‘THEODORE V. GALAMBOS Structural Members and Frames“The base for thie bookie 9 se of estar notes ved ia a gadaate course with the same tile. Ihave taught this course every yea sine 1960, ‘whoa Tinbeited the privege of teaching it fom my ‘on profesor, Dr. ‘Brus Thiliman, Orgnally a course on stustural member and frames mas developed at Leigh Univenty Inthe early 18's by Dr. Broce. oso ad bas bra aught thee eve since thas spread from Lehigh to athe universes through the graduates of Lehigh Laboratory, and ie original content hasbeen grt sate pifarmod by students ofthe original teacher ‘Tyoald keto expres my appredation and rat Fritz Engnering iy modified by the tude to Dr. reno ‘Thin ofthe Swiss Feder! Insta of Tecnology and to Dr. Rober ofthe State Universit of New York wt Bufo for noducng ne SS ips woes of chao and eb or inspiring me to fearch that as enabled me ove ths book. further acknowledge -— aes the years, cocked out the examples and asinment ‘much of the research dicased in thi book, “The manwnerpt was pal by Miss Grace Mann and asks dving the preparation ofthis book. Thel bap is amy for thei patience Tove my rattuce “Twco00n St Lone he embryo for thi Leigh University Dr. Aleks Ostapenko an Dr. Lyon. Beedle. 1am indeed to Dr Maxell G Lay of Melbourne, Asta, who reviewed an early mame ofthis stadets Whe, over i peoblens. These student, s esearch asst, also povided the Basis working foe a by Mes. Ray Td, 1 Mrs Alc Bltch and Mrs, Lis Simons sited with variety of evisu ‘appreciated, To ay Contents "INTRODUCTION [ELASTIC BEHAVIOR OF MEMBERS. 2 Sammary of te scree solutions G2 kama BH Thenndcxter tena eine Dee poe LUNN2 Rae ab Sees NOMENCLATURE, Ares of erosion ‘Nomerlcotient “Area enclosed bya sector Eetv area ‘Area of one age of widesange shape ‘Area of we of widesange shape Distance between pat on eo seston and the shat Plate dimension (Coetiint in a series ‘Numeric coufient Bendigatifes aboot + axe Bending tlie sboot yale Flange with of widen tape Plate dimension With of rectangular eos ation Centro of = eos cecton Stability fanson deine by Ea. 479 Cette of rtation Equialent moment ratio deed by Eq. 5:37 Approximate equcalent moment ratio defined by eter Eq. 539 or Bg. 50 St Vensot onions ioe Warping tities CContats of integration ‘Nondimensioalcoficient defined by Eq 379 Sabi fnetion defined by Ea. 475 [Nondimensionalcoeficient dtd by Bq 346 Depth of wide-tangeeetion Depth of rectangle estion Modulus of ety Endpoint ons thin-walled sion Str-hrdening modals “Tangent modes Reduced mods End eoentriciy| Ina ecenteicyBR 4 Ka Ky Keke KKK, b Leos oct of ond in the x andy ietion Storenng and extension of a Menge CCrosesetonal conse eed by Ea. 3.155 ‘Giesmfretl membre or, Egat ail forse Allonabe compression sues Allowable being sess Allowable elastic backing sues (Cofiints ened by Ea. 4.17 Shape factor ‘Axa sree Bending ses Shear modus Coeficiente by Ea. 4.103 ‘Shear mods in ralo-harening Ineral rato along length af «beam Stroctre response gradient ‘Lod system response eraient Horizontal forse Moment of nea ‘Moment of nen of barn Moment of ner of colunn let moment of inertia “Moment of ern about x andy axis Warping product of inertia about andy axis Warping momest of nea Momest of neta shou the neta xis Ioteger number {Coeicient dened by Eg 66 Pola o the laden crv of frame Speag constant Plate buckling coticient edie lng actors, ‘Numerical constants (Crosesetonl constant dened by Ea. 286 Length of «member Length of Seam Length of colums Length of a colum-defecton curve Bending moment End moment of member An a frame Externally appli momeet Toten resting moment Maximem moment End moment End moments tte bottom of besm-colunn fives end moment End moment aboot the x and yas Paso moment Reds plat moment d tothe presence of axial Hod Resisting moment St Veant torsional moment End moments at he tp of beam-colamn Warping torsional moment Moment aboot the x ay axis Yes moment Torsional moment Moment aboot the and axis Moment about the xin Nondimensonal end moment Distributed torave Distance dened a Fg, $26 Integer number ig of sortie along mise Ine of here Load ‘Aa oad in member Upper bounds of frame loa scoring to stand see conborder anaes (Ciel oad sti bueting Toad Frame reference loed corresponding to mshi for Tower bounds of ame load according to St condarder amas Maxima fad ‘Approximate maximum fame load Fintorder rigs fare load Redced modus oad» m Pale P,P Pau @ Tangent modus load Wirkigoad Cita oad duet buckling about the xis (Citeat ond doe to buckling about they axis ‘Ya Ta (tal oad due to torsional buckling ‘Qlanges flea in anges ‘Nondimensional load parameter Polat ina cow section ‘Verte beam load Distributed loud Membrane peessre Maximum distibted oud Disb fon in andy plane Reaction Reaction inx andy direton Racin of re Radius of gyration Radia of gyration about the nd y als ‘Cross-sectional coeffiet dated by Eq 410 Shea etter Stability fiction dened by Eg. 479 ‘Secon mage sbout x andy axis Stal momeats about the neutral ais ‘Warping tata! momeat Coordinate along middle line of hina seston Sabiity function defined ty Bq 49 Flange thickns of wielng> shape Thickes of thin-walled ees section sin coer Sian energy per uit volume Dalleton ofthe sear centri the x dieton Deletion ofthe centro inthe dst Defetion of point Qin the x direction [ater defection a the enter of bess Shear ote of external onde Shear in and ydirestion Deflection ofthe shear center inthe y direst Deflection ofthe centro in they dietion 2 Poy tition of pot Qin the» direston Center defection of member ia the » deesion Deflection ofa poet on columndeeton curve -Marimum beam defen Deflection at he center of clumn-deition curve Web thickness ofa widedaage shape Wirping of point in eros section Warping of point O ina eon eton Coordinate of any plat ona cos ton CCoorinnte of sea eester Coordinate of ay pont ona cos ston Coordinate of the bear center Section modus (Centro! lonatinal axis Delleston of membrane Location of maimum moment i a beem-colurn Cente defection ofa renibrane Proportinaliyfrtor Coetiiestdefing yield penetration End lope ofa membrane Coecens Anan Croseattonal constants defied by Eg. 3.4 and 3.86 Cocfiint defining yield penetration Nondiensiona coastnt deed by Eq 446 Avanpe Detection ofa rane inthe horizontal dition Pred to othe tert ic denotes change Fist variation ofthe ttl potenti {Change in moment {Change in ead slope Change ia member rotation Strsin Simin in oaing 2one of a cotema ‘Stn-bardeningeain Stain in unloading 20e of colarmn Warping ssn Sicsns inthe x,» and dietion Yield rainCeotoial longitudinal ai of «deformed member {Coordinate ofa poat aa deformed eros eton Coefcient desing ysl penetration Slope End slopes of member 4 Slope ofa colmn-detecion cure segment [Nondimenonal end slope of clumn-efetion-curve End sop of« member End slope of colorn-detestion cure Plastic rostion ‘Yea roation Nondimensonal coeicient deed by Eq, 270 [Nondimensinal coefcents in several ifeenti equtions. ‘Nondimeasional sendernes factors, Eg. 4.72 Poison's aio Ratio detning yield penetration Coordinate of pia aa deformed cos seton Ratio deting ld penetration Ratio of mensions Total potent! Perpedicalr distance between a point inthe eros se tion end the eto Meter rotation Papesdiular distance tetncen & pont on the cross section and the shee ceter Interval of aepration ‘Nondimeadonal interval of integration Swnmation sires “Average sess Allowable stress Allowable tess in bending Allowable sess in compression Bending ses Compeessive stress Cita! stress last being tess ‘Stes foading zoe of columa Proportional ni sess ‘Ae eteee Resa ress Resa tres in compression Resa tres in wenson, ‘Warping sees ‘Sures in uloscing one of «colon [Normal stress in and = direction Yield test Shear ee ‘Nopdimensional constant defined by Eg. 4.138 Shear sues due to Beading SL Venant shear ste Warping sear see Shear tee ‘Nondimeasional constant dened by Eq. $22 CCaratre of columndefecon-cure segment ‘Carte at the center of ealura (Curvature inthe x and ydetion ‘Yel curate Anal of twist Sees funtion Confit defining vet penetration Unit warping with respect othe entra Normalized unit warping Unit warping with respect othe shear center End moment ratioCHAPTER ONE Introduction ‘The design oa srctre is an arta which he experens of pa sees fol and unsieessal constroton, the avs of pijsis and mathemati, and the resus of research are ile to provide srctses which can function sicily and sally, whith recone to build and unt, and which tre acstetally pleasing. Thi detion ofsrstural detizn a grossly Abbreviated detiation of operation whic, fora mar projet, may ial the eoopertion among, andthe posing ofthe knows of hundeds of “exper fom a vay of displites. One could tot even attempt to place “only the major phases of strotural esi within the covers of oe hook, ind it woald be imposible toad a person who would be an exper nal © Fels of knowlege iavoled. The purpove i this bok sto cel withfal ames is determining the geometrical ripcisig te load-carrying alton of the afer the overalgemry of the fae has gb judgment and experienc, one determines the ich could approximately fall the regiments of Paes one is expvienced othe srvtaresinpl, oe it Sethe the requsements have been mc Thus We st ue to ascertain Whether i bobversatisacony. It docs ‘this Wil usualy be te eve nour fit anal we mk and analyze again uti we ae satis. One pha of he dein therefore, to pform indidual analye in which he expone ot ftructre 08 pe eto leads is determined, ‘naj of «giea stature forthe sper loads acting on te formed in two steps: fs, the fore dsterbation nthe srt fae J Geterinod by an analysis based on eter the esti oth plate theery, ‘and snd, the members and consetons ae checked to ascertain whether they are abe to support the Fores acting on them without eceoding 3 allowable sts oranallowable momen foreampe or witout actarngot Tecoming usable. This ater part ofthe anaes io faves an exami tion ofthe over stability ofthe frame. The it part ofthe problem, the ‘analysis of forrs, is covered in ters oa indeterminate strata anaes (Ge, for example, Ret 11 though 15) and intents of plas analysand ddsige. 04100 Foe these problems the compete bas beste a ivalable spd inereasingly neces tool" The major emphasis in this book {son the second part ofthe problem: what are the lnitngraurement to ‘which the structure aad eamponents mort onform fo be safe? Srctrt Snape wll be dcassed only asap to the seond problem, sad 20 ‘tet wil be made to Formulate fly an efcent means of aaape An Sndertanding of the iis of stractoral ees ental a daderstanding ofthe Beavior ofthe structre. The primary purpose f this bok so dea Sigh the behavior of srt cleents sod tact fame under loud, {specly ner the aire point ofthe strate In many cae ples of teste and inelastic instbity are involved. Fr meal suture scl a "abit problems mus alvays te considered, although they are sometine fot the primary sate offre. Metal stracars ny ao fl by bile {setae or by este or lati fatigue" Fracture and fatigue wil not be considered ber, fen Cough they are ver inportant The pnp ints of ‘flies dicted hee ae thowe duet inetaiy, For large number of ses they become of an overriding importance "This book wll concer tel, therefore, withthe behavior of metal eames and srucurl components which are subjte to ttc noarepetin loads nd which ultimately fal beast of some form of instabty when fone inf the ineastirangs- Most cvilengnering ste srctres as well say suminu stuctrs al nto this sepoy “The determination ofthe luds ating ona strstce i a separate and ‘nortan: study, We sal ac be concerned wit this topefrtet eee ene the types of loads acting om the strictures to be analyzed. ‘Loads ty be iter taro dynam. The wept ofthe stractre, called ‘he dea loa, and certain specie aed loads which do not change dang {hei ofthe strate are the oly tu stats load, ln aa practic, how «er the fie oad dt eecpaney and n many isaac, the wind loads, a, are treated as static Tous. For stati Toads we cam eg! the elects of inert arkng fom the aceeration ofthe aso the sruture and he elit of rapid oad changes onthe material proper. For dynamic landing ese effets may not be neglected: they may well ly 9 predominant rola Dynamic lading arses fom the acelraton cased by Wind, earthquake, ‘ast ort. Tn the pst suc loads ave usaly ben Considered ua static, and inthe analy ofthe stretare no datnction as ae Dewees ler fet and those of uve sate loads. With the development of hod of dyoamic analysand the we ofthe computer, te now pore to make ‘an analysis for dynamic effects. Because this i neeparae and important feld of stady of structural bebavoe, it wil not be dealt with fa this Pook eat With the exception of he weight of the strustze, which usually remains constant during the if ofthe stature the loads fatate These lod pe, ‘ions may ed fo design consideration involving the feign cracking of the material and to fare due to sucesvety larger deetons ater euch loud repetition. Wesball eset ose ert nonepette lon Thos the loads onthe structures to be anlyd wil be static and none ‘epetve. We sal Further spect that some oral ofthe fads are ead by a constant factor of propertosaity (proportional lain) and thatthe loads wl retain the same cretion throughout the whole Toading history ‘ae reason fr thes ler restos stat the laste range the Fe | sponte ofthe structure is dependent onthe sequence in which the vasious leads acting on the stractre ae epi. Stracturs can be cased in many ways!" For our purposes the sibdsions into shel! and feame iraetes, as gen fn Rel 11, is equate. In shel structures, be load-aryngecneat sso serves the fase ional requirements of easasing space. "The strstr fae, or sheen,“ spmeovcn se. 12 sly serves only to RUPPOr tHe loads tansmied fom the enetionl ‘ements ofthe srastre We thal del with frame strsteses only, Some ‘example of such seus re simple a continuous beams, vi! frames ot E tothe defection of any characteristic ott on oe strc, ie if the ewostory rigié fame in Fig. 1 were sabted to the Fs fatelloads ? andthe boraonal oad where is consent factor oF “Broprtonaliy) and loading were started at PO, an experimenter wuld ‘bins curv ike the on shown in his Higa for he reationhip betwee ‘and te horizontal detasion fhe topo the sieve “The loud-deftion seltionship in Fg. typel ofthe response of I bepe conte ood bh | eect at eaten 1, The adoration los a fre frame euctues to stati proportion loading. As Pinreses fom zt, the structure tehaves elastically etl the elastin eaced, or ay oud below tis limit the stretare i lar, that i it Wl earn to ial ‘undeformed positon upon complet removal ofthe oud, Beyond the elastic limit some portons of the frame bein to yield. As a res the fame members tecome ee sf nd increase later dee ‘ons res fom equal neementsofToad vt fal ape is reached onthe ave This isthe masinum load whish cn be supported. Und am ome Aiton the oad may drop very sharply ater he peak of the cure i raced, ‘din some instances this drop i ery rad esting in hat puted With fuer deformation the load mast ders italic euibriems to 86 ‘aitazed, 1 he loads ae removed anyehers in the festcregron, hee {he stevtre wil not return along ts path of loading ands permanent dei. ‘on rests when is eo (ee dashed ifn Fig 1}. Sublequent losing il flow approximately the unloading cure It abould be noted tha ves, In he elasti region the detection aot neces ier function of he leading. This nonlinearity isitroduced by the changes ofthe geometry of he Adored strate, From a loadefection curve we can make several observations about he ‘fuss of the structure. The most obvious of thesis the maximum lod tbe load is de to dead wept the suctr wil eolape when hislood "ached, In design we mest be certain thatthe workig load ve Fig 1), ‘who's tobe upporied under serve conditions ebrtanilly es han the ‘imu loud The rato of the maxim loud fo the working oes clled hela fc, and itis wally presrite instructed sections, For the {ype suatareshown in Fig. for iste, te oad factor peso by | #he 1963 AISC specication st the hriaona los ae due to vind Under erin condtons the use ofthe structs dats defection imi tations under working lads A loa-deection cuve can algo seve as 9 “check on this condition. In fat, the loaddeecton curve is ecrd ofthe Chstory ofthe srocture. IF we have sucha carve for ou structure, we can ek for various eter of structural seta, When one sock lit hed, we have ave at what we el he fate ofthe structure, Under i narepedive lads we can have hee important errs of flue: () intng defetion, (2) maximum loud, and (3) the start of neta behavior. thes, the fist ceteron ioe diated by rather bardtodfn factors {sch ts plaster cracking), but the ote two aze rea and dente lin fucst. Thus faire Will enerally mean tat eter the masa ead Ds been reached or thatthe foad-eformation path as aie pint wiht sts‘he loud -eetion curve in Fig. L1 represents the locus of plat for ic the strat iin equim wth heaped oad, Thi equi ‘maybe ihr stable or unable The tte ofthe eglitriam sf vial ipor- og tats Beas we cannot tolerate excursions nto the usable eng; we ae partly intrested inthe pint which gos from the vale at the Saale onto, ath meas in the tes of te Pesci tbl it tends to return oar its righ poton air ll disturbance i applied tot and then removed. On the other han, ' uastabl ia smalldturbnoe produces a furtber increase of the est instance aa addition of energy srequted toprods he ad inthe secondinsanes energy is elensd"™! athematial oeatient of subity problems the ditbance is ir, tat sit doesnot change the existing Fre system. Ta rote these daturhances are of ere rel and thle fc is ot only onthe tractre bat also onthe loading em, Thus we onside the response of both the stractre and ths lading deve for 3 Eeorannye =e Bets frst conser the stability ofa structure subjected to dead or grit, (ig. 12). The addition of weight tothe suctre caer an nreate 5 cag) andthe load-efrmation characterise of th oad = be represeated by seis of sight lines parallel othe defection show bythe dated ies in Fig. 12. Each ie conrespnde t 4 weight or coergy level dened by the intercept with the lood ios between the loa characteris ad the strut oud- jeurvecoresond to equllbum point. For example the points on te loud hurcteistie CD is Fi 1-2 are oquiitriom station, to check for stably we distr the strata small amt, d= hat i he oad characteristic tends toward higher ney lee anced force, representing the dlfereae betwen the two carae> ed toward the point A. Am inereate of ene) i rgued to sturbance, and thus point isstable For point 8 the disturbance Jove energy Ietel andthe unbalanced forse rote 1B The cowry istelese, and Bsthatefore untae tests onal penton the ascending porn of the cre Will how fe sale; om the other hand, the descending potion wastale 12 Sate of piu ded ig | Te boundary between the two stats of equilibrium i atthe pak of the [load deiction curve This point, being neither stable nor untae ier | sgilbram. ic cepesens the plat mt Which the stroture wil olsue under ad oad, "Not ll oed characterise ar ite those shown for dead loads ia Fig 12. Another «ype of lading, commonly encouatred in ctetpe testing ‘machines and to loads traramited fom adjacent cause iesores and representing the elastic response ofthe load sytem, town asa ste of ‘asl ies in Fig. 3.8" Applying the same ist for stability efor the Toadng in Fig- 12, we nd tat points 4, B,C, Fad G are sable and that plat Eis unstable Neural equilrions exe t point, where the sradiet ofthe loud characteristic i equal to the gradient o the stature ‘uve It should be noted tat point 8, which nat the pak ofthe curve, nd point C, whichis aleady beyond it, are Boh sabe, ‘ecause ditronnces are stall presen in any tes, he structure curve wil ot foo its path ftom the tart fiatabity at D through and Fo |G where it is again stable, une i exeroal rastaed to do 9, batfocnnnown 12, Elie ing maine ‘wlapidly pas from D to G This phenomenon is called the dynam mp, ad tual avelves larg, i ot catastrophic, changes in geometry ad ‘inf most cass not be tolerated for eatiscrory structure pformance! ‘According to our previous deussion then, «srctre is stable i the graient of the loud-defetion curve ofthe stutre yi laser tha tbe ‘rdient ofthe oad character, oF fe te sable eueiom fe= testa equim fe< fe untae eqiitium Tn metal frame structures of th type dscssed her, the point of neta ‘ube pias teend te pak of he ad etn cae fav ees Sy cocoate! in tae on rasta (ree a) Tow pate af be Sa ow te haven ssl rtm whee “Sr, up-ogh oa en ered ar re sacra tee ca rrneovcrin ° quibiom wil occur atthe peak ofthe lod-dfction curve or onthe de P szading potion oft, Sine these pars ofthe carve ae ala inte elestc Fezioo, ne shal eal thi frm of stably Seat sabi, Ta eer aa [ Inboratory tests we do ot now the load ehaacteritic very presi, For Sour purposes we shal conservatively ue the pk ofthe cure (ge = 0) a5 the point of neutral eqiitium, ands this fre ood ef he sree el also be its maximum aed” Tnelastic instability may often be preceded by a phenomenon cll vate [gully bucking or byrcation of the eguirn (Fg. 18). As the Toads Increased from zo, the struc bepns odors ins pattern characte ofthe (pe of struciure and loading. Basing our sappostion on tis ia Pi. 26 Forint an ox arene sueatspreseat. The only deformation under soc losing wil eth elee- tion nthe plane. Th defection pov i inthe diction ofthe Poste y coon Ta Fig. 260) and (we ce the element of Fig, 2) inthe sy andthe yz planesrespetvely All forssn Fig 26 are shown pov, From Fa 216) the equim ofres in th veteal detin ges ”, ee ‘The equim of moments gives the following relationship ifthe terms (and (a) a, represeating tens of «smaller order of magatode than o a) thing ne se: Moy, aw we dierent. (219) once and subattate to Ba. (2.18), we obi the Aizen equation of bending Sheen, em ‘This equation an be alo writen vith Bg, (27) Fa = 9, e2y here the primes indicate diferenttion with epet to The cuvatreof| A plane curve canbe expressed mathemati in ero the defection oT ar ead ere the primes agin represent difeetintion with respec to Sis the strained by end conditions (fo example, a eavy pate Welded acros the nds ‘fa member could completely prohibit warping) aby variation ofthe ap lied visting moment M along the = an, hes in adton the St, Vent ‘hear tess ry Es (2.35)] we have longitidinal stress oy and shee sess Tre These seen rsa fom the fact tht the warping deformations ‘tana ally develop, I this ase me have nono ot warping fron. “he longed! sess oy i gual 0 oem Bee 28) where si the longi strain duet retained warping. Tis ini (ened se wt a4 Sets Ba 240 B40), ep or Bi ~ Eo as where the primes indicate dleentiton with espe to "The sear ses ry canbe obined fom the quorum of the stip -:drig Fig 2.14 Atte edge Oteshearstesis zero, andso from egitim fonsidertions, setdet [ont don dr [end =0 wieeft eres au e214 Sees on narow sip dr do on Before we can further deelop expressions fr the tes we must cote sider some additonal equlibsum conditions Sine only a twing moment AM applied (xia force P and Bending moments Hf, aad Meare te), ‘he renuant ail fore and the Beoding moments doy mut Bano ny eos section, That i ’ flow as= 2 f(t — ads ea = [freee [oer aay My = [on =8[S oe agenda) 1 ye subsite he asin Fr rom Ba, (242) it Ean. 24) ‘and (2,49) and note that {F xtds = [f yt ds = 0 (Eq. (2.2), rove (Eq. 2.2), [F » fe yt ds = dos (Eqs. 2-3), [feet dt i fea 219) oe ota tag vo egetions 8h th) 0 8+ 1)=0 Since 4 0, ne et the coordinate fhe orion center Sa 2s) est) As canbe see, ie orson center by Bas (2.0) and (251) end the shear ‘cover, a8 defied for beading without torsion, ae Mental, Th tingtakes plas about the hear center ifthe ail los and being moments re ero, We sl refer fo fom hee ona spy the seas ener. From Eq (247 wefind that since wis ata funtion off ified (lata wn ¥ floaas em We now seine £2) in Be 245, hats, on = 6¢(5 [facd—a) as Ding» new erosional Pope ey the nated twas ent fam ass econ expe thelongiaste dot riod warping a2 or Be" es) The sen fo fom Ba. (249 now ret [Ban de 255) By aun detnig ane em S the rpg aa! moment S.= [fest an the see Now equation becomes equal to Es" as) ‘um reneyTALEOUATIONS oF ‘The contebution of the warping shear How ry fo the ttl toon moment Mis aa 0 [ted ex ‘The em p isthe eer am of the force rtd with respect to S.Sabttation of Bg 58) nto Bg (2.58) results inthe allowing expression Me = —84"f (fata) a ‘Weslo tpt by pat iting = ff dad do. ee 25 ame semen oF ms 6 Be otsbansom y= —B6°(lf [fad [Fores) "Noting from Bg. (2.58 that he fst term in theo, ation i onsen, wet forthe fst tem | ds = ay we obtain Srovda (1 aed) [Fra [faseno — ae) = (2 ff ed fade fF onras Sine it was ho sow tat Me = 06 [tas easy Intoing wt th wre momen! of er fFeteae ee we ay tin My = B19" ) “The total wing moment the sm of the wa the St Vent contbuton tha i, ig contebution and Me Mor + Me cr From Eg. (2.33) we se that May = GK and thus M,— GR! ~ Lg" 265) ‘Tie dierentl equation apis at loeaton whee a concent tongue [is aplied. We can id «correspond ing equation for dtriboed torque REED Gon teccutiinet B/N ‘momeais onan cement of length de My mde + Me} dy 0 ‘Thus the differential equation for a ‘ Stud meee canes at va ‘eretating Ea. 2.65) e216 Unni red sing Oke§"— E16" = —m, 57) owen arcsEquations (268) and (27) can be writen at Hang sod 5 —— Lm o=d=0 aw Eo” | tan 4 aS 176-216 Tonal ny conten es) ea) se. 26 same sensvon of eas " vee 7 i ‘Th tion oa (268) cn writen kr in theo oe C4 Ce Ge 4 Me am Gt Gomes caamare Me am Forth imi ie nth tin is $H G4 Get Geomaet Giohne BE ar 36k ‘The calcients C;, Cy Gy CC Cy and, ae constants of integra: ion andre determined frm the boundary contin of he ted men ‘ee fat any boundary $ — 0, the section cannot tint if = 0, no warping can take place (ned” end; seo a. (241) i 6" — 0, warping is sot restrained (pinned end; ey — 0 from Bg, (2.58): ig" the seat fow dus to waepng ib eo ("eee end). The sketches im Fig 216 sow oo types of practical Boundary conditions 226, SUMMARY OF THE FIRST-ORDER asm sovLToNs Tn Ses, 22 through 2. we dicused the individual cts of nil force, beading moments and torsion, espetvely, We introdued a considerable umber of new crossectinal properties and many formulas, The moet Important ofthese are summarized in Table 22 for ety reference. This able luo iss the assumptions which unre all he fray, tha wll Be ‘ier ores the temptation to ue them whee they do ct apply. There te ‘tcouse many more stations which could have ben examibe, but they re not evant tothe ltr porons ofthis book, andthe sade ean eee {othe sted terse for further say {As already ote, the eroseastonal free will produce longitudinal stesso and sea stresses Each ofthe lb composed of he sum of the sreses due to aul force, bending, and torsion, Within the limits ofthe sumptions we can superimpose thue stesee, This fis-ordr analy {The tal dain of wel mh como din Re 238. The oem of ties wang ate ens (at tus ae ‘ved ty Gatberio Re 3a“ aere meno gv oan 0.26 leads exelent resus ia many practic sitions and as wl be een ne, ‘sconidrably simpler than a stoad-order analy in which equim ormlted onthe deformed structure, (ote cl tt (8 ead ae pcp cn core (oom pt (@) Grom cc tied ed open. (o) Crom to pn at ane ae, (6 jam fara othe tac ee, (@ bidetoor arm (Mopars Sp ons : a= fee w= finde tema 01 wad flette— (0 Pope 0 on rstéra [tare [aterm ffweas firaens [Lartny [fev tgs [Forde ins [Fardeen alas mele nt ‘ne: cso tenia fay: Sate tune ond (ten 2. rt tos ( autos d= fos (0 Bet stot x as: 0) (0 set sonty Bh = (onal: = Me 4 Geom Con ME (6 att itn re: "Ea — my $n 6.264 Comet Gahae Be 0. 26 sme met oF ent ° : sle22 (Cou) (Dostana fasts r= 2 (Duet gad shar oe = oy = HM forts cmH fee (0 tot: ae atom ten e286 ae ‘The longitutinal ses is made wp as follows (ene ress are pote ti oa EME ME pag ew ‘The coresponding equation fr the ster sree is =r. [pede ra veh ~FLow a5 Esch term in Fos (274 and (2.7) consis of wo parts: One prt refers tothe variation of testes along the login ni (P, My My Fo, Vy 4% andthe otber part defines be variation of he seine rs sstion (3, (I) [9 (feat dy), The sas problem thea ‘consists in determining the vation of these two types of gusts and locating the posiions whee the combined stoses ae tnaximum. We are slredy friar with this proedue from drawing she and moment die ‘rams: For he torsional componeals it i neceeay to know th vation of 8,5 a0d "Because ofthe more comphated ature ofthe difereat uation this could bea rather laborious pref, and i wil belated by several example in Sx. 27. Care for twelve fegueily oecaring tot sional loadings have ben pushed” and withthe help ofthe the aa rum values of 4, and 4, and cher loeaons ean be obtained very ‘pil. These charts ae presented ms nondimesioal form and ee apple ‘ile for any sat and eros ton. “The computation of the torsional ection proper (yf et) for os etions made of plate ements Pig. 2910) i rely simple by the ‘act that between pots of intersection the anit warping proper ow nd oy vary Iba. In Fig. 2.17 one sh pat cleat is chowen, The "aviation of ms shoWa‘ ths igure, From aomry ne ca Gtrmine hat, one ¢ enelea sd* UST mune oF ene 0.26 ‘whee x; and ae the x coordinates of the ends of the element, and, {nd w, are the conespoading values of wx If we now wih fo salute (xt dw cn write to Eatig Ji [a+ © 1 this expression we ued the elatoatip (om Fig. 2.17) d= dos ae Fe 27. Dstbaion a on sac ‘er Sonun mF 250) body own Sins we [ES tad], ce or + omiuds +b Blan + wed Fos + wid 0.26 Asc MAO oF was st ‘By performing the integration and noting that cosy = yn we st fer some algebra, he folowing expresion or es 3 Simlcy derived equations for otber properties are listed in Table 23, and roses are Mlstted i the examples in Se. 27. The pcient tore ‘Sonal proper of thee common shapes are given in Table 2 The arrows oat Zlonsenubut} Son tenud, ar aha T T Ep el , 1 2, Sal2,— agnthy tine Sumethiase, Sen ode nab, Q . 7 ee a “PORE, <- reawrer enw te gi er BI M2 ym stintne lh San ewitarza ae‘te 24 ot) ween 2s " 1 othahy See wie atveawirt Sug = 81a Fow2 [409%] dada deth in the Sdigram show the direction of the shear Sow due to posire ‘ment My The maximum values of wy and Sas wll asf, ate tabulated forall rolled ste shapes in Ref. 20, would be wondefl if we could conclude here by precielydfnng the Tinitations ofthe theory upon which she sre and deformation formulas are ‘asd. Unforeunatl this sno posible and it wil aay beet th ae met ofthe analyst o determin what epee of weafation is permitted. One rather laborios wy of determining this ito analyze ame y the singe ‘ehods presented her, then to ake a more precise analy and Fal To jg wheter the difereace stolen A vast snout of itestre ara: ‘thle Gome of which has alredy Been refered to in thr book, and fate references an be found from thee Ira) which shows tht this has been necessary im the past We ell aot go lo thee eaters foo deeply hee; me sal make only qualitative comments on some four assumptions. Trt ofall ort derivations of ther than the equim equations az invalid inthe inelst range- Reasonably accurate reat ar btsined {the member slightly cured and if the changes in the roe eton along te ls ar slight. The eros section most be deine open, although «sinlar theory can be developed for slowed ston: We can onder 2 thi walle! most of the members used in metal cosstrustion and lbo some sc.27 susne maaan of ns 9 pressed concrete elements, For mot ofthese members he cot ection ‘el retain te sbape except for some lightgage members or thi sel ‘which the deformations must be considered "=" “The assumption of small defections i generally exellent for members sn framed strctrs, ven i the inst range. The members most aot be {oo hort or be subjected to ery high shear forc, besa the eft of shee ‘on the deformations bas ben bgicte. The ett of shri not 10 i Dotan! f dhe shear span is mre than tee ot fous tes the depth he Tn Sc. 2.5 we assumed thatthe element i din Fig. 2.11 will remain ee ‘angular. We neplced the ecto the warping seat which would dtort, this etal. For closed sections this ean lead to serous discrepancies ‘ut itis not a serious age for open sections provided the member ot very shore" We also ast thatthe warping seat sess niform eos the hikes ofthe clement. This snot preily a, but see ‘gun smal Blk gives formal for /, which isd thi et for ee ad Angle shapes, for which or theory aie "Te asumplion of formulating equa on the undeformed member ‘s usaly good excep for bem-colums With compressive aval free. This ‘sumption alo leads tow theory which cannot pdt backing For this ‘eaton we shall formulate equram in Soo 2. for the deformed meme, ‘hus abandoning the very convenient penepe of upepostion, 27, xan As ourst example we shall compute sess na thin-wallsemici. ‘nr cntlever beam loaded at send by a versal force Q which pes ‘rough te origin ofthe cice (Fig 218). A beading moment Mu Shee fore Vo, and tinting moment M, ~ Po wil ata any eos sion. ‘The following quantes are given for this problem Intex of nondimen sional ratios: G1E = 0385, ff ~ 24 ober is he radius ofthe ee he ‘mide tine ad i the uniform tikes), and r= 29. ‘We shal rst dccrnine the nzessry eosesetonl popes, With tie sid of Fig 2180) we enn determine the allowing geometric properties awards, 4%, x2 arin, yr pon Bsa 2 Chater ig Rf 1.34 a wih oe dort acon i ge ote ecb ntti to® 28, Smite am ‘The cross-sectional properties ar nw compated frm the formulas a Table 22 and are given below. An ffvde= ae hem fiona 50e9 on f= fe Ap a0= [ont= re 24a] 2, + Ye 0 byinpeton * acetate neta ona] ods Bee —A208 rm (th 8 ta [fare io(@—8) [yea rrsna we naw Tepe mth at str sion ae ted athe: Sine! pap sown i 21% The non cae See and J »¢ dirt are plotted against the angle 8. “he rand monet dram orth ol sows i220 son with ration the Sr nd on dear bags Sit Ther opr nv hae on he a ts Sctrmed tape ost mane ea * ‘The boundary conditions a end z ~O are = g° Fig 216 atthe ead =~ the seston fie fo wary Eq, 255), ” =0. With there Boundary conditions we + oie + mh ME 0), and from at is — sah ne tanh aos ne — 1) Agnes Fe 21% Daun of coensonel rope on 4 sieener, etter, os ? rete, ie 22, Shar dram, tending not a a te ation of {Be danas feta ange for scr Sn The deriv es of are equal to SME = 1 — cone + wahacainbne xe AB ih + tanh XL oh sc.27 smc amu o ens s bonne denies ted wt Fr or gen stn wera a9, ‘Retr en Fa 219s 229 prio cate ‘nels Tinta ese eon M sak 00 = Bag? Both endg manent Ms pope ems athe fed oa = 0992, - Moar = OL ad (9, Tetwiing mont My tines dace om aie aon to $ Mts. 09 80 Swain and tte ses gto, eget op me ant 0 sty Ongena a ne a umeaee Te tsbton of testes ad ts seth ot ton arn uouninfig 231 The naj shar af e nooe bait by restrained warping. The maximum longtdinl sees ae atthe extreme fers of the crow seston and te egul fo one 5 ‘hemos Vn hr se re ~ Gi bite he ae ee ran =05 pt he musi Yea hase =e ‘es oe, emt eh the mente a Be vey ei etn son My fre and 1, = ere oe oF alter sbstition of sfinae4g 21, Normale dion at = 0 From Fig. 219 we we that f3y¢de has 8 maximum vale at the sete, ad thas ae “This is neil pecentage of both the maximum bending sess sid dhe maim Se, enant bear stress at == ‘The warping shea stress vars a 6" (Fig. 2.20), an its maximum vale is atthe end 2 = 0. With ("rae MSE we aban #58. a5 c.27 sastc WOR OF ims » At the ober end (¢ = 1), "= ~D1304/, and thus 9550 ae The maximum valu of, = 0.0524" (rom Fig. 2.19) nd therefore (onan 2B at 20 od dn whee “These quantities ae agsin small compared with the bending stress at and the S. Venant shear sess at =~ [By inipestion of ig 220, we se that ts ot essary to copier stone ater tan te ends, end cer) 0° (a 2 El govern. Fo example, wt the ‘maxim allowable value of 30 ksi andr — 20 ket snd for r= Gin ‘the maximum valu of @ permite is equal t 0.737 kip In this a6 (ae ‘mas controling, With thee same allovabl tates, bot by neglecting the forsonl sires, we would have obtained Q= 333 ip. Inthe cae the neglect of torsional stresses woald have ule in prema allt. As the nest example we shall conser the simply supported wide lange ‘bam show in Fig. 222. The central consented load Qi applied with tn, H ie 228A tra ne conbind enig ad ngg.228 Darton do for idan co ton ‘scency eso as to produc @ isting moment M, ~ Qe about the shear ‘ele. This twat wl produce additonal steer, ray andy which at be superimpowed onthe longcdil sues due to beading 7 and the eee stres d to bending The it step inthe solution wil be the detrnation of the torsion crossattonal popetis, The able in Fig. 223 lust he computation ‘ofthe unit warping tems and, which inthis eabe te equ nce the ‘eae center Sand the ceatroid C elacide for duty symmetric ton, From Bq. @2.11) or rom Table 23 we know that ee wea LAC AEEAWOR oF RS a ‘The sath in Fig, 223 shows the dieton of neration by arrows od the sign ofp: pis the perpendicular dstane of the sament from C2 and i ‘Posie when Cis othe eto an observer who face inthe dstion of he row. Thediecionandsequene fintpratonarearitary. Finally thesame ‘ diagram is obtained reaurless ofthe order of iteration; hovers nd a mlb dependent on the order of iteration. The first col nthe {abl of Fig 2.23 shows the points on tects setion, the cond elu ves the ales ofp andthe third column ithe length ofthe ment {i The fourth column shows pb Tor each plat element. The station Bs sared at point Ian cared on through to peat ended by arom Inthe tale. The summation fer the braehes 5-2 and 6s sated withthe ‘als of, compoted in the wppe half ofthe table. The fl vale of are then given inthe ith cel, We ean aow compte an by the formula (rom Table 23) 1s BE ee HM N8) «(Ben « Bee) EE) Ho oe mete oe ee, foie en creer Be big act Tabaenretene Teoma tne near mean te iain aeeeeaer ere pet aren Conan eeriin sac ti ets ran cee a The S. diagram (ig. 2240) is constrcted diely from the os ite ram by wing the relationship of, (257, ht, S.= lata We know that ry and thus S., which is proportional toy (258) is 20 at the tip ofthe flanges (Fig 2.1), ado we can star the summation [rocss at either of he ange ups. We again wart, arity at point I Here both oy (Fig. 224) and the dzction of integration (etch in Fig,223) are postive. Thus the resulting Seat ow S, is poutine, This shear Row spositveii wiles counter- slockwise manent about the shear ‘coer, as shown by the smal aon at location ia Fig. 2240) AL poise 2 the shear Row from branch 1-2 is Simply the area unde he wy daar Times the cea of he element, of Sa=tdBi16. The amount ofS. ters jolt 2, and he ame amount Iai lw out, ther nt rape 28 oe 23, or into both Since he Aitestion of integrations toward joint 5, we must pik up the contrition of branch 25: At points both on and te iggt direction of integration are egstie 0 fe agin a postive shear flow rests Incegrtig fom 502, find hat at2 is agin 128/16. The to shear flows entering joint 2a a the same ‘ieton and of equal magnitude, ad ‘2 all the flow from branch 1-2 ows Se Inve branch ?-S, and no, How ito the we. This a pei station ex Ing. only for doubly symmetie Shapes Tn general, Now would belts @ _bathbranche, Since also Zero in SP, yp thewshsno shar flow isin ine we. "2 s'imlr procedure gies the dstzbu <4 tow inthe top ange The ai © ‘mam value of Se thas i equal to ‘Me204 Desibiimnotecends,—M'IN, nod i ccsrs athe center the Banges. The aro in Fig. 2240) sow th dition ofthe Aow 5. This is aot cesar the ieton ofthe ‘eae stese ny since this xe proportional fo [Ea 59), ‘Theseoaining torsional property Yo Be computed is. From Table23 Bt tos iad Fr Fg 2349 weno ve =H) +¢ b aber We now ave the neesuy information to determin th torsonl stetes st the cos section fe also know the distribution of", and along {he sus. This information i btaaed from the equation of the ange 10 ‘vis (8.72). The Boundary conditions forthe halength ofthe beam 0. 2 < 272 are (I) forthe simply supported end, (0) "(0 and (Qf te center $(2) = 0. This later coniton is do othe symmety of {he deformed shape about the cee ofthe eam nee Mis ape ‘The deformed shape and its derivatives are, ftom E272) snd the thee boundary condos, $i) - i ~arcetaray ck; coz Chet) =~ pecans (20K) sine + Git) ~~ santos yr(20) ents $C) ~~ session ‘The cores represeating these quantities ae sien in Fig.225 for AL = 468, ‘This value of Lis fora WFD sel shape, for which be following quant ‘ies are given or computed L=20in, = 1219, = 1,500 at boastrin B= 3000Ks Sl=GATint TaD int (Sag = 3018! (oar ws 03Tin ° \s _ GK — gages int aoe sin, YA EE = 0000871 Kea ISint gp ges “The quant 3", and" ae maximum at ¢— 12, and maxi- ‘mumattheends # = Oands = 1, With these properties we can now compute the resis dust the tvisting moment, = Je 1. St. Yan shar ses at 2 = 0. The St. Vent shea tes is tar Gig, 208 fom Fig 2.25 $0) = (0805(0426K), and theeore ons tor = YOS(0e) = 022101 Inthe fanges = 0641 in, and 50 (or)tame = 01418; In the wed 1 w= 371 in and rape ORDO. The sresen are dba ‘8 showa in Fig. 29(0), and tey are the makimum valor the uti fae ofthe eros tion,eating axa, e235, Vaan od dre nthe nth fe eam 2. Warping shar sivese at 2=0. The warping shear sess is re = 85,4", abd it le maximum at the eestor ofthe fangs (Fig. 2240) ALE 0, "= =011950° 26K) from Fig. 225, and tus rr = 0002406 3. Warpeg shar sess at # = 12 At 2 = 1/2," = —MI2GK, ftom Fig. 225, ands at this location athe ater ofthe anges t= 0012500 4, Warping lgina ress at 2 = 1/2. The sess ois equl to 0 Basia Fig. 225," = -O981(M 20K), and aoa ts loaton the maximum vate of oi tn ~0316Q¢ ‘To thew stresses e met 0% ‘ddthestreesdueto bending, From the shear and moment diagram in Fig. 226 we se that the theur Ye= 012 nifrm actos the whole Ilespin 0. =< 2, and thatthe maximum moment M,— QL/4 oc cura th ener oe pan 236 Stew od tds monet i 1, Longtdnlrers de totems Patent Da ing a2 1,2. The maxima bend. ing sues at thi oeton ft the otsde bers of the fangs, and this stress equal to ooa=Me OE. nae Bt 9210 ‘whee 5, the seston modulus abou the sis 2. Shear srss due to beding. The her stesein the alspan is defined es eon von Palate ‘The [Sptdr diagram for a widelange shape is shown in Fig, 227. The imporiaa’ locations of he sear tres ace a the eer of the Ranges ad [Neve e227. Disb f fyt dora wile ange cronthe enter ofthe web. At the Mange enter [yt ae — 4; ¢ = OA td heefore (rBnarn = 002950 [AL the center of the wed [yf = (2) + CFI: od thes osttin, (ain = 0.1280 “Te Jongiudinal sues are maximum atthe center ofthe beam. At this location the beading steve andthe maping seus ar debated sown ia Figs. 22%) and (b), respec. The combiaed longitu ‘Heese ae gion in Fig, 2280) The maximum sess occur atthe ight ‘Bangs is, ad they ae equa to 1.2480 forthe cas of ¢= ia. This in cess) can introduce warping steses which incre the maximum Steoies by more than 30 percent, thereby sbowing the peat sesiiy of ‘Wie lange shapes 1 torsional nome The various these sre af lesions == O and : ~ 12 are shown in| Fig. 228. The torsional steies are for an exsentisty of ¢ — 1.im, The Sirection and the magnitude ofthe stress are shown a the center of the anges (eaual ut opposing each ther i the flop andthe bottom Rags) and al tbecenter ofthe web. The mam alae of he stetes ae 220, trae = (00285 4 01498 40002410 ~ 01740 (01233 + 00829 = 02050 020 smn (0005 400050 sosere( TIT T "aud os . % 1% © © e ie 208, Nowe se htsboe Me = La aeno fpuse —ffomese — , * cy 1g 2. Sar ees = Od Even the largest shear sess is but small percentage of te masmutn Tonga sts 12430, a ol this problem tear wil govern the ig, ‘An even more thorough anal than Was presented ould involve the ‘evelopment of aormal sires tletries long he whole ng ofthe bea, Hoeven most case it i slliet to determine thesia oetions by ‘ial inipection, owas done i hs example 2.8, THE SeCOND-ORDBR DIFFERENTIAL, EQUATIONS, ‘The dren equation” to be derived next wil be formulated on the already dtormed member. Since the deformations aad th aterm foses tema longer independent ofeach ther, ne cannot consider each fst following Tinesbenko! or Visor (Chap. 3, Ret 1-1). Thea eguatown oe ah ‘des rane pcp rms y ah (pI Re 13,LZ ar a8 wi hes bine all fects into one formulation Because ofthe lengthy and ompliated cexpresont which would reel if we ‘were to elude every eonseivble kind C7 NSE aig eat est ates to the rately simple case shown in 7 Ose Bg!3s0-i ode contains most of | the loading ences with which we tall, | Inter e enncerae, “he member in Fig. 230i nity | steht and psmat. Ts ends art planed ad are prevented rom atl Ing wih spect to each other, Forses are only apple at send, Te oses Consist of compressive ail fre Pr Which i assumed Yo retains onginal | Sizction throughout the fading Mio= | 71 seb ciiag one Me Mn : a Le © Bema cnc aad Ss! ‘hand rule. Reactions R, and R, also 4 te ee SS ao 1 tatecnsetsimisne te sninies dese be id ‘notably the assumption of elastic be- — can Res nn pelt apt ete i a eee ‘he mide ine of a gecrlthiowaled openers section is shown in Fig. 231(0) The x andy coordaats ee principal coordaes psting ‘arough the centroid C. The pint Q is any loation oa the middle ie The ‘Asplacmens of te sea cetr Saran, postive shows; in addton, the whol cfs section ottes about S through an sag As moves fo through displacements wand v(Fig. 23170. 2 moves to 0" through 2 From the geomet relationships ehown in Fig, 23100), find tht 6 257, Teg dn ete aig Powe ocean ste ok td ning that de dei we sehet “ ‘ems of higher oder of magne we = Mo=—R4 sn 2 —sug0 aaa Merner ken’ 2.79), we find that 492 ~ $l a Flt) an) BEER an tet ‘Theta wing moments sum fhe four compones E28 (2.84), (2.87), and (2.88), oF feMe Mal 4M + Pyal — a — Re EO + Ma) LOB + May OP? We now know the moments which ae acting at any locaton along the sais Thee ae My, My andy We can equate them tothe interoal res tance of he merier. From Eq. (227) we get My= Els” and My~ +8hy sd from Ea, (2.5) the twisting moment i equ Lo My= Gk — El" Ie we define the Beng sien a8 Ben El, 208 B= El, em) 0d the St Von torsional tiffs 8 C= 0K, esp sand he warping sess as Gem Eh. en) we ean, flr some retrangement and by substituting Mf, and M, from Bg. 280) and (28) into Ege 282) and (289), wel the al direc sguutions. These are 1900 Mg fn d+] ess) eo Mar {Mn+ Mn) oi" — (Cr+ RY + uM + Ma + Mr) + Pro] = o[Ma— Et + Mad+ Pe] 098) = Ell + Ma) — le + Mad =0 ‘These tre ferential equation desc the equim of any cross seston nthe member shown a Fig. 20 Ta ovordance withthe sumption ‘ofall destione we ave neglected all ems volving be product f Ue ‘quanti, ge, and thus the equations are lipear with eee tothe thre deformations and g and their derivatives. The equations ae not Independent ofeach oer. Equation (293), whi epeesens beading abott the tong ans, fr example, depend loon che angle to wit which was ‘sowed ith torsion ony in Se. 24, ‘With thee the diferent equation we sal bein our examination of the havoc of beams nls, and beacolamnsin the seceding tee ‘chapters By ging up the prerogative of ang the pincipl of superposition, srith these equations ye hal be able to fll more about tbe behavior of ‘hese meters than we could withthe erie independent equations, There ‘uustions wl pent sn examination of problems of elastic buckling, and they wl alo fatoduce and lead to 28 undestanding of problems related to boclingin the nls age. REFERENCES 2. $.P-Timotenko and. N. Goode, Toy of lat, 2nd. Sen Yor: ‘Grae Book Company, 1985. 22, FB Sal ad JO, Simi dshnind Mean of Mater (Nee You: So Wey Son ne 1959, Chap 6 28.8. P, Timoshenko, “Theor of Being, Toon, and Buckling of Thi- iabiod Membre of Opn Cot Son” Jura of he Franlin Ds, You339, Nor 4 5 Marc, Apa, May 185 2A P.Ku, Sees in Aira and Shall Sacre (New Yook: MeGrae 3 Book Company, 180) 25, R,Dabronki, “Torsion Bening of Thin. Walled Menus ih Non Defor- fale Closed Crowe Seton” (Colanba Universi, Department of Gl Enperog an Mestanis, 183, 26 CF Kolber and K. Rest, Torso Bn: Seine Vea, 196. 27. B.D, Mindi and MG. Saad “Anslogs” in Manoa of Esper Imei Sest dng M. tego (Ne Yor: Jo Wie & Sonn, 20, 215 BG, Jobson anf, Lye “Sista Beso Torin” rouse of the ASCE, Vol 10,1938 29, 2G. Jobnlon an I A. Eldar, “Toso of Strata Shapes P= og fhe ASCE, Wo 8, No. SE, 9.205, Perey 1 210, 6 P Hens, Jy a PA Sete, Torso Anat of Ral Stel Senos, ‘Bethe Stel Compay, Stel Ds ile No 3-1, 184, 21, lumi Conan Mol Se York Te Az Asotin 1939) 2.2. Al Sacre! Handbook Petar: The Alasious Coapany of Are, issn, 243. BG. Joan and. K. Chang, “Toon of Pt Gnd,” Trmactons te ASCE, VOL 11, 9718,2... Hlldeod, Advan Cale for Buna Enpewood Clie, Ni Price Hal Ib, 198), Ca. 21. FW. Borcher “Scbnesanchiee ‘onosbenapeuer Tee it C+ uodl-Quencintan” Scns and Schon, Vol 1 NO. 3, 216, 1.8 Golde, “Tose of Land HT) Baume” Tromso of the ASCE, Wot 18, 95. 217. J.N. Goodie and M. W. Baron, “Te Eat of Web Defrmiton on tbe ‘Tonio of reams" Journal of Api Mocha, Vo I, March 1 28 ©. G. Kubo, B. 6. Jobstn, and WJ Ene, “Not Uoior Toran of Pte Gedon”iteuactou of te ASCE, VO I2ly 9.9%, 956 219. R Hala, “Dee Sstubverormangwiatns su dle Wabiatrion von Shen it flesen Prof,” Der Stab, VoL 30, No, 9.97, AB 16, PROBLEMS « 2.1. Deere the normal an th st fa for a thin-wlle ope0 rom mete fre Ma ys YB 2 iy cordon 22. Deerninethe coordina ofthese cel aston (xn Fi 23) tte coordites recente But na rel en, 2 Dec he eatin ge a Table 23, 24 Davee etonstips gen a Tae 24 25, See Fe P,25, Determine th loon ofthe sa ett, de thee, a fixie fie cams ana compute I fo the lowing tome ‘opener ntoos Exe fr cos ction phe ick of he ae se 26, See Fig .26 (2) Detain the oxi value f mie allowable soem sts Sian the nlomabl shar rs 1Ohat Cock ane th (@) What the corespondig vale a mb rosso aloe lar {@) Dic the compara of hanover fom (sn). 27, See Fig P27 a Deve exresion forthe angle of ei (0) Determine msi normal tes anton of My a my 9 they, forthe eos etn of problem 25. ~ 300: ~ 3000s = ‘S064 Use computer to develop also" along the =a 28 See Fig. P28. A union varying date load i ppl wih cet of to 4 16 WES el bum Wid spy appre’ de Oo wh ‘eepat to tedig a oslo, Deen the mimi allowable value oe oo praia | T Joo + ar) Bord Ore ropa 29 09200 @SS it a Determine the fosaons and magnitudes of the asin hen set uncon tm ‘oueniea b= #CHAPTER THREE Beams ‘A TE RESPONSE OF BEAMS TO LOAD Beams are members in which the applied loads produce prisiplly ‘beoding and shat, and in which the axa fre i naplighly snl (PO in Fig. 250, Members which ean be del In design ts beams compre a large portion of the members in famed strctres. ‘Most beams are designed tocar loads which produce bending aout the ‘major principal ans ofthe eos ston oly ibt i, loads ati © lane parle to the oz as which pases through the shear exter ste Fig 2a, We sal call his in-plane beading: Open sestions are not very ‘cient in resisting torsion. Eve though npane bending doesnot iatods torsion intentional docs et rom the very Begining of loading eee ‘faneoleble inal inpefctons ibe geometry athe uation Smal ecentcty ofthe loads. When the e-oplae dformation in the ‘ection of th x axis (Fg. 27) become mnie to the extent that they terminate the ues ofthe beam, we hae tearing Thin-valled beams are made up of relatively thia plate ements, Under tome conditions these pstes experince local buckling, Local buciing it combination vith lateral bucking often isthe cause of fre of beam. ‘When bending abou both ates aswell st orson is introduced inten ay, we have bia! Boning In this ehaper we sal examine each othe fet enueraed above. But fst we shall ean te tet performance fa beam tothe fale poi “The photograph in Fig. 3.1 shows the overall expen setup." A 10sn, wie ange beam was urpended at the tipo from an ovetad sider. Two equal Yer Toad were applied with hydra jacks at the ‘eam ends. This loading produced a moment distribution as shown i the sigrum inthe ast of Fig, 32. The central hed ofthe beam mas under Lateral support was provided by kafle-edge guides atthe support rods and st the ends (hig 3.1). Those guides prevented defo a the aera ot = Aiton and alo tvsiagat tbs fourloctions ae nti Fig. 33), The peformance ofthis beam can be died fom cures which rate te deletions inthe plane and in thes plane withthe load asthe i lane defection slowly inreased fom zero tot ial Yale a the end of 31 Beam tt Fr Labaato of Laie Uns1 of the tt, The performance ia the plane of bending is shown ia Fig. 32, where the moment A = QL is poted aguas the vera! defection tat the center of the beam, Ostofpine behavior i iustated tu Pig 33, where the cares give the moment veri ater! deflection w, relationship tthe ent ofthe team fr bob the tension and somipreson fang [At fist the eesponse of the Beam was est canbe seca bythe int ally near Mx, raionhip in Fig. 32! Elastic behavior was termite whe the sum of he tending stress and the eid ses frst reached oy ‘Yielding was fst observed fom flaking mil sale the horizontal ero ia Tig. 32: In this besm,yeldng started at the pe of he compresion Range in the central third of the brat. As move and more ofthe material inthe ‘nform moment region yielded, the resistance of the bam to frie load Ineeases was rece, 0 that fall no addtional load could be crtid “his occured whea the M-,cure bem horizon tt mom aa 0 Mg the past mament.°*" Beyond this pola the deformation incensed 34, Lateral detstion fb compen ngwithout an appreciable change in the Jon over a range many tes larger {han the deletion at nil ying "AS S008 ah My as snshyathined, we observed a bowing out of the compression fang into tex reton (open dls in Fig. 33) This tera edeton continued co increase withthe vertal fest ty wile the al defection ofthe tension Senge (il in els) remained very snl, ‘Dusag ths twofold formato, thatthe beam moving asa whole inthe _y irtion snd the compresionfange moving inthe = detion, he nial ‘age ofthe ern section was dred as shown inthe sketch in Fig 2.3" Unloudig was fay igre by local bucling inte most rane half ange in he central eon of the beam (ce vetal arrows in Fig 3.2 and 53.3) Further straining resulted in a Scrat ofthe load At he ast acrded dad point he team vs already badly deformed aad the test was slope ‘The photog in as. 3.4 and 3.5 show the Salton shape sad local bee in the compresion fangs, respect. “The et jst dsb represent fry tpl beam history. Thee ee however, a arey of othr posites. Some of thee are llustatd i Fie 36, where the cures give moment-vesie defection flor ia the plioe of Toading: The wold carve O42 correspon to the case where no 36 Pond nd let cane fr ans local and Intra bucling osu Tl isan ies condition seldom reached ith practial beams. The situation deserted above for the fest beam i ven by curve OAC. Load defection curves ae often dealied bythe atic Dotion 04D anda plas hnge eon DE. “The cure OA/Ks ypc of beams With varying moment gradient (sch ‘ssasimply supported beam wit ceatal concentrated loud) Forsch dems Strain hardening ext (Pig) tthe regio ofthe manimu omens and this the Afr etre ses cove Mp. TAs upward ie echecked and fly ‘evered by lea and lateral buckling. Curves OAFG and OAH! represent situations in which lteraorvionl or loc busking intuenes the iepane bebavir afer some potions of he team have yielded; eure OLM shows the ste ifaeces, but het they ‘cesur whle the team i sil elastic in Fig. 26 we have shown the best posible performance of beams (ave (O4B), and we aso ave shown how acta bea fall short ofthis eal Inthe stbsequat are ofthis chapter weal examine tex shortcomings in more deal and we shal sce how they ca be coasiered inte Gn of beams. We dhl start our examination with lst eas 22, plasmic means TM DIERENTIAL mQUATIONS ‘The diferent equations for esti primate members sbjocted to ead {orees wee developed in Chapter 2 and we shall make wie of them ber the fom in whic they apply to Beams. Among the Tors shown i TifA bh 20 vests P= 0 sam cont {fh Sere Say = Sno Tey fons tg | SSehenmtefeand es shown ye Se Awe hee ens tepuinccesiante 30. Wit te ae bane A fom (30, he item ton ba eos a5) tok Goon 1g 37. Foca ca aber Dy, an Bul 4g =0 co) C4 BY +a — (Mat Mayo G3) ‘Theft ofthese equations invlis only the vertcl defestion the other two lvoe both the lataldectionw ofthe shear cete andthe twist {bot nots. The fst equation is dependent ofthe other tr, but the Inter are intrelted trough the eccarrence of oth and Ia cach oo ‘We have thus two iodependent sis of eqntions each at wl provide os ‘with important information about the bebavoe ofthe be, Fin we shall examine Ea.) If we dierent it wie, we ae 3" AME BOE My= —Mae (IDM + Mo, 484 50 2 — 0. With the notation B, ~ Ei, [,(2 90], the dite equation becomes F.9" "This eguation ithe same the diferent eqston of n-plae bending Which we devine io Chapter 2 [E5224 with ~The he Seam wl erm in x plane trough the shen center, a thir plane parallel t he a plne Tecus look athe simple xample shown in Fi. 3.(- In thi beam two qu ead moments My ave bending the am int single curvature der Iistion. With the sign convention of Fig 3, Myc —-Mor Mes fad M, = Mo. Thus fom Eq, Eo" = ~My, ARer a tool ins tion we obs =Moi2 4 C246 aa ‘whee C, and, are constants of integration which we determine frm the ‘boundary condos (0) ~ WL) 0 to be equal fo C= Mil? and ‘Gi=0. The nal deletion equation is theeore 4e8)-@)] es wo32 seve ” & 1g 38, Beha am un os moment From Eg (5) wecan detemine the end slope = (0); thas, Od 65) “hiss alnerreatioshipYerven M,end@ for any sven beam of length snd elt fos El “The relationship expres in By. (26) becomes valid whe the mie ‘mum srs inthe Beam races oy. Fiom Eg. 2.1) 9 Maya; the tani ‘mum ses wil be atthe exeme be ofthe eos section (y a2, where isthe beam dept). Wat the abbreviation 24 ~ Sy the section mod, tnd noting that fy = Mo, we ave om tt on ‘We shall assume for the time being that the member contains no resids sewer so. 32 stress, and so we can St (an =a thes Ca = See 69 eros introduce the tm ed manne My= Ser ro) ‘Setng Eq (35) nto the slope equation [Bg (3.6), we gt the slope core- sponding tothe ition of ding GL b= G19) 1 we use rom Ea (10 to noninensinalis Ea (6) (Bing both Saerby a nese at 2M oi om “This rook isha a the sol ih linn i. 3.80). ATRL ORSON QUIN Equation (3.11) sald a long a <0. tn adton its nesesary ‘hat this tlaonsip alo comply with the sondtons imped bythe eee ing ewo diferent equations (hai, Eas. (.2) nd (29). Ua ws examine them aow. The sleacy familiar portions of the egeions ee y= El, (Eq: 290), ¢,— or, tea. (290) and Cy = 2, (292), The tom & ‘a defn by Ba. 286) as R— fou dd where os the tee anyober a the cross section uncer consideration abd ai the ditance between the poi whee o ats andthe sear cater. Theses is dened by Ea 2.0, Sand from Fig. 231 #9 EO on Therefore RaM(a f yt — 2 ved sf xpd yf yd = apf yiees [ rad) It ted ree toa ropety Let sy oy, ey ‘and noe the relationships of Eqs. (22) nd (23), we obtain haa 19) be sc. 32 oes » After difeentating Eqs. (2) and (3) and setting the spropriate terms for My By Cry Cy, and K, we alain the following two ein equations fr Iterator! buckling Eye} Mah" + 2M ‘The application of Ege. 6.15) and (3.16) wll now be llstted on the ‘eam of Fig. 3.8(a. In adion to the conditions lead sated, ne hall specify that the cous scion has double symery that i, 90 = nd tht the ends are simply upored. This cas thatthe ead sections x0. Bot defect o twist they at fest Warp and no end moment exits about the atin The bsnday ono sae) il) 30) Be "O-")-7O-sw=0 Pores wi ot gmt ta be shown hat Bak" sat dé~0 an With Me = Ma snd Ms = now become equal to (he difteratal equations Ege. 6.15) 2082.16} Ely + Map" =0 cy EL" GR" + Mui" =0 19) ‘Next mo ntarate Ba, (2.15) tvie that is, El + Mb + C246 =0 om) ‘wher Cand C, ne constants of atpaton whic are eu to zo from the ‘ondary condtons. Ths from Fa (29) we ae, Me ean Ie set Bg. (3.21) nto the seond difteal equation (Ea. @.10, we ob- tain an equi whieh is only a fction sf ugar" Mis 0 o2y * vaso 6.19 an 10a wh Eg 2 aR 4: Nee ott whe xt pe Be (Ege Rel 139 fre ae ‘See eng Hs mpc! the Ah and he iin HEL TS ‘ine hat aay en pied ut by Maas Mn“This equation canbe writen as ere 29 hee nae oa ee a= (SEER 627 With the four boundary conditions $0) = $1) = $10) = gL) =o ‘we obtain the following four simltaneous equations for the unknota con sans C), Cy, Cy, abd, fom Ea. (3.25) 0 60) + GO + GO) + EC) = Glad + + C0) + Cat) 0= cosh gL + Cysinh aL + Cy sin aye + C,eo8ayl = Catcosh ab + Cyt sah aL — Cyn ab — Cocos cL ‘These simuancous equtions are fomgenous, and they ae sated only if G = Gy ~ Cy — Cy 0 (rl solution, becae then ~~ 0) for the derminat ofthe cette ofthe akeown isco Gone Solon) We ean forms hs ater conltion a follows ox 1 o ° 1 a ° ° -a |, cuba sinha any coca, aa Jalcosha,L alsinhak —alsna,k —ateor aac “This determinant i ale the characte determinant by expanding this determinant and simplifng, we obtain the ollowing characte “equation oF buckling conden: (e+ apt sah cut sinc a) “The ems anc Fl hi elaoneip nore og solaton for which and ate nant, The Sst brackets the sum of two pose mu bers ands itis not equ to zo; sinh izero only if 0, wih cv ease, Thus Ba, (229) can only be te if sincgh = 0 a2) This wil be 50 only for certain specie values of cs hee ate called the characterise vas oe eigemaler of the diferent eatons, abd inthis fase toy are chore ay where mis 12,3... By subtuting nd (qs (.28)} it the equation for as (Ea. GT), we get afer soe eacrangemen thecal or Buck a = 5 BRT EE) ox When 4, is equal any on ofthe ales (4) Eg (3.32), it posible hat Tata rsoaal deformation w and 4 exis, tht the ben can buck ve next subttute Ea, (3.30) nto the ginal Zour homogeneous sims. tansous equations, we find tat C, = C= C,-~0 aad that me cannot determine snything ele about C exept thi its no equal to zero, Therefore ‘he defected shapes [om Eq, 25 with a = nx] $s ox) ‘Osr anni coud not, however, ell us anything about the magi of he etetion since we do not know the vale of Cy’ We ean ao determine he Inter dtection wy sbttatng Bg. (3.3) nto Eq (221. Aer interaion and using the Boundary conditions a0) = 1) = 0, e et ig wi) pe We shall now examine the significance of he results obtained fom the Solution af the two diferent equntions. We fund that he dtermatons and g could assume nonzero values onl if the loadiag (thi cave the end ‘moment MG) was equal to cern specie values (gentle, Ea. (331) ‘At thes etic oad the Beam can bein laterally undeformed position (@='$—0) since the vial lution ead for any ood ut team aloo be ‘in egiium ina ltrally deflected shape. Tus at ert moment tbe * Dione he materiel oper of tig fe snr he oe then toe tn myo Tefloning tts em a hha Zand in Ra 130 Chp 2 and St Ret 15 and CaS ‘ethan te tert ln ts iilmass so. 32 cqulibcum can bitrate, or s¢ we dened iin ‘Ghupier 1, the beam bockes Our soa hae ‘sien ar the valuesfor the ciel mone at which buckling can ocear (Eg. (3.2) and the shape of the buckled member (Eas. (2.3) and QJ; that Ira To onde to make se of this information inligeny, we mast considerate ftors which do sot fallow fom the mathemati derivation proeated To expuin thes factors we shall consider the simple model gives in Fig. 39. A ig bari retained ato end by otationa pin of ess A. This it is sbjeted toa force Pat sop nd & moment M; atts bottom, Egulibriun of ‘moment about the pivotal pont gies the relation- —K=0 635) Hath 639) ere = MK. The cresting @ and PL{R for various values of , {he showrastheslislinecurvesia Fig 3.0, Ford ~0,4-~Oforany vale EPL However, atPL/K = LOUwo branches orga one wih postive {and one wth «nesatve 8, for whieh PL{K isrense monotonically 38 @ ecomes larger, Ths bur buces where the equllvium biuret Prem KIL! The curves for nonaero vate of const of two independent branches, one on the postive side of # and onc onthe neptve side Ay approaches zr, th cures beome asymptote to the curve Fr 8 = 9. ‘We can think of 8, s an nial inpeeecton present i any srcteral ‘tem. We ce thatthe bar reas neelystsight, with ony a smal initia Iperition, ut PL/K = 1.0 appeaached; however, neat hilo are Sncreases of deformation rel feom smal nereses nthe yatemSecomes ‘of a this poin. Such sitaaton shouldbe avoided in areas, Equation (36 gives information oly about the eqlum ofthe bar: ieval nothing about the state of thisequbium. We ca ts the sabi inj ofthe sytem by istrbing it by avira rotation" 16" canbe applied ‘without changing the fore, en the bars ats inicof stay The eullb- ‘ium equation (9.2.36) changed only in the terms ivaving rotations, ‘but the forns semain unchanged: thus the eqiriam ofthe dire ta rad a dey om HO) y= Oat 0.32 ewe * f ¢ | fe ‘ron 1p 30, Landon cae bcapng ede sem som 9.030, een B-Bah aan ‘Aer sone wgpnomeie manipulating and noting ht i sal ch huge sf sods 210, wed Ph ind + 6,0) 46-(SEemd 1) —0 “The int expression in parentheses is ro from Bg, (3.6, and since "in Phe 10 639) fives the equation which delineates the boundary betwen stable and un Kable egllium, The carve coresponding to Egy (238) is shown as aasked nen Fig 5.105 the region flow herve i stable, and he pon above i i unstable Since dstrtanser are alays lily to be pen, the System wl tury astume stable defection configuration ‘The curve in Fg. 3.10 ge the complete history ofthe simple stn Sow in Fig. 34° I wil be apreciated that a siar analysis for eve the imple team of Fig. 38 would be vast more complicated, The diereata qutions [Eas (1) through (3 would not ony have to cota te ‘counting fornia erokednes but they Would also hae tobe formulated for lnre defections Such thrdorder anaes have been peeorned for Columns fist by Euler, noel the dered shape ofthe bueled column ‘eesti (So 2.7, Ref. 1.2) Sie problems om the hiorder ais of teams were considered by Masi; the eet of small moment bout {he mea us (My and My in Fig. 230) was teat is great dtl by Pete ‘ego, wha, weer, dd ot nla the els of large deformations. “The conclusion raced fom thee studies ate eeatily the same as ‘hose weaved at rom the siple model of Fi. 3.105() the eal avait be intial imperftions whit are nessa preset in ay mob wil ‘ot realy ndunnce efonntions computes by ansming a pera srl ‘Systm ual he loads are near the buckling loa of the peret seem, 2) ‘rar the buckling lad he suctre becomes sf, that, sal eet in Toad ssalt im vey lage incrensen in detection, () large detctions all las cur near the loves buclig los, and therefore the higher modes ‘ave no real sgifieance (that in Eg, G3) the only teal moment of ‘atrest out when = 1) and (@) the laden carve athe lic ‘region continues tore lb alnost inpercepbly fr staal determinate Seam and column, aod unloading can thot ool be ilated by yds ‘which wl invarabty ear sooner orate “The computation of the lead-debection cure for members wih inti Impereon is eous at bet abd is seldom jstiabe im procts.Thes, cen though we know hat Bfwcationsype bucking never rely oxi, ‘ve we the eral load fran lial stsiht member indesign son Te limi of strength ia the clasti egi, This precy what we i ear for the beam of Fig. 3.8. Many laboratory tess and sure design practi: thse shown thi to be a safe and reasonable proach, Te summary thea, when Afb ear (fy (Eq (232), relatively age values of td result, and we can consider (Nf), to be forall praca ‘purposes the marimmtorbeat which the beam can cay, Thos vp fo Mc (ie the formations of te member are goveroed by Eq (3), vided (Hy Myr AU My = (Mil the beam Wil experiene the start * Sud rr el dey preening Pay ie peng enh fret ci i hed by Ma nd we 32 mos % of latratorsional Bucking, afer which Mca increase only neglle ‘moun wt unoeing i tgged by yellg ar comiderbl orm tion fe dasbed cures ia Fig. 38) and (@} Our mathematical aoa ‘ves ony the vale ofthe ert momen and the spe of he baled tember no moe formation on th postbekling benno the pees tember or onthe Bear of he el member ca be obtained oly atte Cox of reat dea of extn work “The deestion history ofan ross section shown in Fig 3.11 Location 1 dents te section ben. f= 0, ha ote snlade tat: eton 2 sows th ton when 4, = (bat Bung bas ot yet oud; finally, locaton 3 gies the stun her bcting [sl bing eg 0 (Og) Dang bukling the seton rottes abot the point Cy» Tes eater of rolation i focated a ian jy blow the Shearer, Shee tan tin we can exes this ditanse 8 Me son ge ox) by substiting and w fom Eas. (2.3) and (3.4, Setting (Ma) form = t © Pe SM, Posons os on cio fan te slingfom Eq. 3.32) nto Ba. 2.9), we ind that NODE] ow Alter some more reerangement we cam also exes Eg, (3:38) as yu= VE HEY ay “The second radia ia a. (40) i early gual owt for very long em bes, and the secod saa is unity for very short meter in Eg: Gal) Tha Jug = (L)x) OKIE, for long beams end yer Tl, for short beams. For widefange sections I. Jd 4 (able 24, and 90 the center of ration i ja = (@'~ yo atthe ene of the tasion ange for shore beams. Point Cig moves avay Tom this point atthe member becomes longer uate diel a the lent for long beam. ‘Our disusion onthe lteraborsionalbueling behnvor af he bea in Fig. 38 applies equally well to anyother ype of 8 mendes, nd we stall, totter make wi ofthe concep which were troduced has we stay the Buckling steenth of cols, asics, and Tames i ater ea For the beum and loading of Fi. 3. the lowes erica moment is etal to(Eg. G33) with =I) zi +o oa ay “The szond term in the square oot inthis equations ealy equ to wniy focrelatnely long beats, and cou be conservatively neglected; tha Wo > VEER: re) ‘We sal now compute the length Zor whic the ctl moment is 06 2G [arrow in Fig. 380), for # 27WF4 ASTM Aad sel beam The for lowing properties are gen: ey — SOs, = 23,000 ks, = 11,200, Sy —2B8in'y fy MSLIn’, Ky= 438i, and 19.700%n" The ‘ld moment My — Say = 2328 $= 12.100 ping and then (Me 06 My = 7.284 kip-in Subsitting the know numerical vals into Be. G42) and solving for the unknown length, we get = 276in, (230%) ‘Thus a 27WFO4 beam of «length of 281 would ck ltrally at a= 0.8 ‘We can manipulate Bg, (242) to obtain formola which wil emit i= ‘vestigation of the ialaece a he various paamcters wh govern the equ ‘on, using the widedange shape as an example, We Brat nondimensionslize % sae naan, haan, nee — Gasy 2K aa) (ere besides the aready-defined symbols, r and are he tong and weak tsa of gyration, respectively and the formals Tr J tom Table 2, we ge the flloviag expression forthe nondieasional buckling nomeat: Gi), "SEW chase om ing ofthese ratios are eal constant fr elle ses wide ange shapes: d= 238 and (Usa) 095. These rain vay less th 10 percent om the sterage values ven bere, Wea aho note tha theft (GiE~ 1/21 +») (vs Poston’ ratio, od it sega to 03 fr ste) is ¢ onsant equal © 0.385. If we subnet these values to Eq, Gl), We ‘bin the llowiag approximate formila for old widedange shapes: (i), = SN ay Ce ‘The variables which contrat lateral-toeionslbukling ae (I) he senderess "alo the material oefciet e, end (3) the erossaecuonal constant ‘Dp! This ater coeticiea varies from about 30> 10" for trsonely weak ‘ection to about 7 10" for very compact shapes, The majority of he Shapes tein the args between Dr = 180 10" and By = 2,000» 10" ‘The curves in Fig. 3.12 are a grapbialrpresettion of By. (48 for , x10" = 180, 1000, and 2000. From tis gure wes thatthe etic ‘momeat is inversely proportional othe length and othe id stress Shapes ‘sally used as beams al into the range 150 Dp > 1 1,000 The Aashed tines in tis igure show theese! above which the curves ace not valid Tor thre types of sel (ASTM ASG AMI, and ASL) beat of yldng ‘The caves in Fig 3.12 sete how lateral torsional baling seth ‘an be represented graphically. The shape of the carver rapid dest a strength for shor beams ad a gradual decease in strength or long beat — is typical ofall busing problems. Tese curves can be tae (o obtain ‘pid estinate ofthe elas rite moment of any wide Bunge beam, ei rnd 69 Dr a yc! punta wf teag oat tr = 00h secon or Mom, tr w= Mtr pete Fg 31. Meng cantor wien: tame The cca conlton expressed by Eq (342) s appeal fora simply supported beam of double symmetric section subjected to uniform moment Foran esymmercal setion under uniform moment th dierent equations of aterabtonional busking become (rom Bas G15) and G15), Ele" + Meg" 0 60) (Ch + MB" = 630) Bug “The sof thee eatin i stl with Ee (18), and It an be an Tormed fo spe bondary onatns EC), slaty We ea to ‘Spr he soon en equations tet (Be 29) Panda =0 heey iit whe fom Bg. (120, bt ne = ei ibe es From Ea. (.23) she buckling conton forth boundary eonions MO) = 0) = G0) = $0) = 6) =") = 4) = $"UL) =0 Gimple supports) becomes aogunarss pe . Se ree Bele EaED] om eee eee rial 0B The ee Siete rea rgens me te te “The vale of 8. i compaed by Eq (3.13). Formulas for eeveal cmon «ross tions ae gen Blow. td -o os) fo cane Bem be oe + 004er— ap BY) (Bp +s 2E I} —a. fos widen hp of ng ngs (abe 24 655) = 5-2-0 ane 1) ~~ 3+ (4) ]} for te section (Fig 313) For thi soction the shear ceteris at the ntr= ‘ection ofthe midline of the Mange abd the stem aad 807, Je 12 ‘We shall usa the aplieton of Ba. (353) by exatning the ete torsional bucing szength ofthe tre tee Reams for which the properties sve given in Table 31. The moment equation [Eq (53) canbe transformed 056){nto an equation for rita dese by ‘iin (ha bythe seton modulus Mae ls = ips Ta os whee the coctiente Ay sad As are | fapstins of the master anders i sectional propre and they ar ie } in Table 31 forthe three secon. It Fe Sth Dimes of a ez cons ‘MOU be Acted thal for to sa si Ta 0, sine py ~0, and 50 oy reqyere on the section (ae Se. 2), and thatthe maximum sess wl eat he lower end ofthe se se, ‘Then reultng Wess Ly cares ate shown in Fg. 314 for the tee sections. The slid cures coespnd to compression in the Range [= ada Js Bq (57), and the dashed curves are Tor enon ache Bunge cada, Forte psitv ral ey) — > 85 Ir =O, but forthe negative radia =O for Ly = 0. Hower, with he appiaion of L Hosp’ ale 95 (we applications ofthe rule) im 0 =~ oss) Se STEW staWRS — TuNE x6 030 soove MISC Maus! AISC Mullen Cop ne! = a Pao ‘nope é amis “ies & Toei i Bein = She, oe ie Pe S14 mica er fortes et ‘Thus ifthe sem of the ee i in compression, a Limiting enc sres f reached when the lngth approaches zoo, Thi eal srs sequal (0 “3764s, 184s, and —S18 si especialy for the [Sin and the 9 ste tees and for he aluminum tee. The existence of such imtng sition is somewhat diferent fom the usta casein which thecal eli stress sppeoaches itty for very short members. For very sort te bea in‘which the stem is in compression it canbe Showa tht eviting takes place Shout the shear centr, Thi isthe case of pure torsional buckling (we ‘Chaper 4)" We hae now pnd emul for he Htraorsont ulng scone oy gometiig GA) snd sooner 0) cy ‘ype tens, Sine Wounds ave one tone suport cnaon {itor eume conion hen cas re ney nd oul ‘edn incae ues’ = yp ~ Oath banda Teel stoton 1a stnphcs ben ae eens inorder ols elt tthe bd, we halo amine bea len nr unr momeat 3a sage tomy Saonwh sopevand tad ends wh ropes tof Tat 1)= v1) = 40) =") = 60 = 8-H ~ $0) “0 a We ca rod tw i for hsm supa beh ring ou Eqn G0) and G19) an ego te sluon ofthe tet sxton 238 Bo Combat Cuinhar + Cine + Goose Satton ofthe or toudiycondon for ms in he lowing teclng condo sr enlace ling rere dtm cobatovat-1+($=M)iaratsnata0 4) Intute ed y Ep. .29 a4 2.2, pen. Thsen fusing itl lato Ey 3, we noe hve ‘ater conpes unncenentl enon fom whl sow del ‘tein sslton Afterall tad er we adh he ces ‘Somat eating Ea (1) eee 9 08H, for 0 WED sed ea, ES Show ase Vistolsh a. tha) of kngh Lay, Te ‘crmpendig etl motes fe sag smpre eas024," Tas thetonion a end incense cea momen cowie Equations ofthe depres of complesty of Ba. (0) are not wncomon| forlberaltorsozal bucling protien. In at, ost oben are not ame tulle to elondsorm solutions tal, We thus have to rerio ther ways ‘btining slation. Sach approximate and sumersal procedares ca Se oughly casio into the fellowing thre estepois (1) numerical integra ‘ton, (2 nite ciereae methods, ad 3) enery mtd Of these, te fest ‘vo become realy efsiet only if electronic computing devices ere sed: the lat adapted to hand eallation, “The mamerical integration process a8 wed by American engines was developed by Nevaeh" ‘who adapted the Stodol-Vinlo graphic! proce into an ecient numeral tol. The preesire has teen applic’ by Anstn, Vegi, and Tung" forthe solation ofthe ate rsonal Docking siregth of beams subjected to ether avail dsb oad fora cenral concentrated load fr vious ees of end restraint. Bath the lateral andthe torsional boundary conditions were vase Irom the filly ied tothe fly unrestrained (mpl) condition. Numerouschats and ables are provided inthis work to permit easy compulaton ofthe ekg leeds {or thes loading conditions. The finite diference procedre consists in tanforming the deren equations [ch at Bas. G15) abd G1 for example ita difleos eta ‘ons. Some ofthe maty authors weatiag the finite dere procedure are Sahadoti and Baroo,™" and Ceandal'™©” The second and the fourth eaves ofthe evsing angle ¢ in dierenceterminaogy Yor any pot ‘oma beam subvided int ual paces (i. 3.5) ae eal to. gf = hPa =. es pa fs Ms + 6, 2) : GF loa We can thus write he diferent equstion Prong 0 os) athe point a8 Haart 6h Mh + fd) = Mis 2+ bed — PEF 28 + ed — rh “his equation isa linear and homogeneous equation interme the weknown 6) the loadearsing capacity sil inesin, But senll nce np re accompanied by large ceases in end rotation ‘Weshall next contrast the beavirof a continuous beam with that ofthe simply supported team of Fig. 328. Th sluon of eal indsterminate problems is not as staghtlornard as the wolation of deteinate problems, In order to determine the curatre diagram we mist know the moments These cannot be determined bythe eqlibvium coadition alone, and me ‘mus utlze the condion of compat. ‘One way of ding with a foeatc statilly indeterminate beam wil ‘now beillstated bythe three-span continuous beam shown ia Fg, 3.24, “The seomety and lading re given in Fig. 824), and the moment gram ‘shown in Fig. 324), We do ot as yet know the vale of Ma (tered ant momen), bat we Know tht for coatinuogs deeced shape [Fe r fete ha :2.24) he slope athe rght end ofthe side spo mur equl the slope at he iter of he exter spn : Lek may From his condos th edandant omen etn, Teen spe © be . ® oad ffecae ann forte sie pans, and a= [foe au forthe center spas, seeding tthe moment area theorem, We want o find ‘oul the ration batwee he apple oad Q and the slope [A fst the beam is elas andthe curvatre proportion t the mo= rent (64. (111) The dae euratere diagram i shown in Fig. 32%). By intepaing Eqs. (118) and (3.11) and sting the two slopes equal to ach ote, we find bat nthe ase range a= 3QE 12) ] 9, 0 Qe en tn nondinensonl frm at (14) and (117 these equion ee inet mat aay Ot VG, 4 : -% G15 ‘sic hv is temimisd when the maximum moment bones qual 1 1SMy, This ocers atthe centr of the Beam when p= 6 = [SST Thusin he elastic range theloud-deformation raion is B~ 0025p for O 15a is dtemied trom ster of Egy 0123) oF 8130), “The care relating Q and 6 (oadimensionaly ms p aad 8. respectively) i given in Fig. 3.2 Even aller Ylding at the sappots andthe eat, the curve contnaes fo rie, “The development of the pS cave in Fig. 3.26 i « tne-consuming ‘proces, nd it would bardly be usd in ottine clusions. We can abies ‘uch simple resus by ignoring the atrinardening region of the ‘ve altogete, sis done in simple plastic analysis" Tehisis done, thes ‘the maxim moment which an be sepportd at he to pepo ofthe moment diagramof Fi 325) egualto = I-5iy, Thscanbeespresed forthe contr ofthe coaiauous bear [Fie 3250] a8 OL 1 SMp = 1.5 trom which the sximum lod is Qp = 12My/Lor pe ~ 12. From an clastic sas the continuous team wecan determin that Me ~ 3010, ‘sod thar the momenta the enter ofthe berm f 701/40, Yisding wilco ‘pence fistat the larger ofthese, 5My = 7QL0 (py = 8.574 shows I Fig. 327). The pd curve conesponding tothe Md carve without sain ardsig i showa a dashed carve in Fg 26 1 coincides wih the more presi curve in the else region, and it los approximates i ut he ‘maximum lad acordng to simple plc analysis rece. Because of the noglct of srain hardening, an angular dscomtnuty exe at the rp Ports and the load point. These discontinue epresent plat ngs! 13 ent ee od ‘An snus which utiins the casieplastc MAD curve i called caste. laste analy ithe simplest model we fo analyzing lease beams. The dieuson of the in-plane response of «rectangular beam in the lacus ange has showa that () te Me curves the bse iastrument om Wich we cam start to develop the deformations of ineastc beams by nt ‘oa, (2) continuous beams poses a large reserve of loadurying capac tbayond the east limite Fg. 3.2, () the maximum load according 10 simple plate theory is ls than te acral capac, and (the mechan, fielding nd strain hardening lays relia loudedeecton curve which Ssvsing Thiater pont indets that rom in plane behavior alone we ca not prodit a drop in the load-eformation curve, and tus we must Look flere for nding te canes of unloading ad usa ule “The devlopmeat ofthe moment curvature elaionsbip for theretangular°F enres oo 37. Monette sh fr wideflange as stape was lately simple, For mere comple tapes wich abo conta {al sues, the Seeopment ote eb caves an rc els Semipapial procedures whch ge Pints oa the Mb cane ts. st lneinteralshae brn rte by Kee, Kann nd Bede" for widefags shape ih terial see pten of Fig... Formas for hres or the devloment of cmtnsos care have als tee pubs andthe soon hs ben pregaedoradgalcompute™" {Tas care for an SWF51 beam witha satu compen rel ste of 3b shown oF. 32 “Te detrination of he 0 care the ft ep in naying the ‘alate nopanedformtion of terms, From a kaowidge of the sae Srlncarie te pe of heros slo, dt dal tess para ‘ven coupe ts curve by obsrviag th qulboum concn M = [lead tg tat pn eons ee tending remain plane dng Se can we analyal methods sho above fr he tae Pe raphical methods, or tumerel methods, Inte ase of 77 = we could determine the Me curve experimentally. TWithgled-0 carve known, we can deteioe the ioplane defections of ern esis one reoeth miin have Ben soled inthis way es, for example, Ref. 3.2. A simpler method, which however, sll tls stain hardening i presente in Ref 3.27 For praca purpose it often sient to oa simpifed curve con- Sting ft stag ines (ashed curve in Fig. 3.27 ceeesenting the ease Part and the pase part of the curve, This M-b curves the bani of silo Paste dig, and te we as safe bai for predicting the plane load ‘eformation relationship hasbeen demonstrated by many expeiments on varity of sirutures."*" On the oter Band tis azessry fo cones the ‘actual Mp curve if we want oped the ove lateral rio! buckling in the inelastic range. Our dscusion on in-plane thao in the inlasi range was introductory and ply tie. For Farther ty ee fo the varios texte on pli deig (Rel 1.17, 18, 4,32, and 39). ‘The anger of trons bosling in th ati age greter shan in been rags cause sees Cys Cr which govern the etl oud inte eats ve (Eq (2) andy. ero ying, "hi mteaLonoal bling ocurswn i tpose that eu- sium exo under the se oad to ral denned poston {Gesions oon) aoa larly Sed poston (cero Sd jee Fig 31H) wih nally lowe to eae eon Poste, We shall ow apy tae pny tothe seo lee "Sslontbeking in the inti range “Theresa olaralorional tucking depends 0 he exits of the eros ton wo moments yo In Caper 2 we he fond ht Mom Ba" and Mem Oke! BL" (Ege Ga) end 00). The exbationscxreing th Ie side ofthe formas (E282) end 289) Were eed rom gin sosereion los nd th they aval Inte cate swe as tees ange, We ned to wory ony abot he Maken se ome Tetuslook te ile tanga rs ston of Fig. 328) Ache instant tfore buckling #0, ae the com soon ete ol to 8 Ioment Mic retsinthe ste triton shown in Pig 9.280 ‘Sessa gram fhe mater i son a Fig 329 Tos a ner! bol the cose ston ‘lave rotated about Ci through angle (ig. 3280, A vol che secon wif jeted {einomeats My My and Net ws ead for he tine Benga ook at M,and Mont) Fromiég. 32) M— Ml at we have no ctraly appl nent fy nd 0M nd i= hl Ou conn ae 10 dee tere ot aay ‘eld eo al EN My% ~ © p32, tread ater cl yl ce tin We tt ok a rn smo (Te tlre ‘Sn roe sou in deporte cot Socata eka, il te cmd yt et SecGen stp ‘eon Ta fow Re 3 ee eo) 175 at ti (2) The setion has just buckled and issubjcted to small moment My, wile Af as not change. The prscace of sain defo My 80 tls ow {tal wl ede the stuns i some of te aleady-leldl portions ofthe ‘eam, andthe reslig stress wil be below snc ste unloads elastaly (Fig. 329, asow C). The unloaded seeons are shove doubly batched i Fig 1286). The laste core iincresed nian BB =H Began on) where fs the moment of inertia ofthe repon which neve ied ps the ‘mowent of insta ofthe rglons which becae atc upon losin Tithe ist nstance weave assured that te srese il flow the me 39) see ro ath by which they are at the inelastic tage (losing st shown by a ow Bin Fig. 323); nthe soond instance we have atuned tha unloading is elas (arrow Cin Fig. 329, ‘Let us now sim up ous dings: tthe instant of bucking he resistance to lateraorsonl busking is deter by the ss eore I we ea Hd the sinesses BC and Cy then we ean ae oot previ theory [as exe rested by Eqs. (32) and (3.3) to determine the eal ssoments, We hive {wo choise fr computing tht tiffs: They ean be based the come ‘on exiting jst before buklingo they canbe tse onthe condition a ter busting: Since the forces inde bythe Buckling deformation wil not signcanly inceae the extent of the areas lends but wil sini jenny decrease this area, the later tienes ae large, acd soe shall, ‘bina lage real moment. The question ow ie: Wh of tee to ‘tcl moments she corest one? “The duality introduced by the evo concepts with regard to the tiesies essing buckling wa dmovere inthe ls esa ofthe 19th etary when "Engsser presented to formols forthe buclingsrngth of axl loaded calmns "20 Ope of thes, the argent mod forma, was based fn the assumption that unloading fallowed the same pathy long ‘The other formula, the reduced meds formula, assed onthe esumption of elastic unloading. The reduced modalus forma alway eds to larger "ale f the erica! oe, Foe 50 years oro, enainers considered the rele ‘modulus conept 10 be covet, but there has conierble controversy bout his “The paradox was sed by Shanley," who showed by avery simple ‘theoretical model that the inelastic range twas not nessa ome! fo Assume that the possi of buckling ested when i cold be proved that {wo nlgboring defesed shapes eit unde the ala We shal dala ‘more deta with Shanley’s ertion in Chapter 4 but his conlsions, ‘whisk ze pene tony inelatisbferestion-spe buckling peblem, wil ‘bested ere: (I) The tangent moduls loud i alvays small tha the ‘edaced modus Toa, @) the tangeat modus load the highest loud at ‘which no inter deformation can exist fora iii pret bait) Mtr the tangest moguls lea is exceeds, lateral deformations mayest, Sod an ineressd loud can be carried uot & maim lon 8 reached, (2) ‘th maxims fad is alwaj es than te reduced modus load. and (3 the ‘dood modulus load isan upper bound to inl beking stent and tlk to the maximum oe "These concusions are stated a Figs. 3.Mand 3.31. 1a Fig. 3.30 have te reitionship btieen the poment andthe deformations or patra

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  Gustavo Perini

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• Analysis of Bolting in Flanged Connections

  

  Document38 pages

  Analysis of Bolting in Flanged Connections

  Fanel Bucur

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• Analysis of Bolting in Flanged Connections

  

  Document38 pages

  Analysis of Bolting in Flanged Connections

  Fanel Bucur

  100% (2)