Air Refrigeration Systems 34+ INTRODUCTION Refrigeration is an application of thermodynamics. Refrigeration means transfer of heat from a on with the help of an external aid eat pumps) and the cycles ower temperature region to a higher temperature Devices that produce refrigeration effect are called refrigerators ( on which they operate are called refrigeration cycles. The various re reversed Camot cycle, Bell-Colemann air refr cycle, etc. Air refrigeration cycles are dealt with in this chapter 3.2 DEFINITIONS eration cycles are eration cycle, vapour compression refrigeration Refrigeration is a process of removing heat from a confined space so that its temperature is first Jowered and then maintained at that low temperature compared to that of the surroundings, i. it is a phenomenon by virtue of which one reduces the temperature of a confined space compared with that of the surroundings. The device used to produce cold or refrig refrigerator. The basic components of a reft condenser and expansion valve. In addition to these, there may be a refrigerant accumulator femperature controller, etc. The refrigerant is a working substance, which circulates through the Tefrigeration system during its operation. The R134a is the refrigerant used in domestic refrigerators and low-temperature refrigeration Systems, The R22 is the refrigerant used in window air-conditioning units while ammonia 1s Preferred in large air-conditioning systems. Air is the refrigerant in air-refrigeration cycles, ration effect is called a refrigeration system or ration system are evaporator, compressor, Unit of refrigeration or rating for refrigeration The definition of refrigeration indicates that refrigeration is nothing Heat, The $1 unit of heat is joule, the time rate of which is watt. The unit of reftiger 18 watt (W) or kilowatt (kW). but the rate of removal of ration effect 53 ZRefrigeration and Air frigeration is ton of refrigs production of cold atthe rats 1 n 24 hours. One US 000 Ib, and ‘The standard unit of re TR. One TR is equivalent to the from one US ton of water at 0°C 144 Brullb, of ice at 0°C 1x 2000 Ib Thus, 1TR 4 12,000 Brut But 1 Btu = 1.055 KI TR = 211 kim 16 In the above definition of 1 TR f conversion factor, In US, one ton is equal 3.3 REFRIGERATION LOAD The refrigeration effect or cooling ef equipment. The average rate at which s known as the cooling load. It is exp cooling load on refrigerating eq) the heat that 3.4 HEATING LOAD during winters, such a conditi facilitated with s3.5 ; CONCEPT OF ture body to a | Heat engine It is a prime mover that rmodynami law of the from a singl engine (HE) rejects part work. This i performanc Fanatical mathemati Refrigerator It work rd heat from Refrigerat reftigeratior Here Q amount of heat reftigerator We know thai Performance of a de Efficiency is the ra Output is always less than HEAT ENGINE, REFRIGERATOR AND HEAT PUMP nown fact that h iris a well-known factFigure 32 A refrigerator cop) ie ce. To accomplish this, m a closed spa Coefficient : ‘The objective of the refrigerator is © remove heat (02) from 8 1% it needs Wya as work input. Therefore, COP of a refrigerator is Desired effec COPR = Requ Gl) But G2) The COP may be greater than one in many Heat pump A heat pump ( ‘The objective of a heat pump The COP of a heat pump is exp! (re). Mathematically, jer temperature space. HHP) transfers heat from a low temperature space to a hig is to supply heat Q, to warm a space as shown in Figure 33 ressed as the ratio of heat supplied (Q;) to the work inp a h Figure 33 A heat pumpAir Refrigeration Systems 57 Desired effect Work input COP pp — Heating effect Q, Work input WW, G3) comparing Eqs. G2) and 3.3), COP yp = COP, + 1 R G4) iup is always greater than one since pst to the outside air through piping For fixed rates of O. and O}, Eq. (3.4) shows that the CoP, the COPa is apositive Value. In reality, however, part of O, isle and other devices, and COPyp may drop below one when the outsid : F when the outside air temperature is too low. 3.6 AIR REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS Airis used as a refrigerant (working media) in air refrigeration systems. Air absorbs heat from jects heat to the high temperature surroundings while undergoing an air refrigeration cycle. Air does not change its phase while undergoing a cyclic Unit mass of air is very small the low temperature space and re process. Therefore, the heat carrying capacity to that of a ref refrigeration effect, a large quantity 0 in comparison rant of a vapour compression refrigeration cycle To obtain a required f air needs to be handled, requiring a bigger-sized anger and expansion device. In an aircraft, rammed air is available and hence used for its air conditioning. The compressor, heat ex are also discussed in this chapter 3.61 Carnot Refrigerator The in its conception but serves a diagrams of reversed Carnot cycle usir The following pro Process (1-2) reversible adiabatic compression process: Air is compressed from initial » till the temperatur ible adiabatic not refi igeration system works on reversed Camot cycle. It is only a theoretical system ni le ever to be achieved in reality. The p-v and T-s ir as a working medium are shown in Figure 3.4 esses are imagined to tal ce in a reciprocating compressor: rises from 7; to 7 in a rei pressure p; to pressure compression process. The piston is assumed to move very fas (@) p-vdiagram Figure 3.4 Reversed Camot cycle WV o1 compression ‘air is compressed jsothermally till its Proce 2-2) saber ued ri comp raperatue 72 is brought pres ses Fm PP ie pains 1 during thermal < sto jble adiabatic expansion Beeeaiss| everbleato ansion of Pia Ca an c il its pressure and yolume change from Ps and v3 to assumed to move at @ great The piston is sir in de clearance volume takes PIs falls to Ts pa and vy during which the temperature speed. Proct and vz expands isothermally na cold body at temperature Se by the ei. To Satisfy the isothermal Pye at a dead slow speed. The heat on completing the cycle. cle is called a ess (4-1) isothermal expansion Process Air from Ps sit dhe pressure and volume reach pi 204s Tris assumed that whe! 7; is brought in contact with the cylinder heat is al aa ronson at constant temperature the DISS has to mi OF is absorbed during the process. The ait ONSN" the original state "All the processes involved in the cycle are reversible and therefore the CY reversible cycle. The heat absorbed from col Q, = area (1 1d body at temperature 7) (refrigeration effect) 4-5-6) on T-s diagram = Ti(sy ~ ss), in Kks Work done during the cycle W = area (I-2-3-4) on T-s diagram = (Tz — Ty)(oy ~ 54), in Kkg Coefficient of performance of Camot refrigerator, Refrigeration effect O, Oro Net work done G5) (Guny= G6) The COP of heat pump working on reversed Camot cycl S ot cycle, Useful effect COP, = Work input = Heat rejected Q, Work input 7ight mal 1 of to eat 2 = Area (6-2-3-5) 67 7 8) Itfollows that the Carnot COP depends on temperatur not depend upon the working substance (refrigerant ense, it does The reversed Camot cycle may be emple sa let 7; be the refrigeration temperature and : 7, = 0 (absolute zero), the minimum COPp = 0. The upper limit to refrigeration : é temperature is equal to the temperature ofthe su — Carnot COP for cooling varies between 0 and « From Eq. (3.8), it is clear that the ( ) (i) the refrigeration temperature (ii) the surrounding temperature These two points are applicat practical. A sub-considerat fe be varied at our will. The refrigeration tem; is f the temperature of the substance in temperature of the refrigerated space would be less than ~10°C. This di evaporator size for the required rate « The effect of raising th surroundings temperature 47°C i I Figure 3.5 Camot CC‘an the surrounding s, it can be said that ejection is lower, and Airconditioning —— refrige yo that hea edu like watt Similarly temperature (cooling the of the ror this reason me ifthe temper for refrigeration will IMDrOv® eta i Sco x etngation WP ct show wri be igher in winter th 6 1 ES ” , § 10 oa | ay ee ae j is kept constant (-20°C Figure 38 Canot COP vation wh respect © To when T's KeP one . system operates on reversed Camot cycle, between the ME hed SE The reftigerating capacity is 10 TR Deteine (2) the COP aren rjected from the system per bour, and (c) the power require Solution: @ 28 = 3.67 Ans, @73445)-@ . | cop, = Reigerating effect | Pa Work input 1021160 Work input Ser 7 34332 kn Heat rejected = refrigerating effect per hour + work input per hour = (10 x 211 « 60) + 34,332 = 160,932 kth gi P 3433 © Power in kW = 9.536 KW re. 3600 | aie eee A Camot refrigerator works on a reversed Camot cycle. This unit requires ture of Bea ae papuezaon at ~23°C. Determine (a) the COP, (b) the highet COP when this device is used as a Pate, Bigs ato caleilate the heat removal mie Solution: 1, = 273 -23 = 259 K @) For refrigerator: Cop, = Refrigerating effect ee Work donesists of four processes, namely reversible diabatic expansion S 2), the piston is supposed to move @ piston has to move at a very slow ry high speed in the first part of its compression ° oke, it has to move at very slow speed, which are te S s s During ssumed t ‘ot or cold imaginary body is brought he inter extern Sassi cycle processes, which is not a correct assumption. The working s the id s. In practice there is no working substance that behaves as an ideal gas. Therefore, the reversed Camot cycle is an ideal cycle which gives the ¢ COP for a particular refrigeration system. tic eM frigerant, the constant pressure heat al process replace jonirejection process of the ; 263 Modified Reversed Carnot Cycle ¢ most efficient cycle. The ar like the one shown in Figure 3.7. isentropic co d expansion are the processes 1-2 and 3-4 respectively. The spectively. This re cooling and fe (Figure 3.4) in that it operates between the same two additional two areas X and ¥ space so that air absorbs the temperature of air must be lower than that of coldtar cononi9y —— 62_ neers 1s) ih air as retigerant versed Camot cycle Wi jemperature UP to T;. The addition of area sffect, Similarly, at point 2, the so that heat can be rejected. This ses not only the Figure 37 Res ces inerease in t e refrigerati -oundin; X incre: .d experien ‘COP but also th er than that of the SUIT is addition of are: 1e eold space an ly the ust be highé cle. Therefore, th heat from thi Y decreases not onl temperature of air adds area X to the cy decreases the COP. power but also pour as Refrigerant 364. Reversed Carnot Cycle with Val sant can be used that condenses during the heat re}ectiot process and st cpeomtion (in evaporator) process. With such 2. sci"BSN0S the eat has been fited with the saturated liquid and satura 38. Instead of air, a re evaporates during the reversed Camot cycle become uur lines as shown in Figure T — VS | iN vvapot ,/_Contensaton \ 2 e refrigerant. Figure 3.8 Reversed Cart cycle when a condensable fud is Process 2-3: It is a constant 4 constant temperature condensation Process 4-1: It is also a c ae a also a constant temperature proce: Ee and isobars lines are one and th ve of eee et ar caper nas q Baar ea Bey ea i sane inte Fwo-pase compressed (called wet Pasi Y Bee en won. ae pager ated ion) in a reciprocating con i ie me nr a eo i@ compressor, then liquid refrigerant m9) a cad g piston, which may damage the valves and Ideally, at point 2 a ‘ y, the refriger a igerant should be in e compressors, Tent a5 it contains liquid. droplets ‘This sob woo oe much tim id droplets that are tobe vaporized by the ee nat canst vo 10 change the phase. Therefore, these 4 . Therefore, these eaten a Iroplets remain up to state point 2: It™ rized by the internal heat transfer d0 00¢6Air Refrigeration Systems _ 63 2 does not reflect the true condition of the refrigerant, | oy erant. Hence, it is practical toa ‘o terminate the compression process exactly at state point 2, en Another drawback of wet compression is that the droplets of liquid ma ash the lubricating rom ihe eylinder walls, which leads to many undesirable effects like increased friction, w nd blow-by losses, etc 6n account of these disadvantages, the dry compression is preferred. For this, the state soint | should be on the saturation curve, The refrigerant must be in saturated vapour state at pomsveion of the compressor. This is as indicated in Figure 3.9 mot cycle using dry n and throtting pi Figure 3.9 Modified ulis in a high temperature at the end of compression, say, at Compression of dry vapour ri point 2, This temperature is much higher than the condensing temperature, The refri a superheated condition. The area of that part of the cycle, which is above 5mm, and represents the additional work rant le: the compressor in the condensing temperature, is called the superheat required by dry compression. In the reversed Carnot cycle, it is assumed tha expansion occurs is is impractical because the work resulting work would be used to drive the compressor. But i that is derived by the expansion device is very small. Another difficulty is blem. Therefore, the ne hat the expansion takes place in two phases and poses the lubrication pro the pressure of the liquid from condenser to evaporator, throttling device (a valve or a capillary tube). This throttl alp imeyersible in nature. Therefore, this is one more modification introduced in the original reversed Carnot cycle as indicated by the dashed line 3-4 in Figure 3.9. 1-2-3-4 is the standard vapour compression refriget detail in the next chapter. which is certainly possible with alpic and tion cycle which would 365 Bell-Colemann or Reversed Brayton or Joule Cycle erant is shown with the help The Bell-Colemann refrigerator using air as a refni diagram in Figure 3.10. It consists of a compressor, a cooler, an exp; The Bell-Colemann air refrigeration cycle is the modification of the reversee ir as a working medium. It can be operated as an open cycle shown Which the cold air available at the outlet of the expander is used for inthe atmosphere. In the closed cycle [Figure 3.10(b)] the same Cold air available at the outlet of the expander is employed to coolEc 64 _ Refrigeration vachanger, The other Hud a The eyele 3:12 respectively ‘and air Conditioning. js represented 0” 5 ee o| ele. gerant in this © refrigerant iis of Ps diagrams a5 shown 1? ces pv ani oa on ‘Coupling a cowaitort4 a igre) el-Comann at regrten oF CCH Compressor | Expander s Coupling Evaporator (retrigeratory) = Lg air a J Brine in T Brine out Figure 3.0(b) Bel-Colemann air refrigeration closed cycle (dense air cycle). Figure 3.11 Bell-Colemann air cycle on p-v diagram, 3.11 and Figure Th Ise compr: temper proces i tempe accou deere: I Pa. to T, place circu Duri fron ofaAir Refrig ration System: 65 as 1 | Figure 312 Bell Colemann cycle on T-s diagram, The four processes of the closed cycle are as follows: Isentropic compression process (1-2): The air from the refrigerator is drawn into th compressor and compressed isentropically to state 2, During compression, both pressure and temperature increase while the specific volume decreases from v to vy, During the isentropic process, no heat is absorbed or rejected by the air Constant pressure cooling process (2-3): The high temperature air is cooled from temperature 7) to T; in the cooler at constant pressure. Here the frictional pressure loss on account of the friction between the air and the heat exchanger is neglected. The specific volume decreases from yp to v3. The heat rejected by the air during this process is On, a Ta) Isentropic expansion process (3-4): The air is expanded isentropically from pressure Re (= /piielatm pressure), while the temperstureloPelf"ales Georensed froma to Ty, The specific volume of air increases from 4 to vy. During this no heat exchange takes place Constant pressure heat absorption process (4-1): ‘The cold air from the expander i circulated through the refrigerator where it absorbs heat from brine and thus cools the brine During this, the temperature of the air increases from T, to 7, and the specific volume increas fom y, fo v;. The heat absorbed from the refrigerator during constant pressure process per kg of air is 1 = 6 (7 T (9) Work done during the cycle per kg of air = Heat rejected — heat (Tz — Ts) = 6,(Ty ~ Ta) Cy) Heat absorbed Coefficient of pe cos CORE of performance, COP = Wr anyt ep = T4) 7 -% oth -h)-(h-t%)) -h) q N)“Ban pe. ph si SHI sion process 12s (2) oss 34 on process 3 Sennyemtremmoiccxesn isentropic compres For the Since p, = p, and p, = Py the equations would be coP G.12) Pr _ Ps BPs Practically, the reversible adiabatic process is not possible, The reversible adiabatic ot isentropic compression and expansion processes in the above analysis are replaced by the polytropic process pv" = constant. The COP of the cycle can be obtained as follows: where r = compression or expansion ratio = Compression work per kg air, We = —"—(pyv» ~ p,vy) nas mae Expansion work per kg air, W; = The net work done, W=WAir Refrigeration Systems 67 1 } opl(ta - T) ~ Es - TH) since the characteristic gas constant, R = |~ P From our previous analysis, = 2 3.13) 3.6.6 Actual Bell-Colemann Cycle ration cycle shown in Figure 3.13 deviates in four ways The actual Bell-Colemann air refi from the cycle shown in Figure Pressure loss in Pressure loss in heat exchange! pot eal cycle 1 al cycle Figure 3.13 Actual B entropic due to T, at the end of compression process in the compressor is non-i and the surface temperature Tz Process (1-2): The intemal and external friction between the air compression is more than 7, Process (2-3): The cooling of air from temperature > to 7 takes place in the heat exchanger, Heat exchanger is a coil of tubes in which the air flows ‘Therefore, due to friction FEM Ge cir end the petal tube surface a pressure loss occurs, Therefore, ie cooling process 18 not truly at constant pressure.from b to ¢ is on re ee a jon work is higher compared se : aie i ee dicates that the actual compr as ies caramel of craft Refrigeration used for air aircraft except T 3.6.7 Application of Air cle is exclusively ining, system. . he air refrigeration Ot ance in such aif-coP oe eee es Rene ore of the air refrigeration SYSIEM 1 “7 Surpose due to its many advant of performance of the a ea ved for the same PUTPOSE THE 4 pressure decrea compression refrigeration eye forthe Sphere tempera ne dette ‘One may ask that since at high altitucs® sPiftibutable to extemal and internal hea cr conditioned” The reasons 1 eserve food and cold drinks. then why are aircraft air Conti et sor of -5°C is needed to preserve TOW" seed Ieakages. Also, temperature of the Orde" 4d the heat in the compartment of occupants, Following are the extemal heat source External heat sources an 1, Solar radiations enter the compartments throu EE Fale colar radiations, the outer surface ofthe aircraft gets conducted into the compartments : (Sa i ap of the order af 1500 km/h, Therefore, here is askin 2s. sseeiceene x e and the air due to which the whole aircraft siction between the outer aircraft surface and the body gets heated Internal heat sources ; 1+ Annormal healthy person dissipates heat at the rate of 180 W (180 J/s). For the of 100 persons in an aircraft, the total heat dissipated would be 18 kW. To compensate Rs for such a huge heat load, one requires air conditioning ef _2 Electrical and electronic components generate heat throughout their use me | 3 The engine parts of aircraft generate heat which is conducted into the compartments ar 4/ Food products, cold drinks, etc. need to be stored at a low temperature 3 3.7 METHODS OF AIR REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS The various methods of air refrigeration systems u ed for aircraft are as follows: + Simple air-cooling system + Simple air-evaporative co + Boot-strap air cooli + Boot-strap. air evaporative cooling system yystem. + Reduced ambient air cooling system + Regenerative air cooling system 3.74 Simple Air-cooling System Simple air-cooling system of an aircraft is shown with the h lp of a block diagram in Figin ft air Refrigeration Systems 69 am in Figure 3.15, The components of the system are a diffuser, a compressor and on T-s di ‘coupled to a turbine, a heat exchanger, a cooling turbine, and an aircooling fa A part of the ram air bled off at state point 3 is cooled in a heat exchanger with the help of rammed air to state point 4. It is further cooled due to expansion to cabin pressure in the turbine and is then supplied to the cabin. The work of expansion of cooling turbine is cool used to drive the air cooling The remaining air at a high pressure (p3) and a high temperature (7;) and the compressed air is supplied to ga: the main compressor and other Simple air-cooling system is useful for ground surface air cooling and for aircraft at low fan which draws the ram through the heat exchanger. turbine through the combustion chamber. Turbine power is used to drive -quipment of the aircraft speeds — Gas turbine Main compressor © surrounding at at high velocty | Ram ai pated eine) f ee nas S| Aircooting fan Figure 3.14 a diffuser and due to ramming Ramming process: The ambient air at p, and 7; enters throug effect its pressure and temperatures are raised to p» and temperature 73. This ideal ramming n Figure 3.15. In practice, because of internal friction rammed air is more than T. Thus the actual e pressure and temperature of the rammed air action is shown by the vertical line 1-2 and inherent irreversibilities, the temperature of th ramming process is shown by the curve 1-2. T are now py and T The diffuser efficiency 1, for ram compression is defined as: y respectively ressure rise (p; Actual Tdeal pressure rise ( Na ‘ocess (diffuser). Let 7) and Let us apply the steady flow energy equation to the ramming 1 be the relative velocities of air in m/s before and after diffuser respectively But ¥)=0 after ram compression.fagram fr simple ai-c00}9 system. Figure 315. 1-5 ee G(T = Ti) = for unit mass of or We know that or or Note that G14) 13)(3.15) Air Ref ation Systems "71 city of ambient ai R ° RT lee oe M’ 3.16) phere Mach number ag omual Nelo Sound velocity, ¢ and Mis the mach number of the flight. It is de the local sound velocity (c) The te main com, ned as the ratio of aircraft velocity (¥) to perature T s called the stagnation temperature of the ambient air entering the sor The velo: stagnation’ is v Sf air at the outlet of the diffuser is assumed to be zero which d. The properti ation compression (p3) is determined with the help is why corresponding to the point are stag properties. The of diffuser efficiency Compression process: The isentropic compression of air in the main compressor is by the line 2-3. In practice, because of ‘fri representet jon, the compression process does not remain isentropic. So the actual compression is represented by the curve 2’-3’ on T-s diagram The work done for compression pri s given by mp (Ty ~ Tr) 3.18) where mi, = mass of air bled from the main compressor for refrigeration purposes since we are analyzing the refrigeration system. Cooling process: The ram air is used to cool the compressed air in the heat exchanger. This: shown by the curve 3-4 in Figure 3.15. In practice, there nger, which is not shown in the figure, The temperatul air decreases from Ty to Ts. The heat rejected in the heat exchan; ven by process is a constant pressure coli isa pressure drop in the heat exch 19) Expansion process: The cooled air is now expanded isentropically in the cooling turbine as shown by the curve 4-5. The actual expansion in the cooling turbine is shown by the curve 45’. The work obtained in coolin; turbine due to expansion process is given by (Tea 6.20) The work of this turbine is used to drive the cooling air fan, which draws cooling ai from the heat exchanger. Refrigeration process: Cool air from the outlet of cooling turbine (i.e. after expansiot) © supplied to the cabin and cockpit where it gets heated by the heat of equipment and occupancyWork done (%-T) required for the n, then the air require 16 0 tons of refrigeration i te 0 m= AE ke/min mac j(lo— Ts) ‘And COP of the refi of 10 TR. At the r and 10°C respectively EXAMPLE 33. An aircraft air conditioning needs refrigeration capacity altitude of aircraft the atmospheric pressure and temperature are 0.9 b: of air after ramming effect in a diffuser increases to 1.013 bar. The temperatur duced by 50°C in the heat exchanger. The pressure in th g the cabin is 25°C. The pressure of the compressed a the calculation The pressure of the air is 1 the temperature of air leav “Assume that all the expansions and compressions are isentropic. Also carry ou if the compression and expansion efficiencies are 90% Determine the following abin is 1.01 b: 3.5 bar (a) Power required to take the load of cooling in the cabin (b) COP of the system. Ifthe efficiencies of the expansion and compression processes are 90%, analyse the problem for power requirement in both the cases, wee Solution: Refer to Figure 3.16. Given: Q=10TR; p= 09 bar, 7, = 10°C = 10 + 273 = 283 P2= 1.013 bar; ps = ps= 1.01 bar; T,= 25°C =25 +273 =298 K; pr = 3.5 b2! Case 1: With 100% efficiency of compression and expansion processe We kr We ken at. Air Refrigeration System 73 diagram for simple ai-cooling Figure 3.16 Tempera Similarly = lame 3,45)0786 = 1.425 = Ty x 1.425 = 292.6 x 1.425 = 417 K = 144°C the heat exchanger, therefore, the temperature The temperature of air is reduced of air leaving the heat exchanger We know that 5 eration purpose is 211 x10 _ _ 51.2 kg/min 257)pee on are 90% hah -09=- Nc" Ty-h Ty : es, Solutio a = (0.288) q 27193 K a Giv Mass of air required for the refrigeration purposes, 210 211 «10 : a m = 104.6 kg/min ‘abin ¢ ¢(T=Ty) 1 (298 - 277.93) (a) Power required o take the load of cooling in the cabin, ie mgcpTy -T;) 104.6 x (430.8 - 292.4 Pyare 2) _ 104.6% 1(430.8 - 292.6) _ 949.9 KW Ans 60 0 | (b) COP of the system: We know that COP of the system is 4 2NQ _ 21x10 i 5 Ans. Px 60 2409x60 7 0-145ion Systems 75, the efficiency of both om 106 kW to should be taken he power requirement f It is cle ms atain the compressor and turbine to the maximum possible, EXAMPLE 34 A c plant a capacity of 30 TR. The amb = e is 17°C. The al pressed to 0.95 bar and 30°C due to ram action a s the a Prsor to 4.75 bar and is then cooled in a heat xc 7°C. It thes bar before itis supplied to the cabin. Air "-s of the compressor and the turbine are 0.9. xg-K and y= 1.4 for air. tem—Example 3.4 Given: C =30 TR 05.51 kW = 17°C = 290 K compressor ns. ns:For turbine @ ) Figure 3.18, Tes diagram for imo Ty = 230.0 K Refrigerating effectk Capacity Mass flow rate in kg/s = m Work done W = We - W W = c,(T, -T,)-c,(T, — 105.51 kW c pacity le ai-cooling syste = ¢,(cabin temperature — 1,005(300 - 230.0) Refrigerating effect 5 kgls 1,005(499.55 W =87.04 kiikg W = 87.04 1.5 = 130.56 kW cop = Capacity ae (©) Specific power required (kW/TR) = Work in kW Capacity in TR 40 + 230.06) Solut Give S Ans. Ans. AnsAir Refrigeration Systems "77 EXAMPLE 3.5 An aircraft is moving ata speed of 1000 km/h at an altitude of 6000 m, wher the ambient pressure and temperature are 0.35 bar and 15°C respectively. The cabin of the plane is maintained at 25°C by using a simple air refrigeration system. The pressure ratio of compressor is 3. The air is passed through heat exchanger after compre Griginal condition entering into the plane The pressure of the air leavin on and cooled to i A pressure loss of 0.1 bar takes place in the heat excha the cooling turbine is 1,06 and the air pressure in the cabin is 1.013 bar. Considering the total cooling load of plane to be 70 kW, determine thi following: @) Sta (o) of air circulated through the cabin () Volume handled by the compressor and expander gnation temperature and pre: ss flow rate (d) Net power delivered to the refi ration system and COP of the system. Solution: Refer to Figures 3.19(a) and (b) Given: Plane speed, C = 1000 km/h = 277.78 m/s py = 0.35 bai 7, =-15°C = 258 K pa 0.1) bar; cabin temperature = 25°C = 298 K pressure at exit of turbine = 1.06 bar; pressure in the cabin = 1.013 bar, joad = 70 kW @) Stagnation te 296.6 K Ans. Stagnation pressure p thy Ans. ane |r) p 0.57 bai Ans. Stagnation pressure py = 0.57 bar = 3p) = 1.71 bar 3 = 3p ae T = 405.97 K Ans. Pressure at turbine inlet, py = ps ~ 0-1 = 1.61 barpec tan ome — — eee wT 70s eran s ram joneiey = op cr oe ir exit from. wok) Sn ‘Cooling, Heat turbine exchanger ipl i coong syterExamele 38 Figure 349(8) py= 1.71 bar Figure 319(b) T-s diagram for simple ait-cooling system—Example 3.5, Turbine inlet temperature = original temperature of the air entering the plane ie. T, = 258 K ay Turbine exit temp,, Ts = 7, (| (Ps Lo6\'4-D/14 Ts ase (1! ss T61 264.25 K Refrigerating effect in cabin = c, (7, — 7.) 298 — 264.25) 33.92 kikg (b) Mass (c) Vol @ and EXAM The co and -1 is 100 leavin; load is Pres: fa)Air Refrigeration Systems Cooling capacity in Kis 4) Mass flow rate ’ Refrigerating effect 70 33.92 Ans. (@ Volume through compressor aa X0.287% 296.6 _ 1 66 m/s Ans. P; 057x107 Volume through expander = “R75 _ 2.06 x 0.287 x . “s/s SAGE p. 1.06 x10? @ work = We — Wr = me,(T;— Ts) ~ meg(Ts ~ Ts) mc,{T, — Ty — Ty.+ Ts) - W 1.005 (405.97 — 296.6 ~ 258 + 229.86) W kW Ans. and COPS ai Ans. EXAMPLE 3.6 An air-cooling system for a jet plane cockpit operates on the simple cycle The cockpit is to be maintained at 25°C. The ambient air pressure and temperature are 0.35 bar and 15°C respectively. The pressure ratio of the jet compressor is 3. The speed of the plane ; 1000 km/h. The pressure drop through the cooler coil is 0.1 bar. The pressure of the air leaving the cooling turbine is 1.06 bar and that in the cockpit is 1.01325 bar. The cockpit cooling load is 58.05 kW Calculate the following (@) Stagnation temps (b) Mass flow rate of the air circulated (©) Volume handled by the compressor and expande: (@) Net power delivered by the ¢ (©) COP of the systen ure and pressure of the air entering the compressor ine to the refrigeration unit Solution: plane Given Cockpit temperature = 25°C = 298 K p= 0.35 bar; 7; = -15°C = 258 K Plane speed, C = 1000 km/h = 277.78 m/s Pressure drop through the cooler coil = 0.1 bar, Pressure of air leaving the turbine = 1.06 bar bar, Cooling load = 58.05 kW Pressure of air in the cockpit = 1.013 Stagnation temperature, T; = T) + =— @4161 bar Z (@ Ass b 1,<2988K 250K ir-cooling system—E> Figure 220, T-sdagram for siel Ans. 3 © 0.57 bar Stagnation pressure EXAM Ans) 20 TR of air j ‘ompressor outlet pressure, ps = 3p) = 1.71 bar accom Oe Gans cooler inlet pressure throug at 25° Cooler exit pressure = cooler inlet ~ pressure drop ae 21.71 0.1 = 1.61 bar = turbine inlet pressure ( ( Assuming cooling turbine inlet temperature is 30°C = 303 K a Turbine exit temp \ s Turbine inlet temp G ipexispia Turbine exit temperature = 303| 06.) 294.1 K 1.61) es | AeDiberaing elles = (cockpit temperative — turbine exit temperature) Ram | = 1.005(298 — 294.1) = 3.92 ike Cooling re 53 Mase is lees erected in iis) $8.05 kg/s Ams Refrigerating effect kifkg ~ 2.5”Air Refrigeration Systems _ 4 a Socteas tt RE RD 28 20 02ST NATO SR Ps 057 %10 = 34.67 m/s Ans. mRTs 0.287 2! 221 = 18.13 m'/s Ans. Expander volume = ———— P. 1.06 * 10° (@ Assuming isentropic compression in compressor. p) 4059 K Compressor work/kg = c,(T; — T;) = 1.005(405.9 ~ 296.58) W = 109.9 kiike Compressor work/s = Mass flow x W = 23 x 109.91 = 0 ki/s Turbine work/s = mc, AT 22 x 1,005(333 — 295.51) = 874.87 ki/s Net work = Wc - Wy = 2592 ~ 874.87 = 1677.13 Ki/s Ans. Refrigerating effect in ki/s __58.05 ze 0.035 Ans. Net work in KI/s 167 gee © cop = load of EXAMPLE 3.7 A simple air refrigeration system is used for an aircraft to ta 20 TR. The ambient pressure and temperature are 0.9 bar and 22°C respectively. The pressure of air is increased to 1 bar due to isentropic ramming action. The air is further compressed in a compressor to 3.5 bar and then cooled in a heat exchanger to 72°C. Finally the air is passed through the cooling turbine and then supplied to the cabin at 1.03 bar. Th at 25°C. Assuming the isentropic efficiency of compressor and turbin air leaves the cabin as 80% and 75° respectively, find -ooling load in the cabin. (a) the power required to take th (b) the COP of the system. 1.005 kI/kg-K; y= 1.4 Solution: The cycle of operations is represented on the 7-s diagram shown in Figure 3.21 Given: Q=20 TR = 20 3.517 = 70.34 kU/s; p; = 0.9 bar; T, = 22°C = 22 + 273 pp = 1 bar; py pa=35 bar, Ty= 72°C = 72 +273 = 345K; f= 25°C = 25 + 273 = 298 K; Ps = Ps: = Ps = 1.03 bar; 80%; nr = 75% Ram compression (1-2): For isentropic process,— Figure 321 TS 4 agram—Examole 37 smpres he isentrof ss (2-3 1 isentropic process ( ce Je Voir - ya (= (Bs 3 434.8 K n{- } 304(5) Cooling turbine: Consider the isentropic process (* 5), (2) Power required to take the cooling load in cabin Let ri, be the mass flow rate circulated to cabin O= ring p(To - Ts) 1034 = ri, * 1.005(298 ~ 268.7) m, = 2.3887 ke/s Net work (Power) = mi, cy(T3 — >) = 2.3887 * 1.005 x (467.5 - 304) = 3925 kl/s or kW Ans (b) COP of the system Reftig cop = Reftigeratin 70.34 _ 4179 as Net work in kW EXAMPLE 3 Assume no | Sketch the ¢ Caleulate th Solution Given: Amb Ram Tem Turb Ram coAir Refrigeration System EXAMPLE 3.8 The following data refers to a simple air refrigeration cycle of 20 TR capacity, Ami air temperature and pressure = 20°C and 0.8 bar Ram air pressure 0.9 bar Compressor outlet pressure 3.6 bar Temperature of air leaving H.E 60°C Pressure of air leaving the turbine 1 bar Compressor efficiency 80% mperature of air leaving the cabin Assume no pressure drop in H.E, and isentropic ramming process. Sketch the cycle on T-s and p-v diagrams. Calculate the net power required and the COP of the system. Solution: Refer to Figure 3 Given: Re = 20 TR = 20 3.517 = 70.34 ks K Ambient pressure, p; = 0.8 bar; Ambient temperature 29 mm pressure, p> - 0.9 bar; Compressor pressure, py = 3.6 bar, m 5K Temperature at exit of heat exchanger, T, = 60°C = 60 + 273 = 333 K Turbine exit pressure = cabin pressure= ps = 1 bar Turbine efficiency, n 2°C = 22 + 273 = 295 K Tm 4 ar 8.7 K core] ne | p= 0.8 bar 20°C | be 304) ar wy 2 5 Ans. Ram compression (1-2):sxpansion Poe (4 For the isentropic © 1 ee Gas turbine: For the 1 she Mass flow rate of ait, 7, Re = tit, * Ts) 70.34 = ming * 1.005(295 — 256.4) m, =1.813 ke/s (@) : P= tigCp(Ts ~ Ta) 1.813 x 1.005(487.0 — 303.0) A = 335.32 kl/s or kW At (b) COP of the system 4 AD 0.2038 37.2 Simple Air Evaporative Cooling System The simple air evaporative cooling system is similar to the simple air cooling system with ® one modification. The system has an additional evaporative type heat exchanger to c00! i {0 a large extent before itis expanded in the cooling turbine. A simple ait evaporative © system is shown in Figure 3.23 . cf In the evaporative type heat exchanger, water ey. 4 ater © (i. from point 4 to point 4’). At high altitudes, thy es may be obtae Be) ot OR Nalee aleohol andismamonia alt have difterem retriger@tE on ord at different altitudes. At the altitude of the aircraft, atmospheric pressure. is of te 08 to 0.9 bar. Water boils and provi pempopheric pressures ides a cooling effect to the air—Gas turbine air Refrigeration Systems __ 85, rhe various processes involved in the simple air evaporating refrigeration cycle are: Process (1-2) Process (1-2 Process (2' Process Process Process (4-4’) Process (4” Process (4 Process (5’-6) Th pl ae Te= Te} ks Figure 324 T-s diagram for a simple air evaporative coo at 3 fa L Evaporative type | turbine Figure 3.23 Simple air evaporative cooling sy Ideal ram compression Actual ram compression Isentropic compression of air in main compressor Actual compression of air in main compressor m air in heat exchanger ant in evaporator Constant pressure air cooling by ra Constant pressure air cooling by refrigs Isentropic expansion of air in cooling turbine Ac Constant pressure heating of air to cabin temperature Te expansion of air in cooling turbine Surrounding air at high velocity from 1 cabin SER Contes air to cabin cockpit Water vapour exit | os 200 = fate lat Cooling heat exchanger $i fi | ling fan m, tive cooling system is shown in Figure 3.24 ‘Actual expansion ‘Actual compression Jing system of aircraftThe ee at the outlet 0 reg the ail the cabin, theo Power required for the refrigerating empe 4 requirement of gtx, If is the ¢ ation PUurP keg and COP of the refrigerating system : mg _ 22 Sete PEO tem is used for an aroplane to take Brean ret era 35°C. The ambient air CE a on | tain the eabin temperature at 2: 1 bar 20 TR of refrigeration load to maintain 1 eS opcally to a press b Zonditons ave 20°C an 09 bar. The ambien! eames Sn TT ya: exchanger 10 Te a esving the main apres presse 4b 8 4 OT, geduced by 10°C a temperature of 100°C and SO through the cooling turbine and then it is supplied to the The air from the evaporator is passed throug ee iy 20% and cabin aa pressure of 1.05 bat I the compression efficiency of the com expansion efficiency of cooling turbine it determine the (a) Mass of air bled off the main compressor. (b) Power required for the refr ystern (©) COP of the refrigerating system. Solution: Given 0-207 7, = 20°C = 20 + 273 = 293 K: p= 09 ba pz = | bar; py = py = 4 bar r= 15% 80% Ty = 25°C = 25 98 Wace The T-s diagram for the simple evaporative air refrigeration system with the given conditions is shown in Figure 3.25. Suppose 7) = temperature of air entering the main compressor. Tr, = temperature of air after isentropic compression in the main compressor, | Ty = actual temperature of air leaving the main compressor, an 7, = temperature of air entering the evaporative type heat exchar We know that for an isentropic ramming proces 1-2, taking (y= 1.4)Air Refrigeration Systems —_ 87 Actual expansion Actual compression cling system—Example 39. T \p loo] =(1.11) — =1.03 Ty = T, x 1.03 = 293 x 1.03 = 301.8 K Now for the isentropic compression process 2 i Ty = Ty x 1.485 = 301.8 * 1.485 = 448.5 K We know that the efficiency of the compressor Isentropic increase in temperature Ne= = r Actual increase in temperature or Ty = 301.8 + 146.6/0.8 = 485.1 K The temperature of air leaving the first heat exchanger, given in the example, T, = 100°C The temperature of air in the evaporative type HE is reduced by 10°C, therefore the temperature of air leaving the evaporator and entering the cooling turbine. Ty = Ts — 10 = 100 - 10= 90°C = 363 Ke isentropic © 9286 = 1.46 = (3.81) ery al= 2° cooling turbine, Efficiency of the femperature Tr = Fgotropic decrease 1” or 075 Peseere vis = 27645 (a) The mass of air bled off the main compressor, = 219. geMig20 = 195 kg/min Ans. Te S(eaTs) 1098-2764) (b) Power required for the refrigerating system, jp~ AED) SANE a 60 60 (c) The COP of the refrigeration system Ans. 37.3 Bootstrap Air Cooling System ad air cooling system is shown in Figure 3.26. The main advanta that the compression c caries a compression of ai is carried out in two stages with intercooling. Cold atmospheric a is used as a coolant in both the heat exchangers. The air bled from the main compressor is fist oi in the first heat exchanger using cold ram air. This cooled air, after compression in the ane eles exchanges i air, after compressio pe core or, leads to the second heat exchanger, where it is again cooled by the ram fore passing to the cooling turbine. This type of cooling syste nspott es ling system is mostly used in transp° The T-s diagram for a b oot-strap air cycle c Pe acca ycle cooling system is shown in Figure e of this system is 3.27, The are as follows: Pre ten Pr preIdeal ramming Ideal compression C, y Actual compression Intercooling in HE 1 Ideal compression in C, Ideal compression in C, Cooling in HE 2 Ideal expansion Figure 3.27 T-s diagram for boot-trap air cycie cooling system. and COP of the refrigerating system ee mien EXAMPLE 3.10 A boot-strap cooling system is used in an aeroplane for 15 TR capacity. The ambient air temperature and pressure are 20°C and 0.85 bar respectively. The pressure of air rises from 0.85 bar to 1 bar due to ramming action. The pressure of air at the outlet of the main compressor is 3 bar. The discharge pressure of air from the secondary compressor is 4.5 bar. The efficiency of each of the compressors is 85% and that of the turbine is 90%. 75% of the heat content of the air discharged from the main compressor is removed in the heat exchanger I and 30% of the heat of air discharged from the auxiliary compressor is removed in the heat exchanger II using rammed air. Assuming ramming action to be isentropic, the required cabin pressure to be 0.9 bar and the temperature of the air leaving the cabin to be not more than 20°C find the following: é (a) The mass of air bled off the main compressor. (b) The power required to operate the system, (c) The COP of the system Take y= 1.4 and c, = 1 k/kg-K Solution: Given: Q=15 TR: ee Py = 0.85 bar, Fi ¥ oe = 20 +273 = 293 K Ps = Py’ = Py = 3 bar; a 3 ee chat i = Pe = 4.5 bar ie = Be Tr= 90% | Pr = Pr = Py = 0.9 bar, Ts = 20°C = | Y= 14; cy = 1 ki/kg-K; 3 = 20°C = 20 + 273 KAir Refrigeration Systems ” The temperature entropy (T-s) diagram We know that for isentropic ramming pro fos , ; Pi 306.8 + 113.5/0.8 = 448 : fi heat exchanger I is equal to For perfect intercooling, the temperature of air at the outlet of heat © anger Lis equal % of the the temperature of air entering the main compressor. But in inte’-00at exchanger II is equal eee pressor. But in after-coolin rature of & efore, the tem| 46.2 K = — 26.8°C i: mass of air bled off the main compressor ug 21x15 Ans 67.3 ke/minAir Refrigeration Systems 93 {o) Power required to operate the system p= Ma“ Ty ~Ty) _ 67.31 (448.7 - 306.8) 60 af 159 kW ee (© COP of the system We know the COP of the system to be ato 211 x r) —— = 0.33 a macy (Ty ~T,) 67.3 1(448.7 ~ 306.8) EXAMPLE 3.11 An aeroplane uses the boot-strap air cooling system. It requires 16 TR of tion. Ambient temperature and pressure are refrigera 3°C and 0.6 bar respectively. The speed of the plane is 800 kmph. The ram air is compressed in the main compressor up to 3.6 bar pressure and this is further compressed in the secondary compressor up to 4.4 bar. The isentropic efficiency for each compressor is 859 The air in the heat exchanger I is cooled up to 113°C by ram air while the air from the secondary compressor is cooled by ram air up to 87°C. This cooled air is then expanded in cooling turbine up to the cabin pressure of 1 bar with an isentropic efficiency of 90%. The cabin temperature is required to be maintained at 20°C. Find the following (a) Mass flow rate of air in kg/min (b) Power required to operate the system (©) COP of the system. Assume, y= 1.4 and c, = 1.01 ki/kg-K Solution: Given: Q=16TR C = 800 kmph, py = 06 bar 7 = 13 + 273 = 260 K Ps = py = py = 3.6 bar Ps =Ps = Po = 4.4 bar Me= Theo = 85% n= 90% T, = 87°C = 87 360 K Py = Pr = Pp = 1 bal Ty = 20°C = 20 + 293 K T,= 113°C = 113 + 273 = 386 K The T-s diagram is shown in Figure 3.29 and system dit Ram compression (1-2): 800 x 1000 Velocity of air, C = 800 kmph —— = 22212 mis PEO 284.5 K 2x (1.01 x 1000) 0,822 barram a ain conitonind — | * | : 1-2. Ideal ramming 4 jeal compression C; a 2-3 Id 1 : 2-3’ Actual compression inti g-4_ Inter cooling 5-6 Cooling in HE 6-7 Ideal expansion ample 3.11 TEs diagram for bo Process (2-3) in main compressor: Ne 460.0 K 4 hasan ae =396 (24 \3.6) 413.0 K But Ne or T = 386 + (413.0 ~ 386) i " 452.5 Km_ = 74.61 kg/min Ans. Ans. Ans. air refrigeration system is used in an aeroplane for the 10 TR nditions are 15°C and 0.9 bar. This air is rammed ressure of air bled off the main compressor is 3.5 refrigeration load iseatropically to a pressure bar and thi isentropic efficiency of both the cor effectiveness of both the heat excha the pressure in the cabin is 1 bar, find the following: -condary compressor to a pressure of 4.5 bar. The (2) Mass of air passing through the cabin. (b) Power used for the refrigeration system. (c) COP of the system Draw the schematic and Ts diagram for the system, take 7= 1.4 and ¢, = 1 Ki/kg-K Solution: Figure 3.30 shows the T-s diagram. Given: Refrigeration effect = 10 TR = 10 x 3.517 Pi = 09 bar, P2 = 1.1 bar;Figure 3.30 Iseatropic ram compres Main compressor: Heat exchanger (HE-1): Secondary compressor: . < 5 Ideal 45 He 5-6 cooling I 6-7. Ideal expansion = 0.9 bar em—Example 3.12 tor bootstrap air evaporative cooling systerm Exam i n= 85%: 6 Pe = p= py = 1 bar T= 2500 = 25 + 273 = 298 K Pr = P sion (1-2): (4-14 = 288( ~) 305 K a 09 ropic compression process (2-3) 0) ys t= T,)2 424.5 K -T, 424.5 - 305 st; 09 ~ Ty = 437.8 K Ty =7; Ty ~ 305 Its effectiveness is y-T 0, as78- 7, yay)” Mag 230g) ot Te 3981 K Consider the isentropic process (4-5), (lay +5) 384.8 K vsa.1( 45Air Refrigeration Systems nea = 0.9 = 3848-3581 7) ~ 3581 Ts = 387.8 K Pleat exchanger II: Its effectiveness is pe hoe ee Hence, = 338.1 K Cooling turbine: Consider the isentropic process (6- (p\ (4=1)8 p er 2 =338.1( 1] = 220 K p 45 ae Tea or Ty = 237.7 K (@) Mass of air passing through the cabin, rn, Refrigerating effect = rt, * cp(Ts ~ Tr) 35.17 = rig x 1 x (298 — 237.7) min Ans. rn, = 0.58325 kg/s = 35 kg (b) Power required for the refrigeration system, P. Pp = tn, * c_(Ty ~ Ts) = 0.58325 1 x (437.8 - 305) = 77.46 kW Ans. (©) COP of the system Ans. 46 EXAMPLE 3.13 A boot-strap refrigeration system is used in an airplane. The following observations are made, The ambient air temperature is 15°C and the pressure is 0.85 bar. Due to ramming action the pressure increases to 1 bar. This ram air is used for heat exchangers. This 4ir is hen compressed in primary compressor to 3.25 bar. The discharge pressure of ait from the secondary compressor is 4.25 bar. Assume compression efficiency of 0.9 and turbine efficiency of 0.85. Effectiveness for both the heat exchangers is 0.7. The eabin pressure is 0.9action 0 be nnaitting assume the Fe geration ofrine ner ton of Fe diagram {deal ramming ling tn HE 1 Ideal compression in C Cooling in HE 2 of T-s diagram for boot-strap air evaporative cooling system—Example 3.13. Figure 3.31 But the compression is not isentropic T-T, 4225-3017 t BE aay Te = 4359 K une Heat exchanger I: Ram air is eny i for cooling " loyed in the heat exchangers for cooling compressed air. Its effectiveness E; is ae Ney = 0.9Air Refrigeration Systems gg Ty = Ts 9 E, 07 a -0389-% ty Si 435.9-301.7 T, = 342.0 K Compression in secondary compressor: Considering isentropic compression (4-5) 425\4-9/4 aaa 369.3 K Ty = 372.2 K Heat exchanger Il: Cold ram air is used for cooling the compressed air in HE2 Therefore, Cooling turbine: Considering isentropic expansion (6 (@) Consider 1 kg of air Compressor work = (Ty Tz) + ¢p(Ts — Ts) = 1.005(435.9 — 301.7) + (372.2 = 134.9 + 30.35 = 165.2 kJ/kg — 342.0) = 1.005(295.0 — 230.3) Specific refrigerating effect, O> = cy(Ts ~ Ty = 65 kilkg Refrigerating effect _ ~ Work input ‘Ans. CoP = (b) Power required per ton of refrigeration, P 1 TR =3.517 ki/sTR ati ing effect ng ~ Specific refrige™ .ssor work = Ans, fn, » omere = 8.94 kW and g system boot-strap air porative Coolin is shown in Fi ator betw the evap! +r requires less 32, The simple \d heat exchan expanded 37.4. Bootstrap Air Eva ir evaporative cooli a vedifed introducing & v4 to a low tempe COP of the cycle 01 een the secon orator before it is compressor ng system evapora A boot-strap a ature in system is mi y work for cooling the cooling turbine oy in the cooling turbine. This improvc® the ration effect. Air is coole the same ref Gas turbine high velocity Heat exchanger ‘Small secondary ‘compressor Figure 3.32 Bootstrap air evaporativ The T-s diagram for a boot-strap air evaporative cooling sy Figure see i cooling s gu The various processes of this cycle are same as those a simple boot-strap sys hose a simple boot-strap system and a indicated on the T-s diagram itse ee” gram itself, Since the temperature of the rt Se cates loweuthan he air leaving the cooling turbine Z et hat 1 of air (m,) per TR of reftigeration is less in of the simple boot-strap system, the mas i ic the boot-strap evaporative ty of air required for the refrigeration load of OTR in it ae o in the cabin will beAir Refrigeration Systems 404 " 2 sr y fs ‘ Yi 1-2. Ideal ramming a a Ss i 21-4 el eorrepaon : p ; 4 ai 3-4 _Intercooling in HE 1 Pz’ 4-5 Ideal compression in C, 4-5’ Actual compression in C, | 1 7 rl “fe 5-5" Cooling in HE 2 ale 5'-6 Cooling in evaporator 1 6-7 Ideal expansion Figure 3.33 T-s diagram for a boot-strap air evaporative cooling system. Power required for the refrigeration system is given by 3.7.5 Reduced Ambient Air Cooling System The reduced ambient air cooling system is shown in Fi very high speed aircraft. Due to high speed of the aircraft, the temperature of the ram air is relatively high compared with other cooling syste employed directly as a cooling media but it is first expanded in the turbine T, and then used for cooling the compressed air in the heat exchan} This cooling system includes two cooling tur pressure and high temperature air bled off from the main compr heat exchanger. The cooled air from the heat exchanger is passed through the second coolin turbine from where the air is supplied to the cabin. The work of the cooling turbine is used 10 drive the cooling fan (through reduction gears), which draws cooling air from the heat exchanger, The T-s diagram for the reduced ambient air coolir Various processes are as follows gure 3.34, It is used for air cooli ms seen earlier. Therefore, ram air cannot be bines and one heat exchanger. This high essor is cooled initially in ystem is shown in Fig