Formula sheet Final Exam ELEC-433/6411

Average and rms values

The instantaneous power is:

p (t ) = v i

PAV =

Sinusoidal steady-state and phasors

Power, reactive power and power factor

S = VI* = Vej0 Iej = VI ej = Sej
S = VI cos + jVI sin

v = 2 V sin t

i = 2 I sin (t )

S = P + jQ,

I = V Z , Z = R 2 + X 2
L

1
X L = L, = tan ( X L R)

V = Ve

j0

1
1
1 2
p (t ) dt = v i dt I = I rms =
i dt

To
To
T o

S 2 = P2 + Q2

Apparent Power (VA) = S = VI

Real Power (W) = P = Re[S] = VI cos
Reactive Power (VAr) = Q = Im [S] = VIsin
PF = P = cos
S

V Ve j 0 V j
and I = = j = e = Ie j
Z Ze
Z

In phase (IP) and out-of-phase (IQ) components: I P = I cos P = VI P , IQ = I sin Q = VIQ

Three-phase systems
j0

Va = Ve , Vb = Ve

2
3

, Vc = Ve

2
3

Vab = Va Vb =

j( )
3Ve 6

= VLL

j( )
e 6

Line current distortion

12

1T
is (t ) = is1 (t ) + ish (t ), I s = is2 (t ) dt

T
h 1

, THD(%) = 100

I dis
, where I dis = I s2 I s21 =
I s1

I sh2 , Crest factor =

I s, peak

h 1

Is

Average power, total power factor, and displacement power for a nonlinear load:
PAV =

T
V I cos 1 I s1
I
1
1
DPF
2Vs sint is dt = Vs I s1 cos 1, S = Vs I s , PF = s s1
=
cos 1 = s1 DPF , PF =

2
Vs I s
Is
Is
T o
1 + THDi

Thyristor based ac controllers

Single-phase diode bridge rectifier:

I n = V0 _ n Z n

where Z n = R 2 + (nL) 2

I
Vd 0 = 0.9Vs , I s = I d and I s1 = 0.9 I d , DPF = cos 1 = 1, PF = DPF s1 = 0.9
Is

Line voltage distortion:

vPCC = vs Ls1

dis
di
di
, is = is1 + ish , vPCC _ 1 = vs Ls1 s1 , vPCC _ dist = Ls1 sh
dt
dt
h 1
h 1 dt

Three-phase full bridge rectifiers:

vd = v Pn v Nn , Vd 0 =

Input current components

I s1 = 0.78 I d

I sh =

I s1
h

DPF = 1

PF = 0.955

1 /6
2VLL cos t dt , Vd 0 = 1.35VLL = 2.34Vs
/ 3 / 6

2 2

Single-phase thyristor ac-dc converters: V d =

V S cos = 0 . 9V S cos , Pdc = I dc V d

S = V s I s , S 1 = V s I s1 , P1 = V s I s1 cos , Q1 = V s I s1 sin , I S 1 = 0 . 9 I dc

Three-phase thyristor ac-dc converters:

Vd = 1.35VLL cos , I s =

I
2
3
3
I d = 0.816 I d , I s1 = 0.78I d = I s , DPF = cos 1 = cos , PF = DPF s1 = cos
Is
3

Vs2

SVC (TCR+FC):
Voltage regulation

VS = jX S I + VT , VS = VS , VT = VT 0, I = I , VT = VS jX S I

X L1 _ eff ( )

f h = h 60 Hz =

Tuned harmonic filters

Buck dc-dc converter: (Vd Vo )ton = ( Vo )toff ,

I LB =

I LB =

1
2 Ch Lh
1
v
I
V
Vo ton
=
= D = ctrl , o = d =

D
Vd
TS
Vst I d Vo

t
DTS
1
I L , peak = on (Vd Vo ) =
(Vd Vo ) = I oB
2
2L
2L

Boost dc-dc converter:

(Vd )ton = (Vd

V t
VT
1
I L, peak = d on = o S D(1 D)
2
2L
2L

Vs2
XC

QSVC = QTCR QFC =

f
Vo 1 TS 2 (1 D) 2
1
(1 D) c , f c =
=
=
Vo
8
LC
2
2 LC
fs

Vo
I
1
=
, o = (1 D )
Vd 1 D I d
Vo DTS
T
VT
=
=D S
= o S D(1 D) 2
Vo
RC

2L

Vo )toff ,
I oB

Switch mode inverters:

SPWM

V
f tri
ma = control , m f =

f control
Vtri

3-phase SPWM
Square wave:

(VAo )1 =

(VLL )1 _ rms =

h = j mf k

(V )
(VAo ) h = Ao 1 , h odd integer
h

VLL1 _ rms =

Voh =

f h = ( j m f k ) f1, j integer k odd/even

maVd , ma 1

2 2

4 Vd
V
= 1.273 d
2
2

3-Phase square-wave:
Voltage cancellation:

V
V
(VAo )1 = ma d , ma = control 1
2
Vtri

Vd , VLL h _ rms =

Vd , h = 6n 1

4Vd
(180 )
sin(h ), =
h
2
Gain =

Design of a second-order LPF:

fres =

Vout _ h
Gain(dB)
, Gain(dB) = 20 log(Gain), log fh log fres =
Vin _ h
40dB / Dec
fh
Gain( dB )

10 40dB / Dec