GASES

The Kinetic-Molecular Theory for

Ideal Gases
The

kinetic-molecular theory
describes the behavior of IDEAL
gases in terms of particles in
motion. Real gases do not obey the
kinetic molecular theory.

The Kinetic-Molecular Theory for

Ideal Gases
1.

Gas particles are much smaller

than the spaces between them. The
gas particles themselves have
virtually no (negligible) volume.

The Kinetic-Molecular Theory for

Ideal Gases
2.

Gas particles are in constant,

random motion. Particles move in a
straight line until they collide with
other particles or with the walls of
their container.

The Kinetic-Molecular Theory for

Ideal Gases
3.

Gas particles do not attract or

repel each other. Therefore ideal
gases would never condense to form
liquids.

The Kinetic-Molecular Theory for

Ideal Gases
4.

No kinetic energy is lost when gas

particles collide with each other or with
the walls of their container. Collisions
are perfectly elastic.

The Kinetic-Molecular Theory for

Ideal Gases
5.

All gases have the same average

kinetic energy at a given
temperature.

Gas Solubility
Gases

are less soluble in warm

liquids than in cooler liquids.

Gas Solubility
Gases

are more soluble when under

pressure.

Vapor Pressure
The

vapor pressure of water increases

as the temperature increases.

STP

STP stands for standard

temperature and pressure.

Standard Pressure

Standard
pressure is 1 atm
(atmosphere)
which is equal to
760 mm Hg,
760 torr, or
101.3 kPa
(kilopascals).

Standard Temperature

Standard
temperature is
273 Kelvin.

Standard Atmospheric Pressure

1) Perform the following pressure
conversions.
a) 144 kPa = _____ atm
(1.42)
b) 795 mm Hg = _____ atm
(1.05)

Standard Atmospheric Pressure

Perform the following pressure
conversions.
c) 669 torr = ______ kPa
(89.2)
d) 1.05 atm = ______ mm Hg
(798)

Standard Atmospheric Pressure

Air pressure at
higher altitudes,
such as on a
mountaintop, is
slightly lower
than air pressure
at sea level.

Standard Atmospheric Pressure

Air pressure is
measured using
a barometer.

The
Gas
Laws

Boyles Law
Boyles law states that the pressure
and volume of a gas at constant
temperature are
inversely proportional.
Inversely proportional
means as one goes
up the other goes
down.

1 atm

4 Liters

2 atm

2 Liters

As the
pressure on
a gas
increases,
the volume
decreases.

Boyles Law

The P-V graph for Boyles law

results in a hyperbola because
pressure and volume are inversely
proportional.

Boyles Law

Boyles Law
P x V = K
constant)

(K is some

P1 V 1 = P 2 V 2

Example

A balloon is filled with 25 L of air at

1.0 atm pressure. If the pressure is
changed to 1.5 atm, what is the new
volume?

Example

First, make sure the pressure or

volume units in the question match.
A balloon is filled with 25 L of air at
1.0 atm pressure. If the pressure is
changed to 1.5 atm, what is the new
volume?

THEY DO!

Example

A balloon is filled with 25 L of air at

1.0 atm pressure. If the pressure is
changed to 1.5 atm, what is the new
volume?

1.0 atm
P1 (25
V1L)

= 1.5
P2 atm
V2 V2

V2 = 17 L

Problem 2

A balloon is filled with 73 L of air at

1.3 atm pressure. What pressure is
needed to change the volume to
43 L?

P2 = 2.2 atm

Problem 3

A gas is collected in a 242 cm3

container. The pressure of the gas in
the container is measured and
determined to be 87.6 kPa. What is
the volume of this gas at standard
pressure?

V2 = 209 cm3

Problem 4

A gas is collected in a 24.2 L

container. The pressure of the gas in
the container is determined to be
756 mm Hg. What is the pressure of
this gas if the volume increases to
30.0 L?

P2 = 610. mm Hg

Charles Law
Charles Law states that the
volume of a gas is directly
proportional to the Kelvin
temperature if the pressure is held
constant.
Directly proportional means that
as one goes up, the other goes up
as well.

Charles Law

The V-T graph for Charles law

results in a straight line because
volume and temperature are directly
proportional.

Charles Law

Charles Law

V/T = K
constant)

V1
T1

(K is some

V2
T2

Charles Law

In any gas law problem involving

temperature, temperature must be
in Kelvin.

K = C + 273

Example

What is the temperature of a gas that

is expanded from 2.5 L at 25 C to
4.1 L at constant pressure?

Example
First, make sure the volume units in
the question match.
What is the temperature of a gas
that is expanded from 2.5 L at 25 C
to 4.1 L at constant pressure?

THEY DO!

Example
Second, make sure to convert
degrees Celsius to Kelvin.
What is the temperature of a gas
that is expanded from 2.5 L at 25 C
to 4.1 L at constant pressure?

K = C
25 + 273
K = 298 K

Example

What is the temperature of a gas

that is expanded from 2.5 L at 25 C
to 4.1 L at constant pressure?
2.5
V1L
298
T1 K

4.1
V2L

T2

T2 = 489 K

Problem 5

What is the final volume of a gas that

starts at 8.3 L and 17 C and is
heated to 96 C?

V2 = 11 L

Problem 6

A 225 cm3 volume of gas is collected

at 57 C. What volume would this
sample of gas occupy at standard
temperature?

V2 = 186 cm3

Problem 7

A 225 cm3 volume of gas is collected

at 42 C. If the volume is decreased
to 115 cm3, what is the new
temperature?

T2 = 161 K

Gay-Lusaacs Law

Gay-Lusaac Law states that the

pressure of a gas is directly
proportional to the Kelvin
temperature if the volume is held
constant.

Gay-Lusaacs Law
At higher temperatures, the
particles in a gas have greater
kinetic energy.
They move faster and collide with
the walls of the container more
often and with greater force, so
the pressure rises.

Gay-Lusaacs Law

The P-T graph for Gay-Lusaacs law

results in a straight line because
pressure and temperature are
directly proportional.

Gay-Lussacs Law

P/T = K

(K is some

constant)

P1
T1

P2
T2

Example

What is the pressure inside a 0.250 L

can of deodorant that starts at 25 C
and 1.2 atm if the temperature is
raised to 100 C? Volume remains
constant.

Example
First, make sure the pressure units in
the question match.
What is the pressure inside a
0.250 L can of deodorant that starts at
25 C and 1.2 atm if the temperature is
raised to 100 C?

There is only one

pressure unit!

Example
Second, make sure to convert
degrees Celsius to Kelvin.
What is the pressure inside a
0.250 L can of deodorant that starts at
25 C and 1.2 atm if the temperature is
raised to 100 C?

K = C
25 + 273
K = 298 K

Example

What is the pressure inside a

0.250 L can of deodorant that starts
at 25 C and 1.2 atm if the
temperature is raised to 100 C?

K = 100
C + 273
K = 373 K

Example

What is the pressure inside a

0.250 L can of deodorant that starts at
25 C and 1.2 atm if the temperature is
raised to 100 C?

1.2Patm
1
298
T1 K

P2
373
T2 K

P2 = 1.5 atm

Problem 8

A can of deodorant starts at 43 C and

1.2 atm. If the volume remains constant,
at what temperature will the can have a
pressure of 2.2 atm?

T2 = 579 K

Problem 9

A can of shaving cream starts at 25 C

and 1.30 atm. If the temperature increases
to 37 C and the volume remains constant,
what is the pressure of the can?

P2 = 1.35 atm

Problem 10

A 12 ounce can of a soft drink starts at

STP. If the volume stays constant, at
what temperature will the can have a
pressure of 2.20 atm?

T2 = 601 K

The Combined Gas Law

The gas laws may be combined into

a single law, called the combined
gas law, which relates two sets of
conditions of pressure, volume, and
temperature by the following
equation.

The Combined Gas Law

P1 V1
P2 V2
=
T1
T2

Example

A 15 L cylinder of gas at 4.8 atm

pressure at 25 C is heated to 75 C
and compressed to 17 atm. What is
the new volume?

Example
First, make sure the volume units in
the question match.
A 15 L cylinder of gas at 4.8 atm
pressure at 25 C is heated to 75 C
and compressed to 17 atm. What is
the new volume?

There is only one

volume unit!

Example
Second, make sure the pressure units
in the question match.
A 15 L cylinder of gas at 4.8 atm
pressure at 25 C is heated to 75 C
and compressed to 17 atm. What is
the new volume?

They do!

Example
Third, make sure to convert degrees
Celsius to Kelvin.
A 15 L cylinder of gas at 4.8 atm
pressure at 25 C is heated to 75 C
and compressed to 17 atm. What is
the new volume?

K = C
25 + 273
K = 298 K

Example

A 15 L cylinder of gas at 4.8 atm

pressure at 25 C is heated to 75 C
and compressed to 17 atm. What is
the new volume?

K = C
75 + 273
K = 348 K

Example

A 15 L cylinder of gas at 4.8 atm pressure

at 25 C is heated to 75 C and
compressed to 17 atm. What is the new
volume?

V1 L)
4.8P
atm
1 (15
298
T1 K

17P
atm
2

V2 = 4.9 L

V2

348
T2K

Problem 11

If 6.2 L of gas at 723 mm Hg at 21 C

is compressed to 2.2 L at
4117 mm Hg, what is the
temperature of the gas?

T2 = 594 K

Problem 12

A sample of nitrogen monoxide has a

volume of 72.6 mL at a temperature
of 16 C and a pressure of 104.1 kPa.
What volume will the sample occupy
at 24 C and 99.3 kPa?

V2 = 78.2 mL

Problem 13

A balloon is filled to 1.00 L at sea

level and a temperature of 27 C. At
an altitude of 7000 m, atmospheric
pressure drops to 300. mm Hg and
the temperature cools to - 33 C.
What would its volume be when it
reached the height of 7000 m?

V2 = 2.03 L

Avogadros Law
Avogadros law states equal volumes
of all gases, at the same temperature
and pressure, have the same number
of molecules.
For a given mass of an ideal gas, the
volume and amount (moles) of the gas
are directly proportional if the
temperature and pressure are
constant.

Avogadros Law
The molar volume for a gas is the
volume that one mole occupies at
0.00C and 1.00 atm.
1 mole = 22.4 L at STP (standard
temperature and pressure).

Example

How many moles are in 63.2 L of a

gas at STP?

63.2 L

1 mol
22.4 L

= 2.82 moles

Problem 14

How many moles are in 45.0 L of a

gas at STP?

2.01 moles

Problem 15

How many liters are in 0.636 moles of

a gas at STP?

14.2 L

Avogadros Law
V / n = K
constant)

V1
n1

(K is some

V2
n2

Example

Consider two samples of nitrogen

gas. Sample 1 contains 1.5 mol and
has a volume of 36.7 L. Sample 2
has a volume of 16.5 L at the same
temperature and pressure.
Calculate the number of moles of
nitrogen in sample 2.

Example

Sample 1 contains 1.5 mol and has a

volume of 36.7 L. Sample 2 has a
volume of 16.5 L. Calculate the
number of moles of nitrogen in
sample 2.
36.7
V1 L

n1mol
1.5

16.5
V2 L

n2

n2 = 0.67 mol

Problem 16

If 0.214 mol of argon gas occupies a

volume of 652 mL at a particular
temperature and pressure, what
volume would 0.375 mol of argon
occupy under the same conditions?

V2 = 1140 mL

Problem 17

If 46.2 g of oxygen gas (O2) occupies

a volume of 100. L at a particular
temperature and pressure, if the final
volume is 10.8 L, how many moles of
oxygen gas occupies this volume
under the same conditions?

n2 = 0.156 mol

Problem 18

A 6.0 L sample at 25 C and 2.00 atm

of pressure contains 0.50 moles of a
gas. If an additional 0.25 moles of
gas at the same pressure and
temperature are added, what is the
final total volume of the gas?

V2 = 9.0 L

Daltons Law of Partial Pressures

Daltons law of partial pressures

states that the total pressure of a
mixture of gases is equal to the sum
of the pressures of all the gases in
the mixture, as shown below.

PTotal = P1 + P2 + P3 +

Example
Determine the pressure in the fourth
container if all of the gas molecules from
the 1st three containers are placed in the
4th container.
??
6 atm
2 atm
1 atm 3 atm

Problem 19

What is the total pressure in a

balloon filled with air if the pressure
of the oxygen is 170 mm Hg and the
pressure of nitrogen is 620 mm Hg?
790 mm Hg

Problem 20

In a second balloon the total

pressure is 1.30 atm. What is the
pressure of oxygen (in mm Hg) if the
pressure of nitrogen is 720. mm Hg?

Problem 20

In a second balloon the total pressure is

1.30 atm. What is the pressure of oxygen
(in mm Hg) if the pressure of nitrogen is
720. mm Hg?

The two gas units do not match. We

must convert the 1.30 atm into mm Hg.

1.30 atm

760 mm Hg
1 atm

= 988 mm Hg

Problem 20
Pt

= P1 + P 2 + P 3 +

988 mm Hg = 720 mm Hg + Poxygen

Poxygen = 268 mm Hg

Problem 21

A container has a total pressure of

846 torr and contains carbon
dioxide gas and nitrogen gas. What
is the pressure of carbon dioxide (in
kPa) if the pressure of nitrogen is
50. kPa?
63 kPa

Daltons Law of Partial Pressures

It is common to synthesize gases

and collect them by displacing a
volume of water.

Problem 22

Hydrogen was collected over water at

21C on a day when the atmospheric
pressure is 748 torr. The volume of
the gas sample collected was 300.
mL. The vapor pressure of water at
21C is 18.65 torr. Determine the
partial pressure of the dry gas.
729.35 torr

Problem 23

A sample of oxygen gas is

saturated with water vapor at 27C.
The total pressure of the mixture is
772 mm Hg and the vapor pressure
of water is 26.7 mm Hg at 27C.
What is the partial pressure of the
oxygen gas?
745.3 mm Hg

Ideal Gases
Ideal gases do not really exist,
assuming that all gases are ideal
makes the math easier and is a close
approximation.
Real gases behave more ideally at
high temperature and low pressure.

Ideal Gases
At high temperature, the gas
molecules move more quickly, so
attractive forces are negligible.
At low pressure, the molecules are
farther apart so attractive forces are
negligible.

The Ideal Gas Law

PV = nRT

Pressure times volume equals the

number of moles (n) times the ideal
gas constant (R) times the
temperature in Kelvin.

The Ideal Gas Law

Volume must be in liters.
If given milliliters divide the number
by 1000 to convert it to liters.

The Ideal Gas Law

R = 0.0821 (L atm)/(mol K)
R = 8.314 (L kPa)/(mol K)
R = 62.4 (L mm Hg)/(mol K)
The one you choose depends on the
unit for pressure!

Example

How many moles of air are there in a

2.0 L bottle at 19 C and 747 mm Hg?

Choose the value of R based on the

pressure unit.

Since mm Hg are use, R = 62.4.

Example
Second, make sure to convert
degrees Celsius to Kelvin.
How many moles of air are there in a
2.0 L bottle at 19 C and 747 mm Hg?

K = C
19 + 273
K = 292 K

Example

How many moles of air are there in a

2.0 L bottle at 19 C and 747 mm
Hg?
292 K

747
V = n 62.4
P (2.0)
R (292)
T
1494 = 18220.8 n
n = 0.082 mol

Example

What is the pressure in atm exerted by

1.8 g of H2 gas in a 4.3 L balloon at 27
C?

Choose the value of R based on the

pressure unit.

Since atm is requested, R = 0.0821.

Example
Second, make sure to convert
degrees Celsius to Kelvin.
What is the pressure in atm exerted
by 1.8 g of H2 gas in a 4.3 L balloon
at 27 C?

K = C
27 + 273
K = 300. K

Example
Next, convert grams to moles.
What is the pressure in atm exerted
by 1.8 g of H2 gas in a 4.3 L balloon at
300. K?

1.8 g H2

1 mol H2
2.0 g H2

= 0.90 mol H2

Example

What is the pressure in atm exerted

by 1.8 g of H2 gas in a 4.3 L balloon
at 27 C?
300. K
(300.)
V = 0.90
P (4.3)
n (0.0821)
R
T

P = 5.2 atm

Problem 24

Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is a

colorless, odorless and very
unreactive gas. Calculate the
pressure (in atm) exerted by
1.82 moles of the gas in a steel vessel
of volume 5.43 L at 69.5 C.

P = 9.42 atm

Problem 25

Calculate the volume (in liters)

occupied by 7.40 g of CO2 at STP.

V = 3.77 L

Problem 26

A sample of nitrogen gas kept in a

container of volume 2.30 L and at a
temperature of 32 C exerts a
pressure of 476 kPa. Calculate the
number of moles of gas present.

n = 0.432 mol

Problem 27

A 1.30 L sample of a gas has a mass

of 1.82 g at STP. What is the molar
mass of the gas?

31.4 g/mol

Problem 28

Calculate the mass of nitrogen gas

that can occupy 1.00 L at STP.

28.0 g

Proportionality
PV = nRT

Variables on the same side of the

equals sign are inversely
proportional. This means as one
goes up the other must go down.

Proportionality
PV = nRT

Variables on opposite sides of the

equals sign are directly proportional.
This means as one goes up the other
must go up.

Proportionality
29) How are pressure and temperature related?

directlywhat
proportional
30) If pressure increases,
happens to volume if
temperature and number of moles stay constant ?

volume decreases

Proportionality
31) If number of moles decreases, what happens to
volume if temperature and pressure stay constant?

volume
decreases
32) How are moles
and temperature
related?

inversely proportional