Running Head: HEALTH MANAGEMENT

Health Management in Peoples Republic of China

Diana C. Pulido
Old Dominion University

Running Head: HEALTH MANAGEMENT

Photo retrieved from: http://www.climate-zone.com/climate/china/

Introduction
Welcome to China, known as the Peoples Republic of China, is the third largest country in the
world. Its land area covers 9.6 million square kilometers, even with this much space, this country
is considered to be overpopulated having an estimate of 1.3 billion of residents. Due to constant
procreation, immigration, child mortality reduction, and health improvement with countrys
development, in 1979 Chinas government developed a policy that allows people to only have
one child (Peoples Republic, n.d.). This Country is fortunate to be surrounded by other
wonderful countries to include: Russia, India, Japan, Vietnam, Taiwan, Pakistan, Myanmar
(Burma), North Korea, Mongolia, Laos, Kazakhstan, Afghanistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Kyrgyzstan,
and Tajikistan, but thats not it, China also offers a beautiful coastline view to the pacific ocean
that measures around 18,000 kilometers in length (China Location, n.d.).

Photo retrieved from: http://www.chinaroom.eu/news/how-many-child-policy

Running Head: HEALTH MANAGEMENT

Climate and Landforms

China has a variety of landforms to include mountains, plateaus, basins, plains, and foothills,
perhaps this is the reason why all-weather seasons are much remarked compared to the U.S.
ChinaTravel.com recommends tourist to visit China during the seasons of spring and autumn
because during this time, the sunlight maintains an appropriate temperature allowing to wear
light cloths and enjoy the natural light. The climate in this country varies depending on the
location but in general, Chinas climate is divided into six zones: subtropical, cold-temperate,
warm-temperate, temperate, tropical, and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

China (n.d.). In Imgur. Retrieved September 5, 2015, from http://imgur.com/gallery/yZ1yY

Resources
China nature has a lot to offer to the whole world when it comes to natural resources. Some of
the great goods this country produces includes crude oil, zinc, antimony, tungsten, coal,
magnetite, petroleum, aluminum, mercury, tin, vanadium, uranium, iron ore, manganese, lead,
natural gas, and molybdenium. A countrys economic balance comes from the importation and
exportation of natural resources from all countries which is why it is so important to maintain
stable relationships. China is consider the fifth-largest oil producer in the world. (Leone, J,
n.d.), in 2008 it produced around 3.725 million barrels of oil per day and 2.265 trillion cubic
meters of natural gas. Another resource this country generates is hydropower, which is energy
obtained from moving water (Where is China, n.d.). Its potential to become the largest
hydropower producer in the whole world is great as this country has various mountains chains
separated by fast flowing rivers (Leone, J, n.d.). Some of its amazing main rivers are The Yellow
River, The Pearl River and the third longest river in the world measuring 6,300km, The Yangtze
(Peoples Republic, n.d.). Its mountains can reach high points such as the famous Everest
reaching up to 8,850 meters in height and low points such as Turpan pendi measuring -154
meters below sea level (Peoples Republic, n.d.).

Running Head: HEALTH MANAGEMENT

https://www.chinadialogue.net/blog/5616-Chinese-companies-linked-to-missing-millions-in-Africa/en

Photos retrieved from: http://hdwyn.com/everest_mountain_sky_tops_hd-wallpaper-93745/ ,

http://thefiggy.weebly.com/asia.html

History
Back in 1912, before China was considered a republic, the country was ruled by a line sequence
or hierarchy of wealthy family members. There were many conflicts in between each state.
During Chu Dynasty, many invaders of other states were immigrating causing riots and stealing
treasures, in order to provide safety to the population, control and increase military vigilance, a
barrier known as The Great Wall started to build. As the hierarchy of dynasty era continued, the
wall became more extended from west to east, reaching 13,170.69 miles in length. Currently due
to Mother Nature and human destruction, only 30% of the wall remains intact. There is a legend
well known in Chinas culture regarding a section of the wall; it says the section was destroy by
Meng Jiangnu, a widow wife who decided to revenge as her deceased husband die while
constructing the wall (Great wall, n.d.).

Running Head: HEALTH MANAGEMENT

Photo retrieved from: http://www.china-history.net/The_Great_Wall.htm , http://www.chinatourusa.com/china/great-wall-ofchina.shtml

Region and Evolution

China is now divided into 22 provinces, four municipalities, five autonomous and two
administrative regions; the autonomous regions have local governments and are capable of
making its own rules, in compare to administrative that has more governmental branches
(Where is, n.d.). It is considered a socialist single communist party, it provides socioeconomic
order to maintain equality within its population. The power of this country is distributed into
three branches: the President who currently is Xin Jinping, the congress, and the state council
whose Premier is Li Kequianq (Peoples Republic, n.d.). A time in China known as The
Golden Age happened during Tang and Song Dynasties; the evolution of the country and its
commercial growth. China started to develop paper money, literature, printing, music, art, tea
drinking, and gunpowder (Chinas, n.d.).

Photo retrieved from: http://www.sicas.cn/Students/Info/Content_110622143056742.shtml

Mortality Causes
Some of the leading causes of death in China includes Malignant Neoplasms 28%, Endocrine,
Nutritional & metabolic Diseases 3.4%, Heart Disease 21%, Diseases of the Digestive System
3%, Cerebrovascular Disease 11%, Diseases of the Nervous System 1%, Diseases of the
Respiratory System 5%, Diseases of the Genitourinary System 1%, Injury & Poisoning 3%,

Running Head: HEALTH MANAGEMENT

Infectious Diseases 0.9% (Global Health, 2014). According to the Central for Disease
Control one of the goals in China is to stop the spread of HIV, increase surveillance in those
already infected by using approved evidence based interventions, reach high risk populations
such as sex workers, homosexuals, drug users, and ethnic minorities by opening health clinics,
laboratories and ultimately disseminate information to other developing countries.

Photo retrieved from: http://www.chinahumanrights.org/Messages/Focus/62/5/t20111130_822118.htm

Photo retrieved from: http://www.who.int/gho/child_health/child_health_001.jpg?ua=1

Running Head: HEALTH MANAGEMENT

China Basic Indicators

Under-5 mortality rank
Under-5 mortality rate (U5MR), 1990
Under-5 mortality rate (U5MR), 2012
U5MR by sex 2012, male
U5MR by sex 2012, female
Infant mortality rate (under 1), 1990
Infant mortality rate (under 1), 2012
Neonatal mortality rate 2012
Total population (thousands) 2012
Annual no. of births (thousands) 2012
Annual no. of under-5 deaths (thousands)
2012
GNI per capita (US$) 2012
Life expectancy at birth (years) 2012
Total adult literacy rate (%) 2008-2012*
Primary school net enrolment ratio (%)
2008-2011*

to the
top
120
54
14
15
13
42
12
9
137706
4.9
18454.7
258
5740
75.2
95.1
99.8

Photo Retrieved from: http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/china_statistics.html

USA Basic Indicators

China vs US indicators
Indicator

Chi
Source
US Year
na
s

Improved water, %

77 100 2002 WHO

Improved sanitation, %

44 100 2002 WHO

Diarrhoea deaths per year

95,6
00

Diarrhoea DALYs /1000

capita per year

Population using solid fuel

(%)

80 <5 2002 WHO

Indoor air pollution deaths

per year

380,
700

2002 WHO

Indoor air pollution

2.5 DALYs/1000 capita per year

2002 WHO

2002 WHO

0.2 2002 WHO

Annual PM10 [mg/m3]

80 24 2002 WHO

Urban population (%)

37 72 2002 WHO

to the
top
Under-5 mortality rank
150
Under-5 mortality rate (U5MR), 1990
11
Under-5 mortality rate (U5MR), 2012
7
U5MR by sex 2012, male
8
U5MR by sex 2012, female
6
Infant mortality rate (under 1), 1990
9
Infant mortality rate (under 1), 2012
6
Neonatal mortality rate 2012
4
Total population (thousands) 2012
317505
.3
Annual no. of births (thousands) 2012
4225.7
Annual no. of under-5 deaths (thousands) 2012
29
GNI per capita (US$) 2012
50120
Life expectancy at birth (years) 2012
78.8
Total adult literacy rate (%) 2008-2012*

Primary school net enrolment ratio (%) 2008-2011*

95.7

Photo Retrieved from:

http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/usa_statistics.html

Running Head: HEALTH MANAGEMENT

China vs US indicators
Indicator

China US

Year

Outdoor air pollution deaths per year

275,600 41,200 2002

WHO

Outdoor air pollution DALYs /1000 capita per year

1.4

0.8

WHO

Life expectancy at birth, males

72.96

76.19 2013 (est) CIA Factbook

Life expectancy at birth, females

77.27

81.17 2013 (est) CIA Factbook

2002

Sources

Photo retrieved from: http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jun/07/china-us-how-superpowers-comparedatablog

In China, many occupations require workers to stay in the same position for long hours. This
sedentary lifestyle increases the chances of getting cardiovascular diseases in this population.
Asian diet is rich in carbohydrates such as white rice, noodles, and bread. Smoking is another
risk factor among the Asian population, which puts them at a higher risk. Other factors that put
them at risk for heart attack are psychosocial such as stress and depression. A good coping
mechanism this culture practices often is mindfulness-base medication (Major Risk, 2014).
Chinas non-communicable disease (NCD) current five year plan is to find strategies that can
increase learning opportunities to reduce salt intake, prevent injuries, lower blood pressure and
heart disease, tobacco use, improve air quality and increase resources. Chinese public health
wants to control hepatitis B, eliminate measles, and develop new vaccines. There is a
collaborative program known as the China-US that was develop to assist Chinese government
increase education in the population, perform new research, and provide more training for all
health professionals (Global Health, 2014).
References
China (n.d.). In Imgur. Retrieved September 5, 2015, from http://imgur.com/gallery/yZ1yY
"China Location Map-Where is China?." China TouristMaps. n.d. Web. 3 Sept. 2015.
<http://www.chinatouristmaps.com/china-maps/china-in-world.html>.
Chinas Golden Age: The Song, the Mongols, and the Ming Voyages (n.d.). In Central Themes
and Key Points. Retrieved from http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/main_pop/kpct/kp_song.htm
China V The US: How The Superpowers Compare. (n.d.). In Theguardian. Retrieved from
http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jun/07/china-us-how-superpowers-comparedatablog
East and Southeast: China (2015, September 1). In The World Factbook. Retrieved September
from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html
Global Health China (2014, April 21). In Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved
from http://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/countries/china/
Great Wall of China. (n.d.). In TravelChinaGuide. Retrieved from
http://www.travelchinaguide.com/china_great_wall/
Hydropower (n.d.). In National Geographic. Retrieved from
http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/hydropower-profile/
Leone, J. (n.d.). A List of China's Natural Resources. In eHow. Retrieved from
http://www.ehow.com/about_5375735_list-chinas-natural-resources.html
Levitt, T. (2013, January 21). Chinese companies linked to missing millions in Africa.
In Chinadialogue. Retrieved September 6, 2015, from https://www.chinadialogue.net/blog/5616Chinese-companies-linked-to-missing-millions-in-Africa/en
Managing the Worlds Greatest Linear Asset (2014, May 23). In VFA. Retrieved September 18,
2015, from http://www.vfa.com/2014/05/managing-the-worlds-greatest-linear-asset/

Major Risk Factors (2012). In Sutter Health Palo Alto Medical Fundation. Retrieved September
from http://www.pamf.org/southasian/risk/factors.html
Papp Monika, H. (2015, August 25). How-Many-Child-Policy?. In ChinaRoom.eu. Retrieved
September 6, 2015, from http://www.chinaroom.eu/news/how-many-child-policy
People's Republic of China Facts and History (n.d.). In About Education. Retrieved from
http://asianhistory.about.com/od/china/p/ChinaProfile.htm
"Where is China." Maps of World. n.d. Web. 8 Sept. 2015.
<http://www.mapsofworld.com/china/china-location-map.html>.