Notes on Mathematics for Power Electronics

Roger King, Prof. EECS

Fourier Series for the Periodic Waveform x(t)

x(t) = X DC +

S an
n=1

cos nzt +

S bn
n=1

sinnzt

where

0T x(t)dt

1
T

an =

1
o

02o x(zt) cos nzt d(zt )

bn =

1
o

02o x(zt) sinnzt d(zt )

T =

02o x(zt) d(zt)

X DC =

1
2o

2o
z

Alternate Form for the Fourier Series

x(t) = X DC +

S cn
n=1

cos(nzt + v n )

where
cn =

a 2n + b 2n

v n = tan1

b n
an

Notes on Mathematics for Power Electronics

Roger King, Prof. EECS

Waveform Attributes for the Periodic Waveform x(t)

DC (average) value:
X DC =

1
T

0T x(t)dt

1
2o

02o x(zt)d(zt)

RMS value:
X rm s =

1
T

0T x 2 (t) dt

1
2o

02o x 2 (zt) d(zt)

or in terms of Fourier components

X rm s =

X 2DC +

a 21
2

b 21
2

X 2DC +

c 21
2

c 22
2

a 22
2

b 22
2

or
X rm s =

Average power conveyed by the v(t)-i(t) pair:

P AVG =

1
T

0T v(t) i(t) dt

1
2o

02o v(zt) i(zt) d(zt)

or in terms of Fourier components

P AVG = V DC I DC +

a v,1 a i,1
2

b v,1 b i,1
2

c v,1 c i,1
2

cos(v v,1 v i,1 ) +

a v,2 a i,2
2

b v,2 b i,2
2

or
P AVG = V DC I DC +

c v,2 c i,2
2

cos(v v,2 v i,2 ) +

Notes on Mathematics for Power Electronics

Roger King, Prof. EECS

Useful Trigonometric Identities

sin(x ) = sin(x )

cos(x ) = cos(x )

and

sinx = cos( o2 x ) = sin(o x )

cos x = sin( o2 x ) = cos(o x )
sin(A ! B) = sinA cos B ! cos A sinB
cos(A " B) = cos A cos B ! sinA sinB
cos A cos B =
sinA sinB =

1
2
1
2

sinA cos B =

[cos(A + B) + cos(A B)]

[cos(A B) cos(A + B)]

1
2

[sin(A + B) + sin(A B)]

sinA ! sinB = 2 sin

1
2

cos A + cos B = 2 cos

(A ! B) $ cos
1
2

cos A cos B = 2 sin

1
2

(A " B)

(A + B) $ cos
1
2

(A + B) $ sin

1
2

(A B)

1
2

(A B)

sin2x = 2 sinx cos x

cos 2x = 2 cos 2 x 1 = 1 2 sin2 x = cos 2 x sin2 x

sin 2x = !
cos 2x = !
tan 2x =

1
2

(1 cos x )

1
2

1cos x
sin x

! depends on the quadrant of

(1 + cos x )
=

sin x
1+cos x

! depends on the quadrant of

= !

1cos x
1+cos x

x
2
x
2

! depends on the quadrant of

x
2

Notes on Mathematics for Power Electronics

Roger King, Prof. EECS

sin2 x =

1
2

cos 2 x =

(1 cos 2x )

1
2

(1 + cos 2x )

a cos zt + b sinzt = c cos(zt + v) = c sin(zt + y )

c =

where

a2 + b2

v = tan1

and

M1

a
b

y = tan1 [ ba ]

M1

) = S sin(zt n 2o
) = 0 (complete phasor set identity, M phases)
S cos(zt n 2o
M
M
n=0
n=0
cos(zt ) + cos(zt

) + cos(zt

2o
3

4o
3

) = 0 (the three-phase case)

Useful Integrals (n and m are integers)

sinnx

sinmx dx =

sinnx

cos mx dx =

cos nx

cos mx dx =

sin2 nx dx
cos2 nx dx
sinnx

sin ( nm ) x
2 ( nm )

=
=

x
2
x
2

sin ( n+m ) x
2 ( n+m )

if n 2 ! m 2

cos( nm ) x
2 ( nm )

cos( n+m ) x
2 ( n+m )

sin ( nm ) x
2 ( nm )

sin ( n+m ) x
2 ( n+m )

if n 2 ! m 2
if n 2 ! m 2

sin 2nx
4n
sin 2nx
4n

cos nx dx =

cos 2nx
4n

Useful Definite Integrals (n and m are integers)

02o sinnx

sinmx dx =

0o sin2 nx dx

02o sinnx

0o cos 2 nx dx

cos mx dx =
o
2

02o cos nx

for n ! 0
4

cos mx dx = 0 if n 2 ! m 2

Notes on Mathematics for Power Electronics

Roger King, Prof. EECS
Attributes of Common Waveforms
Sine Wave x(t)

average valueX dc = 0
rms valueX rm s =

XP
2

Fourier seriesx(t) = X P sinzt

Half-Wave Rectified Sine Wave x(t)

average valueX dc =
rms valueX rm s =

XP
o

XP
2

Fourier series x(t) =

XP
o

XP
2

sinzt

2X P
o

S
n=2

XP
o

XP
2

sinzt

2X P
o

1
3

cos nzt
( n+1 )( n1 )

cos 2zt +
5

n even only
1
15

cos 4zt +

1
35

cos 6zt +

Notes on Mathematics for Power Electronics

Roger King, Prof. EECS
Full-Wave Rectified Sine Wave x(t)

average valueX dc =
rms valueX rm s =

2X P
o

XP
2

Fourier series x(t) =

2X P
o

4X P
o

S
n=2

2X P
o

4X P
o

1
3

cos nzt
( n+1 )( n1 )

cos 2zt +

n even only
1
15

Two-Pulse Controlled Rectifier Waveform x(t)

average valueX dc =
rms valueX rm s =

2X P
o

cos a

XP
2

cos 4zt +

1
35

cos 6zt +

Notes on Mathematics for Power Electronics

Roger King, Prof. EECS
Fourier series x(t) =

2X P
o

cos a +

x(t) =

or

2X P
o

S cos po
p=1

cos a +

c 2p =

where

2X P
o

1
( 2p+1 ) 2

2X P
o

cos[ 2pzt + ( 2p+1 ) a ]

2p + 1

cos[ 2pzt + ( 2p1 ) a ]

2p 1

S c 2p cos(2pzt + v 2p )
p=1
+

2 cos 2a
( 2p+1 )( 2p1 )

1
( 2p1 ) 2

Three-Pulse Controlled Rectifier Waveform x(t)

average valueX dc =
rms valueX rm s =

3 3 XP
2o

3 3 XP
2o

Fourier seriesx(t) =
or
where

2o 2
27

3 3 XP
2o

x(t) =

cos a
o
6 3

cos a +
3 3 XP
2o

c 3p =

cos 2a
3 3 XP
2o
p=1

S cos po

cos a +

1
( 3p+1 ) 2

cos[ 3pzt + ( 3p+1 ) a ]

3p + 1

3 3 XP
2o
p=1

S c 3p cos(3pzt + v 3p )

2 cos 2a
( 3p+1 )( 3p1 )

1
( 3p1 ) 2

cos[ 3pzt + ( 3p1 ) a ]

3p 1

Notes on Mathematics for Power Electronics

Roger King, Prof. EECS
Six-Pulse Controlled Rectifier Waveform x(t)

3X P
o

average valueX dc =
rms valueX rm s =

3X P
o

o2
18

3X P
o

Fourier series x(t) =

or

cos a
+

cos a +

x(t) =

where

o
4 3

3X P
o

c 6p =

cos 2a
3X P
o

S
p=1

cos a +
1
( 6p+1 ) 2

cos[ 6pzt + ( 6p+1 ) a ]

6p + 1

3X P
o

cos[ 6pzt + ( 6p1 ) a ]

6p 1

S c 6p cos(6pzt + v 6p )
p=1

2 cos 2a
( 6p+1 )( 6p1 )

Square Wave x(t)

average valueX dc = 0
rms valueX rm s = X P

1
( 6p1 ) 2

Notes on Mathematics for Power Electronics

Roger King, Prof. EECS
Fourier series x(t) = 0 +
4X P
o

4X P
o

S
n=1

sin n
n

cos zt

1
3

o
2

cos nzt

cos 3zt +

for n odd only

1
5

cos 5zt

1
7

cos 7zt +

Triangle Wave x(t)

average valueX dc = 0
rms valueX rm s =

XP
3

Fourier series x (t ) = 0 +

8X P
o2

o
8X P sin n 2
2
2
o n=1
n

cos zt

1
9

cos nzt

cos 3zt +

Pulse Waveform x(t) (D is the duty factor)

average valueX dc = D X P
rms valueX rm s =

D XP
9

1
25

for n odd only

cos 5zt

1
49

cos 7zt +

Notes on Mathematics for Power Electronics

Roger King, Prof. EECS
Fourier series x (t ) = DX P +

= DX P +

2X P
o

2X P
o

S ( sin nnDo ) cos nzt

n=1
sinDo $ cos zt +

sin 2Do
2

for all n

$ cos 2zt +

sin 3Do
3

Sawtooth Ramp Waveform x(t) (D is the duty factor of the rising slope)

average valueX dc = 0
rms valueX rm s =

XP
3

Fourier series x (t ) = S b n sinnzt

for all n

n=1

where
bn =

2X P sin nDo D( nDo ) cos nDo

n 2o2
D( 1D )

10

$ cos 3zt +