Precipate formation
• Change in mass during the reaction
• Colour changes
• Temperature changes
• Pressure changes

Factor Effects rate of reaction

SIZE OF REACTANT: marble chip, powder

CONCENTRATION: sodium thiosulphate: 0.04, 0.08, And 0.12

Temperature: sodium thiosulphate: 35C, 40C

Catalyst: positive & negative catalyst

Pressure: Heat

Collision theory meanings

• Activation energy
• Correct orientation
• Frequency collision
• Effective collision

Kinetic theory Collision

Size of Concentration Temperature Catalyst

Reactants

The smaller the The higher the The higher the The positive the
size of reactants, concentration, temperature, the catalyst provide
the bigger the increase the the alternative
surface area The higher the kinetic energy pathway to
exposed number of within particles achieve minimum
particles per unit activation energy
volume

• The frequency collision increases

• The effective collision increases
• The rate of reaction increases
CARBON COMPUND

Meanings: compound which contain the elements of carbon

Hydrocarbon – contain only carbon and hydrogen

• Petroleum
• Coal
• Natural gas
• Rubber tree

Non-Hydrocarbon – organic compounds in which same or all the hydrogen atoms

have been replaced by other atoms such as oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus,
halogens.

• Oxygen
• Nitrogen
• Phosphorus
• Halogens

Alkane CnH2n+2

Alkene CnH2n+1

Alcohol Ch2n+1, OH

Carboxylic CnH2n+1, COOH

Ester CnH2n+1, COO, H2n+1

Isomer – molecule with same molecular formula but different structural formula.

Alkane Alkene

• Low melting point and boiling point

• Cannot conduct electricity
• Not soluble in water but soluble on organic solvent
• Density less than water

Alcohol
• Cannot conduct electricity
• Colourless
• Sharp smell
• Soluble in water
• High volatility
Carboxylic

• Sharp or unpleasant smell

• Colourless liquid at room temperature
• Boiling point are high
• Low molecular mass
• Conduct electricity
• High melting points
• Soluble in water

Ester

• Colourless
• Fruity smell
• Soluble in water