Hydraulic fracturing ‘The ist hydraulic Sacuing eatment was purped i 1947 ona gas well operated by Pan Amevcan Pevoleum Corp inthe Hugoton fed" Kelpper Well No. I, located in Grant County, Kans, was low-productivity well, even though ithad been asidized. The well was chose forthe fst hydraulic fracture tiation treatment that hydraulic facturing ‘could be compared dizcly with sizing, Sioce tat St eatment in 197, hydrelio facturing has become a common eaten for silting the productivity of el and eae srl Contents + 1 Overview + 2 Objectives 13 Candidate selection 14 Developing dats sets 1S Frctre treatment optimization 1 Geld considerations 1 TAdditona teams 1 References + 8 Noteworthy papers in OnePeto 1 10Noreworty books TU ouline muhimedis 1 12 Extea inks 1 Secale oat negory Overview yralie facturing ithe proses of pumping Mud into a wellbore at a injection rae thats too high fr the formation to accept without breaking. During injcton the resistance to ‘lor in the formation ineeares, the pesrue a the wellbore increase oa vale ealled he break-down psere, that the su ofthe in-iacompresive ses andthe stensth (UCompressve strength of rocks) ofthe formation Once the formation “beaks dwn,” atures frmed, and the injected fui lows through i From ime group of active perforations, ideally ingle, vertical facture is created that propagates in two "wings" being 180° part and identical in shape and size. n naturlly fractured o leted formations, it {posible that multiple facaes ae created andlor the two wings evolve in 2 rex-like pattem with increasing number of branches away rom the injection poi, Fld not consining any soli (cll the “pad injected it, unil the facture i wide enough to acept a propping agent (Propping_agents_snd_fratre_condictvity). The purpoe of the propping sn is to keep apt he Frnture surfaces once the pumping operation eats, the presture is the facture decreases bellow he compessve init sess trying lot theatre in deup reservoirs, man-made craic beads are used to hold open or"prop” the actu, In shallow reserva, sand it normaly sed the propping gent Objectives oneal, hydealic facture weatments ate used to increase the productivity index ofa producing well or the injetivity index of an ijeton well The productivity index defines the rate at which oor gas can be produced ata given pessue diferent betwen te reservoir and the wellbore, while the iajetvity index refers tothe at at which Tid ean be jectd ina well aa given pressure diferent There any aplication for hydraulic facturing, Hydrol facturing can: + Increase the ow rat of ol andor gs from low-permeabilty eservors 1 Incest the low rate fol andor gs rom wells that bave been damaged 1 Connect the natn fetus andor cess in oration tthe wellbore * Decrease the pressure drop around the well o minuize sand production 1 Enluncegravelpacking sand placement 1 Deereaethe presse drop sound the well 0 minimize problems with asphaline andor parlln deposition * Increase the atea of drainage or the amoun' of formation in contact with the wellbore 1 Connect the fll vertical extent fe reservoir to a slanted or horizatl wall. ‘There could be oer wes, ut most ofthe tremens are pumps for these reasons. A low-permesbility reservoirs one tat has a high resistance to id low. In many formation, chemical andlor pysial processes alter the reservoir ock over geologic ine Sometimes, these diogenetic processes restrict the openings in he rock and reduce the ability of fuds to flow through te rock. Low-permeailiy rocks are normaly exeelles ‘andes for simulation by hydra Factaring. Regardless ofthe permeability, a eservoirrck ean be damaged when a wel i dill through the reservoir and when casing (/Casing_and_ tubing) i set and cemented (iCemensing operations) ia place, Damage occu, because diling andor completion Tuds leuk it the reseroit and alte th poes and ore tats. When the pres are plugged, ‘he peemeaiiy isredoced, andthe uid Now in this damaged potion ofthe reservoir may be substantially reduced. Damage ca be especialy severe in naturally acured eservois To stimulate damaged reservoirs, short, conductive hydraulic facture i often the dese solution In many cass, especially for low-permeabilty formations damaged reservoirs, o horizontal wells ina layered reservoir, the well would be uneconomical unless 2 sucessful hydraulic actreweatment is designed and pumped. The engineerin charge of the economic succes of such a well must design the optimal fractre treatment and then ot the Seld to be erin the optimal restment is puped sees Candidate selection ‘The sucess or failure o hydraulic actareweatment often depends on the quality of he candidate wll selected for he eaten. Choosing an excellent candidate for stimulation often ensures sucess, while choosing a poor candidate normally results in economic aut. To selec the best candidate fr stimulation, he design engines must easier maxy ‘ible. The most tia! parameter far hydraulic Harun a: + Fonmaton permeabilityThe insite stress distibtion 1 Retervoir ud viscosity 1 Skin tor 1 Resevoir pressure 1 Reteroirdepth 1 The condition of the wellbore The skin factor refers to whether the reservoir is alteay stimulted ois damaged. Ifthe skin factors positive, the eserves damaged, nd the well ould be an excellent candidate for simulation ‘The best candidate well for hydeaulc ating treatments have a substantial volume ofl and gas in place and nat inereate the productivity index. The characteris of such reservoirs ince: A thick psy zone * Medium to bigh presure invita sress Dats o minimize vertical eight grown 1 Either a low-permeabiiy zone or zone that hasbeen damaged (high kin factor) ‘Reservis that ae poor candidates for hydaulic stung ate those with i il orga in place because of Tin reservoirs 1 Law reseroit presse 1 Smull areal extent, Reservoirs wih extremely low permeshiity may not produce enough hydrocarbons opal he ding and completion costs, even i socesfilly stimulated: ths, ‘would not be good candidates for stimulation, och reservoirs Developing data sets or most pevoleum engineer, developing a complete and accurate data sti lente most ime-consuming par of ature weatment design (Facute, jreatmen design), The daa required to ran both te actredesgh model an the eervoir simulation model ea be divided into to groups: + Data that canbe “cored” by the engineer 1 Daa that mst be measzed or estimated, bt cannot be controle, ‘The primary data hat canbe contol by the engineer ae 1 The well completion details 1 Treatment volume 1 Padvolume * racture Suid (ractring Aus nd addiives) viscosity Fracture uid density Flid-los additives Propping agen ype Propping agent volume ‘The data that must be measured or estimated are: + Fonnaton dept 1 Formation permeability Insta sieses inthe py zone Insta sresses inthe Surounding layers 1 Fonniton modulus Retervispetsure Formation porosity Formation compressibility Reservoir thickness There ree thicknesses that are important to the design engineer 1 The gross thickness ofthe reservoie 1 Then thicknos ofthe ei or pasqrodacing interval The permeable thickness tat wil accep ud los during the hydraulic facture treatment "The most rita data forthe design ofa facture treatment (oughly inorder of importance) are the insists profile Formation permeability Flud-los characteristics Total Bid volume pumped Propping agent type and umount Pad volume Fracture id viscosity injection rate Formation modulus In hydraulic facture weatment desig, the two most important parameters are 1 Thein-siu stress profil andthe permeability profile ofthe zope tobe stimulated The layers of rock above and below the target zone tat wil fect facture height growth [in now fields or reservoirs, most opeaing companies arc normaly willing to ru ops, ct cores, and run well tests to determine important factors such asthe inst tes andthe permeability ofthe reservoir layers. With such data, along wit ractre-teatment apd production records, accurate data sels fora given reservoir normally canbe compiled. These daa Sets canbe used on subsequent wells to opimize the facture teatment design. I is normally not practical te cut cors and rn well ests on every well Te data obtained fomcores anid wel est from afew wells mast be corlated to log parameters so the logs on subsequent well can be used to compile acurats dat To design facture weatment, most se pseudo-the>-dimensional (P3D) models. To use aP3D model, he data must be entered by reservoir layer. Fig illastaes the important dita prfiles require hy a PSD model, For the example in Fig, the fctretretment would be sated inthe sandstone reservoir. The ractre would ypcally gro” up sd down ‘until a bare i reached o prevent vertical facie growth, In many cies, thick marine sal ta Brier to vertical rastre growth In some eases, cea cams prevent rctres fom rowing vertically. Many cal seams ace highly cleat, which means hat they contain an abundance of small aural rates. When the ractre fd enters bighly elated coal amet wil he very high lei leak ino the coal las thick, high lee coal seams, the fate i ikelyto be contained within the col teas, \UF1e%3AVolipr,Page_326_Image_0001 png) The data used to design fracture eaten can be obned fiom sever sources, such as: + Dailing records * Completion records 1 Wallies 1 Opeshole geophysical logs 1 Cores and cove analyses 1 Weltets 1 Production date + Geologie records 1 Other public records, such as publinions ns adtion, service companies provide data on thei Nuds, addsves, and propping agents. Table 1 ustatestypicl daa needed to design afacae wentment and posible soures fithe \UPiIeSAWolspe_Page_527_Iage_0001 png) ‘Table 1-Data Sources Fracture treatment optimization ‘The gol of every fractre restmet design shoold he to atsin the optimum factaretretment for each and every wel In 197K, Holds of al? discussed the optimization of both ‘he propped fractre lng and the érinage aca (well pacing or low-permeabilty gas reservoirs Fig 2 illustrates the method used to optimize the sizeof fractre treatment) 6ienVorei Pa ag 00pm) ig. 2—Practare treatment optnzaton proce a w Fig. 2 shows the following: + As the popped length ofa facture increases, the cumulative production wil increse, ab the revenue from hydrocarbon sales wil increase * Aste ractre length increases, the incremental benefit (amet of revenve generated er fot of adinal propped facture length) decreases "As the teutment volume inecass, the propped facture length increases 1 Atte facture length increases, the incrtmntal cost of cach foot of facture cos 8 of ational propped facture length) increases 1 When the ineremental ont ofthe tetmen sempre withthe incremenal benefit of inereasing the teament volume, a opium propped fractare length ean be found for vey situation Additions economic calculations canbe mide determine the optim fracture trestment des, However, nal ease, the design must eosier: 1 The effet of he facture on low aes and recovery 1 The cos ofthe tretment 1 The investment guidelines of the company that ows and operates the well Field considerations [Aer the optimum facture eutment has bee designed, must be pumped nt the well succesfully. A sucessful fed operation equrs planing, coordination, and cooperation fal partes. Treamen supervision andthe use of quay contol measures wil improve the sucessful application of hyraulic fracturing. Safety is always he primary concer in ‘he ed andi begin witha thorough understanding by all parts of ther duties. safety meeting is always eld review: 1 The amon procedure 1 Establish chan of command, Ensure everyone knows hier ob responsibilities forthe dy. Establish a plan for emergencies. ‘The safety mecting shoud also discuss + Tye well completion desl and the maximum allowable injection rat and pressure 1 The maximum pressures o beheld as backup inthe asl Allcasing 'Casing_and_tubing), tubing, wellhead ('Wellbead_systems, valves, and weak links, such as line tops, shouldbe tested throughly before stag the facturing treatment, Mechanical lars ring etestment canbe contly nd dangerous. All meshanical problems shouldbe discovered during testing an repaired before pumping the acts ‘Before pumping the teotment, the engineerin charge should conduct a detailed inventory ofall the equipment and materials on location. The inventory should be compared with the design andthe prognosis. er the trentment bs cnchidd,snotber inventory of al the materials ef a location shouldbe conducted, In most cases, the deence i the 0 Inventories can be sed to vey wh wax mixed and pumped int the wellbore an the hydrcarbon-besring Formation, dition tan inventory, samples ofthe hase acting Hid (usually wate) shouldbe ten and analyzed. Typically, a water analysis is doe onthe base dt determine the risers and ype of bacteria presen. The data fom the water analysis ean be ued to sclet the adves needed to mix the viscous facture Tid requied to crete a wide facture ‘nd to tateport the propping egent ino the fact, In addition, samples ofthe adtives uted during a tetment and the facture fui afterall addives ave bee added shoud be taken and svod incase future analyses ar equred. Additional terms 1 facing 1 facing 1 facturing References 1. 4181112 Gigley, J, Hole, S.A, Nerode, DE ta 1999, An Overview of Hydraulic Fracturing, In Recent Advances in Hy dralic Fracturing 12, Chap. 1, 1-38 Richardson, Texas: Monograph Sones, SPE. 2. T Holic, S.A. Jeaings, 1, Nease, SH. etal 1978. The Optimation of Well Spacing and Fracture Length in Low Pemmeailty Gas Reservoirs. resented atthe SPE ‘Annual Technical Confercace abd Exhibition, Houston, Texas, 1-3 October. SPE-1H96-S hp x door/10.2167496-MS (pdx ol org/10.21187496-M5). 3. | Veatch, RIV, 1983, Overview of Canent Hydraulic Fratring Design and Treatment Techology-—Past 1] Pet Techn 35 (8) 77-687. SPE-10039.PA, ba os ong 0.2118/10039-PA hp do ong/10.2118/10038-PA),4. [Brit LK, 1985, Optimized Oilwell Fracturing of Moderte-Penmeailiy Reserv, Presented a the SPE Annual Tehnical Confrence and Exhibition, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, 22226 Soper SPE-14371-MS, bp doh. 10 2018/4371-MS Chex do rg 10 2118/1437 I-MS, Noteworthy papers in OnePetro King, G. 2012. Hydraulic Fractusing 101: What very Representative, vironmental, Regulator, Reporte, Investor, Univenty Researcher, Neighbor and Engineer Should Know About Estimating Fae Risk and Improving Fac Performance in Unconventional Gas and Oi! Wells Presented at the SPE iydaulic Fracturing Technology Conference, The ‘Woodlands, Texas, 8 Febranry. SPE-1S2596-MS, hp do org10.2118/152596-M5 (ep do oey/10 2118/152596-M5) Fisher, MX. Watpinsk, NR. 2011, Hyeraulc Fracture-Height Growth: Real Data, Society of Psoleum Engineers. pdx do.og/10.2118/145049-M (capi doiog/10.2118/188545-MS) ack D, 2012, Understanding Induced Fractare Complex ia Dieret Geslogcl Seng Using DET Net Frist Press, SPE-62814 Noteworthy books Gidley, JL, Hold, S.A, Nietode, DE. et 1989, Recent Advances in Hydraulic Fractaring, No, 12. Richardson, Tens: Monograph Seis, SPE, SPE Bookstore (up itoe spear Recent Advancesln-tydauic-racturing-P 56 aspx) Jones, IR and Beit, LK. 2009. Design and appraisal of hydraulic fractures Riehardsoa, TX: An intrdsipinary approach to topics in petoleum engineering and geosciences, Sociiy of Pexoleus Enpiner. 2010287084 Jack Jones, Lary K. Brit, SPE bookstore (hp/store spe org/Designand-Appraisal-of Hy dralic-FacturesPY7 aspx) Online multimedi Barre, Robert D. 2013. Overview of Curent DETT Analysis Methodology. peo? commparnes.com/uscrlselsesson phpid-10329 (ciapcod commparters.com usesepltesson pp i-10329) Brit, Lary K 2013. Application of Low Viscosity Fluids To Hydraulic. hp:ies2 commparers.comsers‘pesesion php?id-11731 (Gpend commpartners com sesspeltession phpd-I1731) richout Kyle. 2013. Hydraulic Fracture Identification and Product (Gupco2commpartners com userpestession phpd>1168S) Log Analysis in Unconventionals Using DTS. hp:/o2.commpernes comusersispelession phptid-11685 King, George F 2012, Fstimating Frac Risk and Improving Fre Performance in Unconventional Gas and Oil Wells, hp/es2 compares comusers\pesesionpp?id-8069 (hapeedcommparterscomusespttession php ?id-4069) King, Georg E2013, Well Integy: Hydraulic Fasting and Well Construction ~ What Ave the Factasl Risks? hp/es2.commpartnerscomusers!spelsesion ppd 160. (utpcodcommparters.com useseplsesson pp id-11601) Le, W. John. 2014. Workflow for Applying Simple Models to Forecast Production fom Hyérzlicall 1812225 (pod commparners comusersspelsession phptid-12223) Fracture Shale Wells. tpco2commparterscomusersspetsesson php? Packer, Michael, and Exe J Esswein 2013. llydrale Fracturing: Environmental and Occupational Leah Challenges. pes? commpariners.comuscre'spesesionphp?id~10892 (pend commpartners com userspesession php [AL Muntasheri, Dr, Ghathan A, 2015, "Fluids for Fracturing Petroleum Reservar" We Evens, Society of Petroleum Engineers, hip! webevents.spe.oe/producteids-fr- ‘acuving-pevoleun-eservois (hps/webovents spe ory peoduet!Muids-fo-acuring-ptaleanesev0is). External links Encrgytme Hyrule Fracturing (hp ww cnergy4neonphyraulitacturng) ata Confirm Safety OF Well Fracturing (utp allibrton com/publcipelcontents/Papers_and_Aniclesweb/A, though P/AOGRY20Artcle- ‘y20Daa 20Proveri20Safey%200P%20Frac pA See also Fracture teatment design (Fractre_reatmen_ design) Fractuying Mads and adltves (racutng, Mud and ediives) race diagnostic techniques (Fracture dapnostic techniques) Fracture mechanics (Fracture mechanics) Propping agents and facture conductivity (Propping_agents_and_factue_ conductivity) Fracture propagation models (Fracture propayaton_models) Post-reture well behavior (Post-facure_wellbchavior) return high-permesbility formation (Frecturing_high-permesbiity formations) lad ow in hydraulically actared wells (luid_low_in_hyérauially fatured_ wells) PEHLHydhauic_ Fracturing (PEHYSAHyéraulie_Fractasiog)Category Ceres (Speit8ACaig ve: 4.1.2 Separation nd eting(Categan%63M4.1.2 Separation and reing) |3.23 Hindle toting desig, iplemstaton, ond ptimiznson(Categay%3A3.23, Hyatt din, implementation, sb pina) | YR CuesoryAYR) z P Ow: (esearch G | tptroresndctereach? g-Hydiaubie hacuring) ups wikiseg npindexphy? tile-Specil¥43Scarchzedis=1&fltex-Searchdnat Sans 415001 roiss=L&ile-Specil¥43ASearcbadvancs flere Advancodt search&scarch-Hydraulic fracturing} op: wkicapg orgindex pip? tite-Special¥sAScarchatprofiledvanceds fllent-Search&ns0=I ns} das] 021d] 04°1 ns 06"1 Ane NGL ne nskI8~ Heres” L&profile-advancedaseash-H: facing)