‘The PIPING GUIDE’ ‘© Describes pipe, piping components most commonly used, valves, and equipment Discusses in detail the design and drafting of piping systems ‘= Presents charts, tables, and examples for daily reference = Provides a design’ reference for companies and consultants + Supplements existing company standards, information, and methods = Serves as an instructional aid PART L- TEXT: oxpl PART II - TABLES: provide. and Techniques of piping design Assembling of piping from components, and methods for connecting to equipment Office organization, and methods to translate concepts into finished designs from which plants are built ‘Terms and abbreviations concerned with piping Frequently needed data and information, arrenged for quick reference Factors for establishing widths of pipeways Spacing between pipes, with and without flanges, and for jumpovers’ and ‘rununders’ Principal dimensions and weights for pipe fittings, flanges, valves, structural steel, etc. Conversion for customary and metric units Direct-reading metric conversion tables for dimensions A metric supplement with principal dimensional data in millimeters YeeCover by A.W. RyderTHE "PIPING GUIDE’ FOR THE DESIGN AND DRAFTING OF INDUSTRIAL PIPING SYSTEMS David R. Sherwood Dennis J. Whistance BS, MS Mombor, American Society ef Mocharical Ensincors Mamber, lation of Provocton Enghners UK) Copyright 1973, David R. Sherwood and Dennis J. Whistance ‘Second Editon, Copyright 1991, Syentok Books Company, inc. [All rightsresorved. No pat of this book may.be reproduced or ransmitted by any means whatsoaver Printed in tho United States of America Published and distributed by: ‘Syentek inc. PO Box 26588 San Francisco, CA 94126 USA ISBN 0-914-08219-4‘The contribution of the companies, designers and engineers who assisted in the development of the Piping Guide is gratefully acknowledged. Apart from source material and assistance with Production, acknowledged elsewhere, individual acknowledg ments are not made, because neither contributors nor the ‘authors or publisher assume liability or responsibility for designs Using information presented herein. The user Is Tesponsible for complying with the various codes, standards and regulations, National, Federal, State and Municipal, and other legal obliga. tions which may pertain to the construction and sefe operation of plants, industrial installations, ete., including modifications to existing facilities. Due to economic conditions, demand, manufacturing philosophy, business mergers and acquisitions, the availability of items from manufacturers may change, and components obtained from domestic supplies may not be of domestic origin. Discussion of Products does not necessarily imply endorsement.PART 0 CONTENTS: PIPING: Uses, and Plant Construction .. PIPE, FITTINGS, FLANGES, REINFORCEMENTS: In-line Equipment and Support Equipment . VALVES, PUMPS, COMPRESSORS, and Types of Process Equi ORGANIZATION OF WORK: Job Responsibilities, Drawing Office Equipment and Procedures. DRAFTING: PROCESS AND PIPING DRAWINGS including Drawing Symbols, ‘Showing Dimensions, Showing instrumentation, and Bills of Material . DESIGN OF PIPING SYSTEMS: Including Arrangement, Supporting, Insulation, Heating, Venting and Draining of Piping, Vessels and Equipment . STANDARDS AND CODES: for Piping Systems, Pipe, Pipe Supports, Flanges, Gaskets, Fittings, Valves, Traps, Pumps, Vessels, Heat Exchangers, Symbols and Screwthreads .. ABBREVIATIONS: for Piping Drawings and Industrial Chemicals... INDEX/GLOSSARY/ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. meant. . ceeeeBSections, figures, charts and tables in Part 1 are referred to ‘numerically, and are located by the margin index. Charts and tables in Part if are identified by letter. ‘The text refers to standards and codes, using designations such as ANSI B31.1, ASTM A-53,.ISA 56.1, etc, Full titles of these standards and codes will be found in tables 7.3 thru 7.14, FOR TERMS NOT EXPLAINED IN THE TEXT, : REFER TO THE INDEX. ABBREVIATIONS ARE GIVEN IN CHAPTER 8.PIPING: USES OF PIPING 1 Piping is used for industrial (process, marine, trensportetion, civil engineer- ing, end for ‘commercia” (plumbing) purposes. ‘This book is primarily concerned with incustial piping for processing and service systems. Process piping is used to trersport fluids between storege tanks and processing units. Service piping is used to convey steam, st, water, etc, for processing, Piping here defines as ‘service’ piping is some times referred to as “utity’ piping, but, in the Guide, the term ‘utility piping’ is reserved for major lines supplying weter, fuel gases, and fuel oll (that is, for commodities ususlly purchased feom utilities companies and bulk suppliers). Marine piping 0% ships is often extensive. Much of itis fabricated fiom walded and screwed carbon-steel piping, using pipe and fittings described in tis book, Transportation piping is nowelly large-diameter piping used to convey Tiquids, slurries and gases, sometimes over hundreds of miles. Crude cis, petroleum products, weter, and solid materials such as coal (carried by water) ate trensported tht pipelines. Different fiquids can be transported consacu- tively in the seme pipeline, and branching arrangements are used to divert fons 20 cifferent destinations Civil piping is used to distribute pubic uttties (water, fuel gases), and 10 collect rainwater, sevone, end industrial waste waters. Most piping of this type is placed underaround. Plumbing (commercial piping) is piping installed in cormmercial buildings, schools, hospitals, resigences, etc. for distributing water end fuel gases, for collecting waste water, and for other purposes. COMMISSIONING, DESIGNING, 12 & BUILDING A PLANT When 2 manufeetureé decides to build naw lant, oF to expand an existing cone, the menufacturerwilleither employ an engineering company to undertake design and construction, o, if the company's avn engineering department is large enough, they will do the design work, manage the project, and employ ‘one ar mare contractors to do the construction work, Uobo, dU Pant GUHOu UUUUT In ether procedure, the manufacturer supplies information concerning the ~ purposes of buildings, processes, production rates, design criteria for specific requirements, details of existing plant, and site surveys, if any. Chart 1.1 shows the principals involved, and the flow of information and smatarial. SCHEMATIC FOR PLANT CONSTRUCTION, cuanria lonogr FoR PLANT, StDaTAFORPLANT equesrs ron counent, HARDWARE &HATERIALS ee Bilan a | "EQUIPHENT. HAROWARE REPORTER SURVEYS REPORTS & SURVEYS. EMATERIALS REQUESTS FORSoa hte tt) il todd Pe undertaken by specialist companies ‘The Guide describes in 4.1 the orgaization and responsibtities of design engineerin, with special reference to the duties of individuals engaged inthe development of piping designs for plants i aPIPL, FITINGO, FLANUCO, HCINTURGCMIENT, In-line Equipment and Support Equipment PROCESS PIPE 24 PIPE & TUBE a4 Tubular products are termed ‘tube" or ‘pipe’. Tube is customarily specified boy its outside diameter and vial thickness, expressed either in EWG {Birmingham wire oage) or in thousendtis of an Inch, Pipe is customarily identified by ‘nominal pipe size’, with wall thickness defined by ‘schedule umber’, ‘API designation’ or ‘weight’, as explained in 2.1.3. Nonstanderd pipe is specified by nominal size with wall thickness stated ‘The principal uses for tube are in heet exchangers, instrument fines, and ‘small interconnections on equipment such as compressors, boilers, and refrigerators. SIZES & LENGTHS COMMONLY USED 212 FOR STEEL PIPE ANSI standerd 835,10M establishes wall thicknesses for pipe ranging from 1/8 t080-inch nominal ciamater(‘nominal pipe siz) Pipe sizes normally stocked include: 1/2, 3/4, 1, 1, 1%, 2, 2%, 3, 3,4, 5, 6 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 and 24, Sizes 1%, 2%, 34, end 6 inch are seldom used (unusual sizes are sometimes required for connecting 10 equipment, but piping is normally ‘un in the next larger stock size after connection hes been rade). 1/8, 1/4, 2/8 and 1/2-ineh pipe is usualy restricted to Hoste tines ut ty sevice and other lines which have to mate with equipment. 1/2inch pie is extensively used for steem tracing and for auxiliary piping at pumps, et. ‘Suight pipe is supplied in ‘endom’ lengths (17 to 26 ft), and sometimes “double random lengths (38 to 48 ft), if prefered. The ends of these lengths ‘ae normally either plain (PE), beveled for velding (BE, or threaded and supplied with one cougling per length (‘thezded and coupled’, or 'T&C), {pipe & ordered TC’, the reting ofthe coupling is specifiec-see chert 23, Other types of ends, such es grooved for spacial couplings, cen be obtained to order. DIAMETERS & WALL THICKNESSES OF PIPE 243 ‘The size ofall pipe is identified by the nominel pipe size, abbreviated ‘NPS’, whieh is seldom equal to the true bore (internal diameter) of the pipe-the difference in some instances is large. NPS 14 and larger pine has outside diameter equal to the nominal pipe size, Pipe in the various sizes is mode in several well thicknesses for each size, hich have been established by three diffarent souret (1) The American National Standards Institute, thru ‘schedule numbers” (2) The American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the American Society for Testing and Materials, thru the designations ‘STO" (stand ard), XS" (extr-stong), and “XXS" (double-extrastrong), drawn from dimensions established by manufacturers. Jn the Guide, these desig. rations are termed ‘manufacturers’ weights’ (3) The American Petioleum Institute, through its standard SL, for ‘Line pipe’. Dimensions in this standard fave no references for individual sizes and wall thicknesses ‘Manufacturers’ weights’ (s2cond source) ware intended, as long go as 1939, to be superseded by schedule numbers. However, demand for these wall thicknesses has caused their manufacture to continue, Certain fitings are available only in manufacturers’ weights, Pipe dimensions from the sacond and third sources are incorporeted in American National Stenderd 896.10M, Tables P1 list dimonsions for Welded and seamless steel pipe in this stendard, and give derived data. IRON PIPE SIZES vere initially established for wrought-iron pipe, with wall thicknesses designated by the terms ‘standard (weight), ‘extrestrong’, and ‘double-extrastrong’. Before the schedule number scheme for steel pipe was first published by the American Standards Association in 1936, the iron pipe ses were modified for stes pipe by slightly decreasing the well thicknasses {leaving the outside ciameters constant) so that the weights per foot (lb/ft) equalied the iron pipe weights, ‘Wrought.ron pipe (no longer made) has been completely supplented by steel pipe, but schedule numbers, intended to supplant iron pipe designations did ot. Users continued to specify pipe in iron pipe terms, and es the mils Fesponded, these terms are included in ANSI standard B36.10M for stee! pipe. Schedule numbers were introduced to establish pipe wall thickneses by formule, but es well thicknesses in common use. continued to depert fram ‘those proposed by the scheme, schedule numbers nave identify ral thick- ‘nesses of pipe in the different nominal sizes es ANS! B96.10M states “2s a ‘convenisnt designation system for use in ordering”.id kn oho oh he ili ea re li ne lid abil cht ci 2 range of thinwelld sizes far stainless-steol pipe, indentified by schedules 88 and 108, MATERIALS FOR PIPE 214 STEEL PIPE Normally refers to carbon-steet pipe, Seam-welded steel pipe is ‘made from plate, Seamless pipe is made using dies. Common finishes are “block' plain” or ‘mil finish) and galvanized. Correctly selected stee! pipe offer the strength and durability required for the application, and the ductility and machinability required to join it and form it inta piping (spools” ~ see 62.8). The selected pipe must withstand the conditions of use, especially presure, temperature and corrosion cond tions. These requirements are met by selecting pipe made to an appropriate standard; in almost all instences on ASTM or API standard (see 2.1.3 and table 75). ‘The mostused steel pine for proces lines, and for welding, bending, and coiling, is made to ASTM A-53 or ASTM A106, principally in wall thicknesses defined by schedules 40, 80, and manufactures’ weights, STD and XS. Both ASTM A‘S3 and ASTM A-106 pipe is fabricated seamless or seamed, by lectical resistance welding, in Grades A and 8. Grades Bhave the higher tensile strength, Three grades of A-108 are evsilable-Grades A, B, and C, in order of increasing tensile strength. ‘The most widely stocked pipe is to ASTM A-120 which covers welded and seamless pipe for normal use in steam, water, and gas (Including ai) serview. ASTM A-120 is not intended for bending, coiling or high temperature service, It is not specified for hydrocarbon process lines. In the il and natural gas industries, steal pipe used to convey oil and gas is ‘manufactured ta the American Petroleum Institute's standard API SL, which ‘applies tighter control of composition and more testing than ASTM-120. Stee! specifications in other countries may correspond with USA specifi cations. Some corresponding european stendards for carbon steels and stainless steels ara listed in table 2.1. IRON pipe is made from cesviron and ductileiron, The principal uses are for water, gas, and sewage lines. OTHER METALS & ALLOYS Pipe or tube made from copper, lead, nickel, brass, sluminum end various steiness steels can be readily obtained. ‘Those materials te relatively expensive and are selected usualy either because of their particular corrosion resistance to the process chemical, their good ‘ransfer. or for ther tensilastrenath at high temperatures. Cooper and copper alloys are traditional for instrument fines, food processing, and heat transfer equipment, but stainless steels are increasingly being used for these purposes. TELE Eee Eee Pe Leer ee eeL G fluids, and is especially usefut for hancling corrasive or hazardous gases and Gitute mineral acids, Plastics are employed in three ways: 2s al-oastc pipe, 4 “fille” plastic materials (glssfiber-einforced, carborefilled, etc.) and a5, lining or coating materials. Pestic pipe 's made from polypropylene, poly- ‘thylene-(PE}, polybutytzne (PB), polyvinyl chloride (PCI, eerylonitile- butadiene-styrene (ABS), cellulose acetatebutyrete (CAB), polyolefins, and polyesters. Pipe made from polyester and epoxy resins is froquently glass fiber-reinforced (‘FRP}) and commercial products of this type heve goad istance to wear and chemical attack. COMPARABLE USA & EUROPEAN SPECIFICATIONS FOR STEEL PIPE SABLE 2 a eer dete swe sam Speers Eien Re TEs nw Re Bue me 1 65 Bea ie ume ons EEGs STARLESSSTEL. PIPEfar pipe’ made from various plastics, These ANSI standards and others for plastic pipe ere listed in table 75. GLASS Allglss piping is used for its chemical resistance, claatiness end transparency. Glass pipe is not subject to ‘crazing’ often found in glasslined pipe and vessels subject to repeated thermal stresses, Pipe tings, and hard- ware are aveliable both for process piping and for drainage. Corning Glass Works offers a Pyrex ‘Conical’ system for process lies in 1, 1%, 2, 3, 4 and G-nch sizes") with 450 F os the maximum operating temperature, ‘and pressure canges 0-85 PSIA (I in. thru 3 in}, 0-60 PSIA (4 in) and 0-36 PSIA (6 in}. Glass cocks, strainers and thermowells ae available. Pipe fittings and equipment are joined by flange assemblies which beer on the thickened conicel ends of pipe lengths and fittings. Corning also offers 2 Pyrex Acid-Waste Draintine system in 1%, 2, 3, 4 and G-inch sizes (ID} wit, beaded ends joined by Teflon-gesketed nylon compression couplings. Both Corning systems are made from the seme borosilicate glass. LININGS & COATINGS Lining or coating carbon-ste! pipe with « ma able to withstand chemical attack pormits its use to carry corrosive fluids. LLenjths of lined pipe an fittings are joined by flanges, and elbows, tas, otc, ara available already flanged. Linings (rubber, for example) can be applied after fabricating the piping, but pipe is often prelined, and manufacturers sive instructions for making joins, Linings of various rubbers, plstcs, metals and vitreous (glassy) materielsereaveitable, Polyvinyl chloiie, polypropylene ‘and copolymers are the most common coating materials. Cerbor-steel pipe inocoated by immersion into molten zinc (hot-dip galvanized) is used for conveying drinking water, instrument aie and various other fluids. Rubber lining i often used to handle abrasive fluids, ‘TEMPERATURE & PRESSURE LIMITS. 215 Carbon steels lose. strength at high temperatures. Electric-resistance-welded pipe is wut considered satisfactory for serviue above 750 F, anu furnace-butt- welded pife above about 660 F. For higher temperatures, pipe made fram stainless steels or other alloys shouldbe considered Pressure. ratings for steel pipe at different temperatures ave calculated according ta the ANSI B31 Code for Pressure Piping (detailed in teble 7.2}, ANSI B31 gives stess/iemperature values for the various steeis from which pipe is fabricated, METHODS FOR JOINING PIPE 22 The jdints used for most carbonsteo| and stainlessstet pipe are BUTTWELOED es SOE SOCKETNELDED. © 2. SEE RM SCREWED 2 2 SERS BOLTED FLANGE... . . . . . SHE290,2418251 BOLTED auicx couruincs ..... . . - .see2e2 Lines NPS 2 and leiger are usually buttwelded, this being the most economic leekproof wey of joining largerdiameter piping. Usuelly such Fines are subcontracted to 2 piping febrieator far pretabrication in sections termed ‘spools’, then transported to the site. Lines NPS 1% and smaller sre usally ether sorewed or socketvelded, and ere normally fieldrun by ‘the piping contractor from drawings. Field-cun and shop-fabricated pi are discussed in 6.2.9. SOCKET.WELDED JOINTS 222 Like sorowed piping, socket welding is used for lines of smaller sizes, but has the advantege that absence of leking is assured: this is a valuable factor ‘when flammable, toxic, or radioactive fluids are being corweyed—the use of socketovelded joints is not restricted to such fluids, however BOLTED-FLANGE JOINTS 228 Flanges are expensive and for the most part are used to mate with flanged vessols, equipment, valves, and for proces lines which may require periodic cleaning. Flenged jointsare made by bolting together two flanges with a gasket between ‘them to provide 2 seal. Refer to 2.6 for standard forged-steel flanges and seskers. FITTINGS 228 Fittings permit change in dretion of piping, 2 change in diameter ofp or a branch ts be made from the main run of pipe. They ere formed from plat or pipe, machined from forge banks, cat, or molded from posi. Chart 2.1 shows the ratings of buttwelding fittings used with pipe of various schedule numbers and manufecturers’ weights. For dimensions of butt- wweiding tircngs and flanges, see tables O-1 thru 06, and tobtes F-! they F-2. Drafting symbols are given in charts 6.3 they 5.5, Thoadad ‘iting have Presure Coss desgnotins of: 2000, 2000 and 6000. Socketweldng fittings have Presure Class designations of: 3000, 6900 and 000. How thase Pressure Class designations relate to schedule aumbers end manufactures’ eights for pipe is shown in table 2.2 ‘CORRELATION OF CLASS OF THREADED TasLE22 BR SOCKETNELOING FITTINGS. [WITH SCHEDULES/WEIGHTS OF PIPE iPE DESIGNATION SCH/MER’s Pressure Glass ooo [ s000 | 6000 | 8000, Theaded fitings | s0ixs [160 XS Socketed fittings BOs, 160 eSSections 2.19 thy 224 have shown thet there is @ wide varioty of ditferentlyteted pipe, fitings and materials from which to make a choice, Charts 2.1 thru 2.3 show haw various weights of pipe, can be combined in @ piping system. COMPONENTS FOR BUTT-WELDED 23 PIPING SYSTEMS WHERE USED: For most process, utility and service piping ADVANTAGE OF JOINT: Most practicable way of joining larger pipes and fittings which offers reliable, leakpraof joints DISADVANTAGE OF JOINT: Intruding wold metal may affect flow HOW JOINT 1S MADE: The end of the pipe is beveled a= shown in chart 2.1. Fittings are similarly beveled by the manulacturer. The two parts ae aligned, properly sapped, tack welded, and then 2 cont- jnuous veld is made to complete the joint Chart 2.1 shows the ratings of pipe, fittings and valves tht are commonly combined or may be used together. itis © guide only, and note substitute for 8 projet specification, FITTINGS, BENDS, MITERS & FLARGES 234 FOR BUTT-WELDED SYSTEMS Refer to tables 0, F and W-1 for dirrensions and weights of fittings and ‘anges. — ELBOWS or ‘ELS’ make 90- or 45:degree changes in direction of the run of pipe. The elbows normally used are ‘long radius’ (LR) with centerline radius of curvature equal to 1% times the nominal pipe size for NPS 3/4 and larger sizes. ‘Short radius’ (SR) elbows with centerline radius of curvature equal to the nominal pipe size are also available. OO-degree LA elbows with 8 straight extension at one end ("long tangent’) are still available in STD weight, i required. f REDUCING ELBOW makes 2 G0-degree chenge in direction with change in line size. Reducing elbows have centerline radius of curveture 1% times the ‘nominal size of the pipe to be attached to the lager end, RETURN changes direction of flow thru 180 degrees, and is used to construct heating coils, vents on tanks, etc. BENDS fe made from streight pipe. Common bending radii are 3 and & times the pipe size (3R and SR bens, where R = nominal pipe size— ominal diarteter, ot radius). 3R bends are avalable from stock. Larger radius bends can be custom made, preferably by hot bending. Only seamless BUTT-WELDED PIPING HE CHART 2.1 CARBON-STEEL PIPE & FORGED-STEEL: FITTINGS {eto rneranarion oF ers, x eTH00 OF Soins To eeveuseEoeD ive, TEE, RUNGE, VALVE, OF EUMDMENT Saye vo — we | ae NEIQWT oF pre a rurzins nomseatcy | ee Heavehonsient ree remings ice ese | wc Beate eraodttrEuenot one be Ric Sodan ALICE MOORE. | wean tes iano tancen noe oscar on, | SMBBET sono | |S Senco Sena Eas ons see 208 eise Shoen see FoR nrs2 1x0 180; 30, 600, a0 kD micHER UaRcen vatves 2Geonsing 70 Svar PRESRE seecusats22aub29 FORCONTROL VALVES | USUALLY 900MKIUM (SEE 81.10 Ae oe, E 1a farting eed igo ees een ay tute ht ‘isto well, Prvwtg esd set ad Silas Fer) fwd et Hoe ee Sob pn wed Set dn ene vm sine Nye yor rt Foutin mol cltcrg ass an catenin Se BACKING RING Figune 2190° LoNG- RADIUS teow" a as2eL80w Lone-raoivs ro nevune RETURN 7 1 axe ! | ‘or tarser poe) (2s REDUCER (or INCREASER) joins e lamer pipe to s smeller one, The two aileble types, concentric and eccentric, are shown. The eccentric reducer is used when itis necefery to keep either the top or the bottom ofthe ne level-offset equals Ye x (larger 1D minus smaller 10). ReoUucERS Figure 22 CONCENTRIC ECCENTRIC ” reducer when greater reductions in line size are required. Regular swages in concentric or eccentric form give abrupt chenge of line size, 2 do reducers. The ‘venturi swage allows smoother flow. Refer to table 2.3 for specifying swaces for joining to socketweiding items, and to table 24 for specifying sweges for joining to screwed piping, For offset, see ‘Reducer’ ‘SWAGES or SHAGED NIPPLES FIGURE 24 MITERED ELBOWS are fabricated 28 required from pi fittings. The use of miters to make chenges in direction is prectically ‘estricted to lovepressure fines 10-inch and larger if the pressure drop is unimportant; for these uses regular elbows would be costlier. A 2-piece, ‘30-deqree miter has four to six times the hydraulic resistence of the corres: ponding reguar long-radivs elbow, and should be used with caution. A -piece ‘80-cegree miter has about double the resistance to flow of the regular long- radius elbow—refer to table F-10, Cunsuuctiuns for $-, 4, and S:pieue ius ‘are shown in tables M2. PIECE & 2PIECE METERS FiouRE 25 deiece MITER 2eIeCE MITER re times wes | THE 2018ce Mire HAS HICH FLOW RESISTANCE (See TABLE F-20) Oat{he following tive flange types ate used for butt-welded lines. The different flange facing avilable are discussed in 2.6. WELDING-NECK FLANGE, REGULAR & LONG Regular welding-neck Manges are used with buttwelding fittings. Long welding-neck flanges are primarily used for vesel and equipment nozzles, rarely for pipe. Suitable where extreme temperature, shear, impact and vibratory streses apply. Regu larity of the bore is maintained. Refer to tables F for bore diameters of those flanges. WELDING.NECK FLANGE FIGURE 26 SLIP-ON FLANGE is properly used to flange pipe. Slip-on flanges can be used with long-tengent elbows, reducers, and swages(nat usual practice). The internal weld is slightly more subject to corrosion than the butt weld. ‘The flangehas poor resistance to shock and vibration. It introduces ‘rreguarity in the bore. It is cheaper to buy than the velding-neck fiange, butis costier ‘to semble. It is eatier to align than the welding-neck flange. Calculated strengths under internal pressure areabout one third that ofthe corresponding waldingneck flanges. The pipe or fitting is set beck from the face of the flange 2 distance equal tothe wal thickness ~0" + 1/16", hn a REDUCING FLANGE Suitable for changing line size, but should not be ‘used if abrupt transition would create undesirable turbulence, as at pump connections. Avalable to order in welding-neck and eccentiic types, and usally from stock in slip-on type. Specify by nominal pipe sizes, stating the size of the larger pipe frst. Example: 2 slip-on reducing flange to connect a NPS 4 pipe toa Cless 180 NPS 6 line size flango is spocifod: RED FLG NPS 6 x 4 Class 15080 For @ welding neck reducing fienge, correct bore is obteined by giving the pipe schedule number or manufacturers’ weight of the pipe to be welded on. REDUCING SLIP-ON FLANGE FIcuRE 28 EXPANDER FLANGE Application as for welding-neck tlange-see above. Increases pipe size to frst or second larger size. Alternative to using reducer ‘and welding-neck flange. Useful for connecting to valves, compressors and pumps. Pressure ratings and dimensions are in accord with ANS! 8185, EXPANDER lor INCREASER) FLANGE FIGURE 29‘88 stainless steel 1s used, as the flange can be of carbon stee! ond only the lap- joint stub end need be of th line material. A stub ond must be used in lap joint, and the cost of the two items must be considered. If both stub and ‘ange are of the same material they will be more expensive than a welding- neck flange. Useful where alignment of bolt hols is cific, as with spools ‘abe attiched to flanged nozzes of vessels. LAPSOINT FLANGE (with Stb-ond) Figure 210 BUTT-WELDING FITTINGS FOR BRANCHING 23.2 FROM GUTT-WELDED SYSTEMS STUB.IN Term for a branch pipe welded directly into the side of the main pipe run—itis nota fitting, This is the cammanest and least expensive method ‘of welding a fullsize or reducing branch for pipe 2inch and larger. A stub-in can be reinforced by means set out in 2.11. stuain Fone 241 BUTTWELDING TEES, STRAIGHT or REDUCING, are employed to make ‘O-degre branchés from the main run of pipe. Straight ts, with branch the same siz as the run, are readily evallable, Reducing tees have branch smaller than the run. Bullhead tees heve branch larger than the run and are very seldom used but can be made to special order. None of these tees requires reinforcement. Reducing tees are ordeved as follows:— now roseciry Tees | mow mer | muwourter | erancx | exanrue reoucins ow nance |g” 6” 4° [RROTEE 6 x8 x4 BUTTAVELOING TEES FiguaE 232 STRAIGHT BUTT-WELOING TEE “REDUCING EUTTWELDING TEE ‘The next four branching fittings ae made by Bonney Forge. ‘Those fitings offer an alternte means of connecting inta the mein run, end do not require réinforeement. They are preshapad to the curature ofthe un Pipe WELDOLET mekes 2 90-dogree branch, fullsize or reducing, on strefght pipe. Closer manifolding is possible than with toxs. Flat-based woldolets are available for connecting to pige caps and vessel heads. WeLDoLer Foun 213 3 onBUTT-WELDING ELBOLET makes a reducing tangent branch on long-radius and short-redius elbows. FUsoLeT Figuae 214 BUTT.WELDING LATROLET FIGURE 215 BUTTAWELDING LATROLET makes 2 45-degree reducing branch on straight pipe. SWEEPOLET makes a GO-degree reducing brench from the min run of pipe. Primarily developed for high-yield pipe used in cil and ge transmission lines. Provides good flow pattern, and optimum stress distribution. ‘SWEEPOLET FIGURE 2.16 The next three fittings ae usually used for special designs: CROSS, STRAIGHT oF REDUCING Straight crssesare usualy stock items. Reducing crosses may nat be readily eailable. For economy, availability and ‘0 minimize the number of items ih inventory, it is preferred to use tes, et, and not crosses, except where space i restricted, as in marine piping or ‘re- Fee eee BUTT-WELDING CROSS FIGURE 2.17 LATERAL, STRAIGHT or REDUCING, permits odd-angled entry into the pipe run where low resistance to flow is important. Streight laterals with branch bore equal to run bore are available in STO anc XS weights. Reducing [eters and laterals at angles other than 45 degrees ere usully avaiable only ‘0 special order. Reinforcement is required where it is necessary to restore the strength of the joint to the full strength of the pipe. Reducing laterals ‘are ordered similarly to buttwelding tees, except that the angle between brench and rum is eso stated. LATERAL riguRe 2.18 SHAPED NIPPLE Now rarely used, but can be obtainad from stock in 90: and 4S-degree angles, and in any size and angle, including offset, to special order. The run is field-cut, using the nipple as template. Needs reinforcement Ff itis necessary to bring the strength of the joint up to the full strength of the pipe. SHAPED NIPPLE FIGURE 2.19CAP is used to seal the end of pipe. (See figure 2.20(@).) FLAT CLOSURES Flat plates are normally cut especially from platestock by the fabricator or erector. (See figure 2:20 (b) and (c).) ‘THREE WELDED CLOSURES FIGURE 220, (FLAT CLOSURE (e) FLAT CLOSURE. ELLIPSOIDAL, of DISHED, HEADS are used to close pipes of large diameter, and are similar to those used for constructing vessels. COMPONENTS FOR SOCKET-WELDED 24 PIPING SYSTEMS WHERE USED: For lines conveying flammeble, toxic, or axpensive material, where no leakage can be permitted. For steam: 300 1000 PSI, and sometimes 150 PSI steam. For carras- iveconditions, see Index under ‘Carrasion’ ADVANTAGES OF JOINT: (1) _ Easier alignment on small ines than butt welding. Teok welding is un necessary (2) No weld metal can enter bore 3) Joint will not teak, when property made DISADVANTAGES OF JQINT: (1) The 1/16-inch recess in joint (see chart 2.2) pockets liquid (2) Use not permitted by ANSI B31.1- 1989 if severe vibration ar crevice corrosion is anticipated HOW JOINT IS MADE: ‘The end of the pipe is finished flat, a= shown in chart 2.2. 1 focated in the fitting, valve, Henge, etc. and a continu ‘us fillet weld is made around the ciroum- ference Chart 2.2 shows the ratings of pipe, fittings end valves that are commonly combined, or méy be used together. The chart is a guide only, and not SOCKET-WELDED PIPING HK CHART 2.2 CARBON-STEEL PIPE & FORGED-STEEL FITTINGS 1 Bon TTT EXD PREPARATION OF PE. AND Inetoo oF Jon TO FITING, sa Peele ‘Bone eon Ae oe, AvAaaiuy oF oncen sree, Ssdenetowne eerie nes atone ‘sonepuie Sinate eH 160 weichrsor *ve wens. ‘no pressune ‘hetcur *s — | xs cussesor Firrweswmaen |e | enmae | ie Bono tor errr OST COMMON COMBINATION: CHOICE OF MATERIAL OF Reavienansicn pes aN Fivrvs Witt OeFERO ON ‘nce RESUIAED, PEN@S AND SUALLER Ie USUALLY Sana unoes sieeus" VALVES isuatey FLANGED vaivesoTwen THAN eens sen + ASH 816.11 recommanas 3 1/16thInch gap to prevent wale trom crazking uncer 1 Socketenaaa iting are now only made in clases 9008 6900 anc £000 (ANSI 816.12) la 2.2‘SOCKET-WELDED SYSTEMS ‘Dimensions of fittings and flanges ae given in tables D-8 and F-1 thru F6, —— FULL-COUPLING (terried ‘COUPLING) joins pipe to pipe, oF to a nipple, swage, et. FULLCOUPLING FiguRE 221 AGL \ REDUCER joins two different diameters of pipe. repucer sfioune 222 REDUCER INSERT A reducing fiting used for connecting a small pipe to 2 letger fitting. Socketended reducer inserts can be made in any reduction by boring standard forged blanks. SOCKET.WELDING REDUCING INSERTS, Fiune 223 socker.enpe0 oR eauipweNT screwed joint designed for use with socketwelded Blenetion in 2.6.1 of uses given under ‘threaded ur serewed tight before the ends are welded,to mi SOCKET:MELDING UNION FIGURE 224 VA Se { Sy SWAGED NIPPLES According to type, these allow joining: (1) Socke! ended items of different sizes-this type of swaned nipple has both ends plain (PBE) for ineertioninta socket ends. (2) A socket ended item toa forget byt nelding pipe or fitting-ths type of swoged ripple hes tho larar end bev sted (BLE) andthe smaller end plain (PSE) for insertion into a socket ended item. A swoged nipple is alsa refered to at 2 ‘swage (pronounced ‘swedge’) abbreviated on drawings as ‘SWG" or ‘SWG NIPP'. When ardering @ swage, state the weight designations of the pipes tobe joined, For example, NPS 2 (SCH 40) x NPS 1 (SCH 80), Exerples ofthe diferent end terminations that may be specified are as follows: SPECIFYING SIZE & END FINISH TABLE 23 OF SOCKET WELDING SWAGES SWAGE FOR JOINING— LARGER to SMALLER EXAMPLE NOTE ON DRAWING SWG 1H x1 PBE SWG2 x1 BLE-PSE ‘= Socket wading BW = Butt welding ABBREVIATIONS: PSE Pin both enfs PLE = Pisin Kege end PSE ~ Pinsrallend BLE Bevel ge end SWAGE (BE) FigunE 225,sie as ‘SOCKET-VELDING ELBOWS FIGURE 226 ‘SOCKET-WELDING FLANGE Regular type is availble from stock, Reduc- ing type is aveilable to order. For example, a reducing flange to connact NPS | pipe to Class 160 NPS 1% line-size flange is specified: RED FLG NPS 1x 1 Class 160 SW SOCKET:WELDING FLANGE Figure 227 FITTINGS FOR BRANCHING FROM 242 ‘SOCKETNELDED SYSTEMS BRANCH FROM SOCKET.WELDED RUN ‘TEE, STRAIGHT or REDUCING, makes 90-degree branch from the main ‘un of pipe. Hedicing tes are cuttom fabricated by boring standard forged blanks. ‘SPECIFYING SIZE OF SOCKET:NELDING TEES LATERAL makes fullsize 45-degree branch from the main run of pipe, SOCKET:ELDING LATERAL, FiguRE 2.29 GROSS Remarks for butt-wvelding cross apply—see 2.3.2. Reducing crosses are customfabricated by boring standard forged blanks. sockeT:wELoING cnoss Figune 20 [Feveseerries [mu onet [novooner] semen | _ canna ee Bo] Vt] acoreene aoe a Bronwrccmaccnns| Ts | 1" | 1" | teres ot a FIGURE 221-23 FABLE 23FITTINGS FOR SOCKET-WELDED BRANCH 243 FROM VESSEL OR BUTTAVELDED MAIN RUN HALE-COUPLING — Tho full-coupling is not used for branching or for ves sel connestons, asthe half-coupling isthe sae length and fs stronger. The half-coupling permits 90-depree entry inte ¢ larger pipe or vessel wall. The sackolet is more practicable 2s shai it SOCKET-HELOING HALF-COUPLING “The next four ftings ae made by Bonney Forge and offer an alternate method of entering the main pipe run. They have the advantage that the beveled welding ends are shasied to the curvatute of the run pipe, Reinforcement for the butt-nelded piping or veel not required. SOCKOLET makes @ 90-dagree brench, fullsize or reducing, on streight pipe. Flat-based sockolets are available for branch connections an pipe caps and ‘and vessel heeds. sockoLeT FIGURE 232 SOCKET:WELDING ELBOLET makes «reducing tangont branch on fong- radius and short-redius elbows, SOCKET:ELDING ELEOLET FiguRE 233 SOCKETAVELDING LATROLET makes 2 45-degree reducing Drench on: tight pipe. SOCKET:WELDING LATROLET FIGURE 234 NIPOLET A variant of the sockolet, having integral pain nipple. Primarily developed for small valved connections~see figure 6.47. wiroter FIGURE 235, (CLOSURE 284 SOCKETAWELDING CAP seals plainended pipe. SOCKETELOING CAP “Figure 236PIPING SYSTEMS WHERE USED:- For lines conveying services, and for smaller process Piping ADVANTAGES: (1) Easily made from pipe ard fittings on site (2) Minimizes fie hazard wien installing piping in afeas where flammable gases or liquids are resent DISADVANTAGES: (1}* Use not permitted by ANSI 831.1-1989, it severe ercsion, crevice corrosion, shock, or vibration is anticipated, nor at temperatures over 925 F, (Also see footnote table F-8) (2) Pessibleteakageof joint (3) Seal welding may be required-see footnote to chart 23 (4) Strength ofthe pipe is reduced, 2s forming the serewthread reduces the wall thickness ‘reat mare apply toysteme zing forgedstet ns. FITTINGS & FLANGES FOR 25a SCREWED SYSTEMS ‘Screwed piping is piping assembled from threaded pipe and fittings. Threaded matesbliron and cas ion fitings are extensively used for plumb: ing in buildings In industrial applications, Cigs 150 and 300 gohanied imalleablo-iran fittings and similrty rated valves ae used for drinking weter and airlines. Oimensions of malteale-ion fittings are given in table 0-11 In process piping, forgodsteel fittings ere preferred over castiron and rmallealnican fittings (although thar prassreftempaeniure ratings may ba suitable) for their greater mechanical strength To simplify material specific: tions, drafting, checking, purchasing and warehousing, the overall economics ‘218 in favor of uilizing 6 few dtferent types of threeded fitingsas possible. Dimensions of forgod-ste! threaded fittings are given in table D9. —=—— FULL-COUPLING (termed ‘COUPLING? joins pipe or items with threaded ends. FULL-couPLiNe Floune237 LZ hk ZL ast Chart 2.3 shows the ratings of pipe, fittings and valves that are commonly combined, of may be used together. The chart is @ guide only, and not a SCREWED PIPING CHART 2.3 CARBON-STEEL PIPE & FORGED-STEEL FITTINGS we ENO PRERARATION OF FIFE, kno. FONGE, Valve on EOUMENT Bitte asoaneseune ‘uassesor Frtrines mac [ARE COMPATIE ‘Most Common couainarion- THe oumune cuass PSR stings aRetenneD tw Host Iabtamees FOR ‘NcowsnleaL SrmENGTH Is 310 cHDIce OF MATERIAL Pressunt, “TEMPERATURE. ANO JOR CORROSON ALLOWANCE REQUIRED. FFE APS 1H ARO WALLER 'S OSUALCY ORDERED TO” AST SPECIFICATION A108 oMTROL VALVES, LSUALLY 200 (se5.8.1) diab ‘VALVES OTHER THAN cxovancn Sornot vaeves srovaen Al 0-L.0 sts mst weg al i eae cont te sen pressure (arn? re 09 tra cmon ys ine etn fo aia Sregae BE Lr eo cexton er fre comer ns rk corse ‘or valuable vis mua co FIGURE 231REDUCING COUPLING, or REDUCER, joins threaded pipes of different sizes. Can be made in any reduction by boring and tapping standard forged blanks, REDUCING COUPLING Figune 238 MIPPLES join unions, valves, strainer, fittings, et. Basically @ short length of pipe either fully threaded (close nipple) or threaded both ends (TSE), or. ‘lain one end and threeded one end (POE™TOE}. Available in various leaaths refer to table 0-11. Nipples can be obtained with a Victaulic groove at one end, estates a Beat ace eH H ate ace HH tate ements eat Biull Lech thread (NPSL), cal s TANK NIPPLE 15 used for making @ screwed connection 10 a non-pressure ‘vessel or tank in fowepresoure service. Overall length is usvally 6 inches with 2 standard taper pipe thread at each end. On one end only, the taper pipe thread runs into a ANSI lock-nut thread, UNION mekes joint which permits easy installation, removal or replacement of lengths of pipe, valves or veses in screwed piping systems. Examples: to remove a valve it must heve atleast one adjacent union, and to remove piping from a vessel with threaded connections, each outlet from the vessel should have one union between velve and vesse. Ground-faced joints are prefered, although other facings are available, ‘THREADED UNION FIGURE 240 PIPE-TO-TUBE CONNECTOR For joining threaded pipe to tube. Figure 2.41 ‘shows @ connector fitted to specially faced tube. Other types are available, PIPE-TO-TUBE CONNECTOR FIGURE 241 HEXAGON BUSHING A reducing fitting used for connecting smaller pipe into a larger threaded fitting oF nozzle. Has meny applications to instrument connections. Reducing fittings cen be made in any reduction by boring and ‘epping standard forged blanks. Normally not used for high-pressure service. HEXAGON BUSHING FIGURE 242ovate yc iSet dit iin to smaller diameter pipe. Also referred to es a ‘seage (pronounced ‘swedge’) and abbreviated as “SWG’ or ‘SG NIPP’ on drawings. When ordering 2 ‘swoge, stata the woight designations of the pipes to be joined: for example, NPS 2 (SCH 40) x NPS1 (SCH 80).A swage may be used for joining: (1) Serevr 2d pining to screwed piping. (2) Screwed piping to butt-welded piping (3) Butt weldéd piping toa threaded nozzle on equipment.itisnecessary to specify ‘on the ping drawing the terminations requir SPECIFYING SIZE & END FINISH OF THREADED SWAGES TABLEZS ‘SWAGE FOR JONNING— Se eaten EXAMPLE NOTE ON ORAWING THRO ITEM | THRD ITEM ‘SWG x1 TBE SWITEMorPIPE | THROITEM | SWG2 x1 BLE-TSE THRO ITEM" | BW ITEM SWG3_x2_TLE-BSE utt welding ‘TLE = Threaded large end ‘Threaded ‘TOE = Threaded one end ded both ends BLE = Beveled large end ‘TSE = Threaded small end BSE = Beveled small end “A larger threaded item is seldom joined to a smaller buttwelding item,» However, the connection of a burtwolded line to a threaded nozzle on a vesil fe an example. ‘SWAGED NIPPLES, TRE and BLE—TSE FIGURE 243 ELBOWS make 90- or 45-deqree changes in ditection of the run of pipe. Street elbows having o integral nipple. at one ond (exe tblo 0-11), oro availble ‘THREADED ELBOMS, 45 snd 90 DEGREE FIGURE 2.44 Regular and reducing types are available from stock. For example, a ceducing flange to connect 4 NPS 1 pipe to 2 Cless 150 NPS 1% finesize flange’ is specified: RED FLG NPS 1% x 1 Class 160 THRO ‘THREADED FLANGE Figune 245 FITTINGS FOR BRANCHING FROM 25.2 SCREWED SYSTEMS. BRANCH FROM-SCREWED MAIN RUN ‘TEE, STRAIGHT or REDUCING, makes 3 90-degree branch from the run of pipe. Reducing toes are made by boring and tapping standard forged blenks. SPECIFYING SIZE OF THREADED REDUCING TEES Fee eater eet reece | reece on ear 7 Pe ee preancwmoceransons | TE TLE [poorer at ae ‘THREADED TEES, STRAIGHT and REDUCING Figure 246LATERAL makes fullsize 45-degree branch from the main run of pipe. ‘THREADED LATERAL, Ficune 247 CROSS Remarks for buttwelding cross apply ~see 2.3.2. Reducing crosses are made by boring end tepping standard forged blanks. THREADED CROSS FiounE 243, FITTINGS FOR SCREWED BRANCH 25.3 FROM VESSEL OR BUTT:WELDED MAIN RUN HALF-COUPLING can be used to make 90-degiee threaded connections to pipes for instruments, or for vessel nczdes. Welding heat may cause em britvament of the threads ofthis short fiting. Requires shaping, THREADED HALF-COUPLING & FULL-COUPLING Ficune 249 FULL-COUPLING Superior to half-coupling. Also requires shaping for con- necting to pipe. TANK NIPPLE See 25.1, figure 2.39(4). ‘The next four fittings for branching are made by Bonny Forge, Thase fittings offer a means of joining screwed piping to 2 welded run, and for making instrument connections. The advantages are that the welding end does not require reinforcement and thet the ends are shaped to the-curvature of the tun pipe, THREDOLET mekes 2 90-degree brench, full or reducing, on straight pipe. Fiet-based thredolets are available for branch connections on pipe caps end vessel heads. ‘wnevoLer FiguRE 250 THREADED ELBOLET makes reducing tangent branch on long-radius and short radius elbows. THREADED ELSOLET FIGURE 251 ‘THREADED LATROLET makesa 4b degree reducing branchon astiight pipe ‘THREADED LATROLET FIGURE 252states vcmseeni seein OE ES OEE ee THREADED NIFOLET FIGURE 253 Sj ‘STUBAN Seo comments in 2.2.2. Not preferred for branching from pipe smaller then NPS 2.26 weld metal may restrict flow. cLosuRES 284 CCAP seals the threaded end of pipe. THREADED CAP FIGURE 254 BARSTOCK PLUG seals the threaded end ofa fitting. Also termed ‘round- head plug: BARSTOCK PLUG (IN TEE) FIGURE 2.85 as ‘Standard ANSI/ASME 1.20.1 defines general purpose pipe threads: tapered ‘and straight threads for pipe (and fittings, et.). For the same nominal pipe size, the number of threads per inch is the same for straight and tapered ‘threads. Mast pipe joints are made using the tapered thread form. Tapered and straight threads will mate. Taper/taper and taper/staight (both types) joints are self sealing with the use of pipe dope (e compound spread fon the threads which lubricates and seals the joint on assembly), or plastic tape (Teton). Tape is wrapped around the external thread before the joint is _assemblad. A straightstright sorewed joint requires locknuts and gaskots to cfsure sealing - se fp. 2.29 (d). ‘Stenderd ANSI 81.20.3 defines ‘drysea!’ threads Dryseal threads seal against Tine pressure without the use of pipe dope or tape. The sel is obtained by using @ modified thread form of sharp crest and flat root. This causes inter- ‘erence (mata-to-metal contact) between the engaged thread, and prevents leakage through the spiral cavity of mating threads. ‘Symbols used for specifying threads N = American National Standerd Thread Form, P = Pipe, T = Teper, C= Coupling, F = Fual & Oil, H = Hose coupling, | = Intermediate, Locknut, M=Mechaneal, R= Railing fittings, ANSIB1.20.1: PIPE THREADS, GENERAL PURPOSE Teper Pipe Thread ner < Rigid mechanica joint fr Ratings NeTR Straight Pipe Thread: : = Intel, in Pie Coxiptings pst + Freeitting, Mechanical Joints for Fixtures PSH + Loosefitting, Mechanical Joints with Locknuts NPSL = Loosefiting, Mecherical Joints for Hose Couplings PSH ANS!81.20.3: DRYSEAL PIPE THREADS ‘oper Pipe Thresd: + Oryseal Standard NETE - Drysoel SAE Short (NPTF type, shortened by one thread) PTE-SAE SHORT - Dryseal, Intermediate (for use herd/britte materials) NPSt (NPTF is the only type that ensures sealing agsinst line pressure. If there is no objection to its use, pipe dope may be used vi ‘sealing, and lessen galling ofthe threads.) Specify pine threads by: NPS - Threads per inch - Thread type Exampl 3-8 NPT C55 fouRES” 247-2.58Pee eet eee eee FLANGE FACINGS & FINISHES 261 Many facings for flanges ace offered by flange manufacturers, including vatious ‘tongue and groove’ types which must be used in peirs. However, ‘only four types of facing are widely sed, end these are shown in figure 258, The raised face is used for about 80% of all flanges, The ringoint facing, employed with either an oval-section or actagon-section gaske, is used mainly in the petroctemical industry. ‘THE MOST-USED FLANGE FacINGS FIGURE 256 Raseorace Pua ence a fy yi co oY eye The RAISED FACE i 1/16inch high For Classes 150 and 300 flanges, and Winch high for all other classes. Class 250 castiron flanges and flanged fittings afso have the 1/16-inch ised fe. Suppliers’ cotalogs give length thru hub’ dimensions which include the 2.06:inch raied face on flanges in Classes 150 and 300, but exclude the 0.25.inch raised face on flanges it. Classes 400 theu 2500. Tables F ‘Include the raised face forall flange Clases FLAT FACE Most common uses are for mating with nonstee! lenges on ‘odies of pumps, ete and for mating with Css 125 cast iron valves and fitings. Flatfaoad flanges are used with a gestat whose auter diameter equals that ot the flange — this reduces the dangsr of eracking 2 castiron, bronze or plastic ‘lange when the ascembly is tightened. CTT PLP ttt TLL Lien LLL it it GLb Le! efficient for high-tenperatureand hiat-pressure service. Both flanges of pair are alike, The ringoint facing is not prone to damage in handling asthe sur- faces in contact with the gasket ae recessed. Use of fecings ofthis type may increase as hotlow metal O-rings gan acceptance for process chemicat seal. LAPAOINT FLANGE is shaped to accommodate the stub end. The combin- ation of flange and stub end presents similar geometry to the raised-tace flange end can be used where severe bending stresses will not occur. Advant- ges of this flange ae stated in 2.3.1 —— .- ‘The term ‘finish’ refers to the type of surface produced by machining the flange faze which contacts the gasket. Two princinat types af finish are pro- duced, the ‘serrate and ‘smooth’, Forgedstee! flanges with reised-foce are usuelly machined to give a ‘serrated ‘concentric’ groove, or a‘srrated-spiral’ groove finish to the rised-ace of the ‘tango, The sorrated spiral finish isthe more common and may be tarmed the ‘stock’ or ‘standard finish’ available from suppliers. The pitch of the groove.and the surface finish vary depending on the size and class of the flange. For ralsed-face steel flanges, the pitch varies from 24 to 40 ‘per inch, 1 is made using a cutting tool having a minimum reds atthe tip of 0,06-inch. The maximum roughness of surface finish is 125-600 microinches. ly-ordered, and is aveilabie “Smoot finish is usally spec two qualities. (1) A ine machined finish leaving no definite tool marks. (2) ‘mitre finish, primarty intended for use without gaskets. BOLT HOLES IN FLANGES 28.2 Bolt holes in flanges re equally spaced. Specifying the number of hola, dia- meter ofthe bolt erele and hole size sats the bolting configuration. Number of bolt oles par lange is ivan in tables F Flanges afe positioned so that bolts stredille vertical and horizontal venter- lings. This isthe normal position of bolt holes on at! flenged items. BOLTS FOR FLANGES 263 ‘Two types of bolting ae available: the studbolt using two nuts, ond the machine bolt using one nut. Both boltings are illustrated in figure 257. ‘Studbolt thread lengths and diameters ere given in tables F ‘Studbotts have largely displaced regular bolts for bolting flanged piping joints. Three advantages of using studbotts are: (1) The studbott is more easly removed if corroded {2) Confusion with other bolts atte site is evoided (3) Studbolts in the less frequenty used sizes and materials canbe readily ‘made from round stockaia nati suancetcan. stuos0Lt HexnuT HexnuT ex nur, Ci = UNIFIED INCH SCREW THREADS (UN AND UNR THREAD FORM) UNR. indicates rounded root contour, and spplies to external threads only. Fat, or rounded raot is optional with the UN thread, There are four Unified Screw “Thweads: Unified Coacse (UNC/ UNCA, Unified Fine (UNF/UNFR), Unified Extiafine (UNEF/UNEFR) and Unified Selected (UNS/UNSR), with three classes of fit: 1A, 2A and 3A for external threads; 18, 28, and 38 for internal threads, (Cless 3 tes the least clearance.) The stendard is ANSI B1.1. which incorporotese metic translation. UNC (Class 2 madiuen fit bolt and nut} is used for boits end studbolts in ‘piping, and specified in the following order: Diameter - Threads per inch Thread - Class of ft Example; BOLT: 4-13 UNC 2A NUT: +13 UNC 28 GASKETS 264 Gaskets are used to make a fid-resstant seal betwoen two surfaces, The ‘common gasket patterns for pipe flanges are the fullface end ring types, for se with flatfaced and raisesface flanges respectively, Refer to figure 256. Widely-used meterals for gaskets are compressed asbestos (1/16-inch thick) ‘awd esbestosfilled mete (‘ptatwound’, O.17Sineh thick), The filed:metal ‘gasket is especially useful if meintenenoe requires repeated uncoupling of flanges, es the gasket separates cleenly and is often reusable. Choice of gasket is decided by: (1) Temperature, pressure end corrosive nature of the conveyed tid (2) Whether maintenance or operation requires repeated uncoupting (3) Gode/environmental requirements thet may apply (Cost Garlock Inearparetee’spublietion ‘Engineered gaskting products’ provides information on the suitability of gasket materials for cifferent applications, “Tebles 25 gives some characteristics of gaskets to id selection. It may be required that adjacent parts of a line ere electrically insulated from fone another, and this may be effected by inserting @ flanged joint fitted ‘with an insulating gasket set between the pais. A gesket electrically insu- fates the flange faces, and sleoves and weshers insulate the bolts from one or both fines, a ilustreted in figure 2.58, a te Sop =e ESS Serie fe tee ee ee =e ‘Suan set Sera | va00 -3000,000 == Bitte | ar | = lle i BS eS |E: |e Ee INSULATING wasHen, Sect uasiee: ‘TEMPORARY CLOSURES FOR LINES 27 IN-LINE CLOSURES 274 ‘A completely lak-proof means of stopping flow in lines is necessary in piping systems when: (1) A change in process material to flow in the line isto be made and crosscontamination is 10 be avoided. (2) Periodic maintenance is to be carried out, and a hazard would be presented by flammable end/or toxic material passing a valve ‘The valves described in 3.1 may not offer complete security agent leskege, and one ofthe following methods of temporary closure can be used: Line blind vale, ine blind {including special typesfor use with ingointfiangos), spectacle plate (so-called from its shape), ‘double block. and bleed’, end bling flanges replacing a removable spool. The last three closures are illustrated in figuees 2.59 thru 2.61. 25Pee Cee eee eet FIGURE 2.59, PLATE BLIND, that ocerrewe may POUBLESLOCK-AND-SLEED FiguRe260 ose oe Cece meee suseo connection ——= pases REMOVABLE SPOOL, Ficuae 261 (ie mustbe posse to Rincen tenga ay ftomavessoe to atoct fomeat-tnsb epesaiy roortan with rngioint ‘nee If 2 line isto be temporarily closed down with double-block-and-bleed, both valves are closed, and the fluid between dranm off with the bleed valve. The bleed valve is then left open to show whether the other valves are tightly shut. Figure 2.60 shows the bieed ring connected to a bleed valve-see 3.1.11. The ‘use of @ tapped valve rather than a bleed ing should be considered, as itis ‘2 more economic arrangement, and usualy can be specified merely by adding ‘suffix to the valve ordering number, A line-blind valve is not illustrated as construction varies, This type of valve incorporates a spectacle plate sandwiched between two flanges which ‘may be expanded or tightened (by same easy means) allowing the spectacle plete to be reversed. Constantength lineblind valves are also available, ‘made to ANS! dimensions for run length. ‘Table 28 compares the advantages of the four inline temporary closures: MLLINE CLOSURES TABLE 26 euosune | wean | SFESTACLE | pounce uivesuno | Here | poueet. | neuovasue cartenion \| YAYE UMEBLNO | BLEED S701 reams | vac ‘MEDIUN EXPENSE, iva cyanate | BASTaye | Garemomconrncouency | WOE TMARHOURS ronoouste | wecuicmiz | 109 206 chawceDvER ITAL Faint tow very HIG cost igh ice SEB | covets | cowuere | oousrru | conruere VsuaL Ves our inorearion_| YES | suseecr [YS we a carter | PLANT pureerTten corenaresr__| orcraron | PREFITER | Greaaron CLOSURES FOR PIPE ENDS & VESSEL OPENINGS 2712 ‘Temporary bolted closures include blind flanges using fet geskets or ring” joints, T-bott closures, welded-on closures with hinged doors — including the ‘boltless manhole cover (Robert Jenkins, England) and closures primarily in- ‘tended for vesels, such 25 the Lanepe range (Bonney Forge) which mey also be used with pipe of large diameter. The blind flange is mostly used with a view to future expansion of the piping system, of for cleaning, inspection, etc, Hinged closures are often installed on vessels; infrequently on pipe, QUICK CONNECTORS & COUPLINGS 28 ‘QUICK CONNECTORS 281 ‘Two forms of connector specifically desioned for temporary use are: (1) Lever type with double lever clemping, such as Evertite ‘Standard’ and Vieteulic “Snap Joint’. (2) Screw type with captive aut ~ ‘hose connector’. ‘Typical use is for connecting temporarily to tank cars, trucks or proces ves- sais, Inter-trades agreements permit plant operators to attach and uncouple ‘these boltless connestors. Certain temporary connectors have builtin valves. Evertite manufactures @ double shut-off connector for liquids, and Schrader tele ecirteuctrlr fr sir Minasa Connections of this type may be suitable for either permanent or temporary tue, depending on the joint and gesket, and servive conditions. Piping ean be built rapidly with them, and they are especially vseful for making repairs 1 lines, for constructing shortrun process installations such a plat plants, ‘and for process modification ‘COUPLINGS FOR GROOVED COMPONENTS & PIPE Couplings of this type are manufactured by the Vietaulic Company of America for use with stel, casticon, FAP or plastic pipe, either having arooved ends, or with Victauic collars welded or cemented to the pipe ends, “The following special fittings with grooved ends are available: eibow, toe {all typed) lateral, cross, reducer, nipple, and cap. Grooveended valves and valve adaptors are also avilable. Advantages: (1) Quick fitting and removal . (2) Joint can take up sore deflection and expansion. (3) Suitable for many ses, with correct gaskets. ‘The manufacturer states that the biggest uses are for permanent plant air, water (drinking, service, proces, waste) and lubricant lines. COMPRESSION SLEEVE COUPLINGS ate extensively used for air, water, cil and ges. Welbknown manufacturers include Victaulc, Dresser and Smith: Blair. Advantanes: (1) Quick fitting and removal. (2) Joint may take up some deflection and expansion. (3) End preparation of pipe is not needed. “VicTAULic COMPRESSION SLEEVE COUPLING Figune 262 EXPANSION JOINTS & FLEXIBLE PIPING 29 EXPANSION JOINTS 29.1 Figures 2.63 thns 2.86 show methods of accommodating movement in piping due to temperature changes, if such movement cannot be taken up by: (3) Calculated placement of anchors. (4) Cold springing-see 6.1. Bellows-type Lisa expariion joints of the type shown in figure 2.83 are also used to absorb : vibration. SIMPLE BELLOWS Ficune 253 ARTICULATED BELLOWS, FiouRe 284 ARTICULATED TWINSELLOWS ASSEMGLY FIGURE 255, 26= “SLIDING SLEEVE FLEXIBLE PIPING 292 For filling end emptyi 10 design articulated piping, using ‘swiveling’ joints, or ‘ball’ joints (the fatter is e ‘universal joint). Flexible hose hes many uses especially whore there is 2 need for temporery connections, or where vibration or movement occurs. Chemicabresistant and/or armored hoses are available in regular or jooketed forms (se figure 6.39). . SEPARATORS, STRAINERS, SCREENS & DRIPLEGS 2.10 COLLECTING UNWANTED, MATERIAL FROM THE FLOW = 2.10.1 Devices are included in process and servic lines to soparate and collect un- Gesirable solid or liquid material. Pipe sale, loose weld metal, unreacted or decomposed process material, precipitates, lubricants, oils, or water may harm either equipment or the process. Common forms of lineinstlled separator are illustrated in figutes 2.87 end 2.88. Other more elaborate separators mentioned in 3.3.3 are available, but these fell more into the category of process equipment, normelly selected by the process engineer. Air and some other goes in lquid-bearing lines re normally sef-ollecting at piping high points and at the remote ends of headers, and are vented by dit charge valves ~ see 3.1.8, SEPARATORS 2.10.2 ‘These permanent devices are used ta collect droplets from 2 gaseous stream, for example, to collect cil droplets from compressed air, or condensate drop- lets from wet steam. Figue 2.67 shows @ separator int wich Uruplets th Ure stream collect in cheveoned groovesin the barrier and drain to the small well, Collected liquid is discharged via s trap—see 3.1.9 and 6.10.7, Inserted in lines immediately upstream of sensitive equipment, striners collect solid particles in the epproximate size range 0,020.8 inch, which can be separated by passing the fluid bearing them thru the strainer’s screen, ‘Typical locations for streners are before @ control valve, pump, turbine, or ‘raps on steam system 20-mesh strainers ae used for steam, weter and heavy ‘or medium oils. 4¢-mesh is suitable for steam, ai, other gases, and light ois, ‘The commonest strainer isthe ilustreted wye type where the screen is cylin- ‘ric and retain the particles within. This type of strainer is easily disment- led, Some strainers cn be fittad with a valve to‘eclitate blowing outcollect- ‘ed material without shutting the line down—see figure 6:9, for example. acketed strainers are available, SEPARATOR FIGURE 267 PIPED TO TRAP STRAINER FIGURE 269,‘Simple temporary strainers made from perforated sheet metal and/or wire ‘mesh are used for startup operations on the suction side of pumps and comp- ressors, especially where there is a long run of piping before the unit that ‘may contain weld spatter or material inadvertently left in the pipe, After startup, the screen usually is removed, It may be nocessary to arrange for a small removable spool to accommodate the screen. It is important that the flow in suction lines should not be restricted, Coneshaped screens are therefor preferred, with cylindric types as second choice. Flat screens are better reserved for low-suction heads. SCREEN BETWEEN FLANGES Figure 269 DRIPLEG CONSTRUCTION FiguRE 270 a Ney -— Eanes, DRIPLEGS 2105 Often made from pipe and fittings, the dripleg is an inexpensive means of collecting condensate. Figure 2.70 shows a dripleg fitted to. horizontal pipe. Removal of condensate from steam ines is discussed in 6.10. Recommended sizes for drplegs are given in teble 6.10. 125) BRANCH CONNECTIONS “Reinforcement’ is the addition of extra metal at a branch connection made from a pipe or vessel wall. Thé added metal compensates for the structural weakening due to the hole Stub-ing may be reinforced with regular or wraparound seddles, as shown in figure 2.71. Rings made from plstestock are used to reinforce branches made with welded laterals and butt-wnelded connections 10 vessels. Smell ‘welded connections may be reinforced by adding extra weld metel to the joint. Reinforcing pieces are usualy provided with @ small hole to vent gases produced by welding; thase ise would otherwise be tepped. A vent hole also serves to indicate any leskage from the joint. STRAIGHT PIPE If butt weld joining two sections of straight pipe is subject to unusual external stress, it may be reinforced by the addition of a ‘sleeve' (formed from two units, each resembling the lower member in figure 2.71 () ‘The code applicable to the piping should be consulted for reinforcement requirements. Backing rings are not considered to be reinforcements~se2 the footnote to chart 2. REINFORCING SADDLES FIGURE 271 (a REGULAR SADDLE Linsadae oni insseaie ontPIPE SUPPORTS FIGURE 2.724 SUPPORTSFIFE OUPTURIS SPRING SUPPORTHARDWARE FOR SUPPORTING PIPING 212 Symbols for drafting various types of support are shown in chart 5.7. For esiging support systems, see 6.2. PIPE SUPPORTS: 2aza Pipe supports should be as simple es conditions allow, Stock items are used where practicable, especially for piping held from above. To support piping from below, supports are usually made to suit from pietestock, pipe, and pieces of structura steel, ‘A selection of available hardware for supporting i ilustrated in figures 2.728, and B. ‘TERMS FOR SUPPORTS 2122 ‘SUPPORT The weight of piping is vsually carried on supports made from structural steel, or stesl end concrete. (The term ‘support’ is also used in reference to hangers.) 7 HANGER Devise which suspends piting (ususly e single line) from struc tural steel, concrete or wood. Hangers are usually adjustable for height. ANCHOR A rigid support which prevents transmission of movement (thermal, vibratory, etc) along ining, Construction may be from ste! plate, brackets, flanges, rods, etc. Attachment pf an anchor to pipe should preferably encircle the pipe and be welded all ercund es this gives e better dstibution of stress in the pipe wal, ‘THE An arrangement of one oF mors rods, bars, et., to restrain movernent of piping DUMMY LEG An extension piece (of pipe or rolled steel section) welded ton elbow in order to support the line—see figure 2.72A and table 6.3. The following hardware is used where mechanical and/or thermal movement ise problem: 7 GUIDE A means of allowing pipe to mave along its length, but aot sideneys. ‘SHOE A-motel piove attached to the underside ofa pipe which rests on sup- Porting steel. Primarily used to reduce weer from sliding for ines subjact to movement, Permits insulation to be epplied to pipe. SADDLE A welded’ attachment for pipe requiring insuletion, and subject to longitudinal or rolling movement (resulting from temperature chenges SLIDEPLATE A slide plate support is illustrated in figure 2724. Figure 2.728 shows applications of ‘Ucar’ graphite slide plates which ae offered by Union Cerbide Inc. The two plates used in a support are made from or faced with @ material of low friction able to withstand mechanical stress ‘and temperature changes. Plates are often made from graphite blocks, Stoel plates with 2 teflon facing are avellable and may be welded to steel, Spring hangers or supports allow variations in the length of pipe due to changes in temperature, and are often used for vertical fines. Refer to 6.2.5 Figure 8.18. There are two types of spring hanger or support: ‘CONSTANT LOAD’ HANGER This device consists of a coil spring and lever mechanism in @' housing: Movement of the piping, within limits, will ‘not change the soring force holding up the piping; thus, no additional forces will be introduced to the piping system, “VARIABLE SPRING’ HANGER, and SUPPORT These devices consist of a coil spring in @ housing, The weight of the piging rests on the spring in com- pression. The spring permits a fimited amaunt of thermal movement. A variable spring hangor holding up a vortica! fine will reduce it lifting force as the line expands towerd it. A variable spring support would increase is lift ing force as the line expands toward it. Both place a load on the piping system, Where this is undesirable, 2 eonstant-load henger can be used instead. a HYDRAULIC DAMPENER, SHOCK, SNUBBER, or SWAY SUPPRESSOR One end of the unit is attached to piping and the other to structural stel or concrete, The unit expands or contracts to absorb slow movement of piping, ‘buts rigid to rapid movement, SWAY BRACE, or SWAY ARRESTOR, is essentially a helical spring in a housing which is fitted between piping and a rigid structure, lis function is to buffer vibration and sway. WELDING To PIPE 2123 If the opplcable code permits, lugs may be welded to pipe. Figure 2.728 illustrates some comman errangements using welded lugs, rolled stee! sections and pipe, for:— (1) Fixing hangers to structural steel, ete (2) Attaching to pipe (3) Supporting pipe Welding supports to prelined pipe will usually spoil the lining, end therefor lugs, ete, must be welded to pipe and fittings before the ining is applied, Welding of supports and lugs to pipes and vessals to be stressielleved shiauld 1 i i iWALYLO, FUME O, GUMTNCOOUTO, and Types of Process Equipment VALVES a1 aaa! FUNCTIONS OF VALVES Table 3.1 gives @ bess for classifying valves according to function: USES OF VALVES TABLE 5. VALVE ACTION EXPLANATION ‘SEE SECTION: STOPPING OR ON/OFF STARTING OW 3.14 and 3.16 VARYING THE RecuLaTing | YARYING THE | 3.1.8, 31.8 and 3.1.10 PERMITTING FLOW IN ONE DIRECTION a7 ONLY, ‘SWITCHING FLOW. “ALONG DIFFERENT 48 houtes DISCHARGING FLUID FROM A SYSTEM ‘CHECKING SWITCHING DISCHARGING ‘Types of yahe suitable for on/off and regulating functions are listed in ‘chart 3.2. The suitability of 2 valve for a required purpose depends on its construction, discussed in 3.1.3. PARTS OF VALVES 312 Valve manufacturers catalogs offer a szemingly endless variety of construc: tions. Classification is posible, however, by considering the beSié parts that make up @ vale: (1) The ‘cise’ and ‘seat’ that directly affect the flow (2) The ‘stem’ that moves the dise in some valves, itl. under pressure ‘Goes the work of a stem 7 (3) The “body’ and ‘bonnet’ that house the stem (4) The ‘operator’ thet moves the stem (or pressurzes fluid for squeeze valves, et) Figures 8.1 thru 3.3 show three common, types of valve with their parts labeled. DISC, SEAT, & PORT Chart 3.1 Tlustrates various types of dsc and port arrangoments, end mech: nisms used for stopping or regulating Flaw. The moving part directly affect ing the flow is termed the ‘dso’ regardless of its shape, and the non-moving part it bears on is termed the ‘seat’. The ‘por’ isthe maximum intemal open ing for flow (that is, when the velve i fully oper). Dises may be actuated by ‘the conveyed fluid or be moved by a stam having linea, wary oF helical ‘overent. The stem cen be maved manuelly or be driven hydraulically, ‘Preumaticlly or electrically, under remote or eutomatic control or mech. ‘nically by weighted lever, spring, te The size of a valve is determined by the size ofits ends which connect to the Pipe, ete. The port size may te smaller. STEM ‘There are two categories of screwed stem: The rising stern shown in figures 3.1 and 3.2, and the non-ising stem show in figure 3.3, Rising stem (gate end globe) valves are made either with “inside screw’ (1S) Or ‘outside screw (0S). The OS type hes a yoke on the bonnet and the asembly is referred to as ‘outside screw and yoke’, ebbreviated to SRY". The handwhee! cen either rise with the stem, or the stem can rise thu the hendweel. dhe, (FABLE ~BASIC VALVE MECHANISMS CHART 31 FLUD CONTROL ELEMENTS (olseS) OPERATED VALVES SELF-OPERATED VALVES GATE GLOBE ROTARY DIAPHRAGM CHECK REGULATINGes TELELEP ETL LLELELLELLEL ELLE LET eee ‘the bonnet and in contact with the conveyed fluid. AA ‘floor stand isa stem extension for use with both types of stem, where it is necesary to operate 8 valve thru 2 floor or platform, Alternately, rads fitted with universal joints may be used to bring a valve handwheel within ‘an operatar’s reach. epending on the size of the required valve and availabilities, selection of stom type cen be based on: (1) Whether itis undesirable for the conveyed fluid to be in contact with the threaded bearing surfaces (2) Whether an exposed sorew is liable to be damaged by abresive atmo- spheric dust (3) Whether itis necessary to sea if the valve is open or closed In adéiton to the preceding types of stom used with gate and globe vals, ‘most other valves have a simple rotary stem. Rotay-ball plug and butterfly valves havea rotary stem whichis moved by a permanent lever, or tool applied {aa square boss atthe end of the stem. FiguRE 3. FiguRE 22" GATE VALVE (O58, belted bonnet, ising stem) (GLOBE VALVE (058, bolted bonnet, sng stem) ‘There are three basic types of attachment for velve bonnets: screwed {including union), bolted, and breechloek. AA serewed bonnet may occasionally stick and turn when a valve is opened, Although sticking is less of a problem with the union type bonnet, vahves ‘with sorewed bonnets are best reserved for services presenting no hazard to personnel. Union bonnets are more suiteble for small valves requiring fre ‘quent gismantling than the simple screwed type. The bolted bonnet has lereely displaced screwed and union bonnet valves in ‘hydrocarbon applications. A U-bolt or clamp-type bonnet is offered on some ‘small gete valves for moderate pressures, to facilitate frequent cleaning ond inspection, ‘The ‘pressure sel’ isa variation of the bolted bonnet used for high-pressure valves, usually combined with OS&Y construction. It makes use of line pres- sure t0 tighten and seal an internal metal ring or gasket agsinst the body. The breachlock is @ heavier infrequently-used and more expansive construc- tion, also for high-pressure use, and involves seal-nelding of the bonnet with the body. Ficune 33 GATE VALVE (15, holted bonnet nanising ser) astem. Core hes to be taken in the selection of packing, gland design, and choice and application of lubricant. As en option the bonnet may include a “Tantern ring’ wiih serves two purposes — either to act ase collection point to drain off any hazardous seepages, or as @ point where lubricent can be injocted. LANTERN RING Bopy Selection of meterial to fabricate the interior of the valve body is important with 3 valve used for process chemicals. There is often a choice with regard to the body and trim, and some valves may be obtained with the entire interior of the bady lined with corrosiorresistant matera \Velves are connected to pip, fittings or vesels by their body ends, which may be flanged, screved, butt- or socketwelding, oF finished for hose, Victaulc coupling, etc. Jacketed valves are lso avcilable~see 6.8.2. SEAL In most stemvoperated valves, whether the stem has rotary oF lineal move- ‘ment, packing or seals are used between stem end bonnet (or body). If high veowum oF corrosive, flammable of toxi fluid isto be handled, the disc or stom may be sealed by a metal bellows, or by a Flexible diaphragm (the letter is termed ‘packtess’ construction). A gasket is used es seal between a bolted bonnet and valve body. DBELLOVISSEAL VALVE “PACKLESS' VALVE tLe Loe ELLE LLL ee ‘extend the resiiant seat to also serve as line gaskets. The pressureseal bonnet joint utilizes the pressure of the conveyed fluids to tighten the seal ~ see ‘Pressure sea’ under ‘Bonnet’, this section. MANUAL OPERATORS. HANDLEVER is used to actuate the stems of small butterfly and rozary-ball valves, and small cocks. Wrench operation is used for cocks and strat plug valves HANDLEVERS ON SMALL VALVES . HANOWHEEL is the most common means for rotating the stem on the ‘majority of popular smelier valves such at the gate, globe and diaphragm types. Additional operating torque for yate and globe valves is offered by ‘hammerblow’ or ‘impact’ handwheels which may be substituted for normal hhendwheels if easier operation is needed but where gearing is unnecessary. HAMMER-SLOW HANOWHEEL Nanuisn ACTION IS PROVIDED. BRVIL: PRovecTine’ SEMEN ‘CHAIN operator is used where a hendwheel would be out of reach. The stem is fitted with a cheinwhoel or wrench (for lever-oparated valves) and the loop of the chain is brought within 3 fof working floor level, Universal-type chainwheels which attach to the regular hendwheel have been blamed for accidents: in corrosive atmospheres where an infrequently-opereted valve has stuck, the attaching bolts have been known to fail. This problem does not arise with the chainvhee! that replaces the regular valve handvwheel. ‘GEAR operetor is used toreduce the operating torque. For menval operation, consists of a handwheel-operated geer tein ectusting the valve stem. AS a guide, gear operators should be considered for valves of the following sizes and clases. 125, 150, and 300, 14-inch and larger; 400 and 600, Bch and larger; 800 and 1500, inch and larger; 2600, 4-inch and larger. aT iPOWERED OPERATORS Electric, pneumatic or hydraulic operation is used: (1) Where a valve is ‘emote from the, main working area. (2) If the required frequency of opers: tion would need unreasonable human effort. (3) If repid opening and/or closing of a valve is required, ELECTRIC MOTOA The velve stem is maved by the electric motor, thu reducing gears, SOLENOID may be used with fast-acting check valves, end with on/of valves ight uty instrumentation applications, ELECTRIC MOTOR OPERATOR PNEUMATIC OPERATOR, PNEUMATIC & HYDRAULIC OPERATORS may be usid where flammable vapor fs likely to be present. They take the following forms: (1) Cylinder with double-cting piston driven by air, water, oll, or other liquid which ‘usually actuates the stem directly. (2) Air motor which actuates the stem thru + (a) Rotacing ste on grade vive double-cting vane with limited rotary movement in a sector casing, actuating the stem divectly. (4) Squeeze type (refer to ‘Squeeze valve’) ‘QUICK-ACTING OPERATORS FOR NON-ROTARY VALVES (Manualiy-operated valves) Quich-acting operators are used with gate and globe valves, Two stem movements are employed:— (1) Rotating stem, rotated by 2 lever (2) Stiding stem, in which the stem is raised and lowered by lever ‘QUICK ACTING LEVERS ON VALVES (2) Siding stem on ate wave ‘Steam and air whistles are examples of the use of sliding stem quick acting ‘operators with globe valves. SELECTING ON/OFF & REGULATING VALVES. ‘The suitability of a valve for @ particular service is decided by its materials of ‘construction in relation to the conveyed fluid as well a its mechanical design, Feferring to the descriptions in 3.1.2, the stops in selection are to choose: (1) Moteriol() of construction. (2) The vise type. (3) Stem type. (8) teens ‘of operating the stem — the ‘operator’. (5) Bonnet type. (6) Body ends — welding, flanged, etc. (7) Delivery time. (8) Price, (9} Warranty of perform. ance for severe conditions. 343 Chert 82 is @ guide to valve selection, and indicates valves which may be chosen for a given service. The chart should be reed from left to right. Fist, ‘ascertain whether a liquid, gas or powder is to be handled by the valve. Next Consider the nature of the fluid—whether it is foodstuffs or drugs to be handled tygienicelly, chemicals thet are corrosive, or whether the fluid is substantially neutral or non-corrosive, ‘Next consider the function of the valve — simple open-or-clesed operation on/off’), or regulating for contral or for dosing, These factors decided, the chart will then indicate types of valves which should perform satisfactorily in the required service If the publication is avalable, reference should also be mede to the Crane Company's ‘Choosing the right valve’.VALVE SELECTION GUIDE CHART 3.2, [eee eee se? er UU =r eel = ne Seto wom He, [moe on sou [Sess | Se ween | wee [Bie [tn = eee eee tania engeneiemeeanl KEY TO VALVE SELECTION GUIDE chant a2 (1) Determine type of conveyed Muid—Tiquid, 936 slurry, or powder (2) Determine nature of fluid © Substantially nautral—not noticeably acid or alkaline, such 2 various ols, drinking water nitrogen, gs, iret. © Corrasive-markedly acid, alkaline, or otherwise chemi- ‘ally reactive © ‘Hygienie-—materials for the food, drug, cosmetic or ‘other industries ‘4 Slury—suspansion of solid particles in aliquid can have an abrasive effect on valves, etc. Non-bresve slurries such a wood:pulp slurries can choke valve mechanisms (3) Determine operation: © ‘Onlott’—tully open or fully closed {© Rgulating-including close regulation (throtling) (4 Look nto or tors atest che Pressure and temperature of conveyed fluid Method ot operating stem—considet closing time and affect the sealing of small valves.In industrial piping, ovotf control of flow is most commonty effected with gate valves. Mast types of gate vole are unsuitable for egulating: erosion of the seat and disc occurs in the throttling postion due to wibretion ofthe dine ("chattorng"). With some fluids, it may be desiabie to use globe valves for on/off sewico, as they offer tighter closure. However, 0 the principal function of globe valves is regulation, they ae descrined in 3.1.5. —— ‘SOLID WEDGE GATE VALVE hes elther 2 sold or flexible wedge disc, In addition to on/off service, these valves can be used for regulating, usually in sizes 6-inch and larger, but will chatter unless dsc is fully guided through- lout travel. Suitable for most fluids including steam, water, ol, air and gas. The flexible wedge was developed to overcome sticking on cooling in high ‘temperature service, and to minimize operating torque. The flexible wedge is not ilustrated-it can be likened to two wheels set on a very short axle. ‘SOLID WEDGE GATE VALVE DOUBLE-DISC PARALLEL-SEATS GATE VALVE hes two paralel dsss which are forced, on closure, epeinst parallel seats by a ‘spreader’. Used for iquids and gases at normal temperatures. Unsuitebie for regulation. To prevent jamming, installation is usvally vertical with handwhel up. DOUBLE-DISC (SPLIT WEDGE) WEDGE GATE VALVE Discs wedge aginst inclined seats without use of 2 spreader, Remarks for double-disc parallel stats gate valve apply, but smaller valves ate made for steam service. Often, construction allows the dises to rotate, distributing wea. SINGLEDISC SINGLE-SEAT GATE VALVE, or SLIDE VALVE, is used for handling paper pulp slurry and other fibrous suspensions, end for low: pressure gases. Will not function properly with inflow on the seet side. Suitable for regulating flow if tight closure is, not require. e81 ‘on stem and bonnet are lower than with wedge-gate valves. Primarily used for liquid hydrocerbons and gases. SINGLE.DISC PARALLEL- SEATS GATE VALVE PLUG GATE VALVE PLUG GATE VALVE This valve hes @ round tapered disc which moves up ‘and dawn. Suitable for throttling and full-flow use, but only available in the smaller sizes. PLUG VALVE Mechenism is shown in chart 3.1, but te dss may be eyling- ‘ices wel stopefed, Advantages are compactness, and rotery 90-degree stem ‘movemant. The tapered plug tends to jam and requires a high operating torque: this i overcome to some extent by the use of 3 lowrictian (teflon, et) seat, or by lubrication (with the drawback thet the conveyed fuid is contaminated). The friction problem is also met by mechanisms rising the aise from the seat before rotating it, or by using te ‘eooentsic? design (sea rotacyall vv). Principal us are for weer of slurries, end gases. LINE-BLIND VALVE This iso positive shutoff device whith basically consists ofa flanged assembly sondviching a spectacleplate or blind. This volve is described and compared with other closures in 2.7.1 VALVES MAINLY FOR REGULATING SERVICE 246 GLOBE VALVE, STRAIGHT & ANGLE TYPE These are the valves most used for regulating. Fortine sizes over 6-inch,chaice of a valve for flow con trol tends to go to suitable gate or butterfly valves. For more satisfactory service, the direction of flow thru valve recommended by manufacturers is from stem to seat, ta assist closure and to prevent the disc chattering against ‘the seat in the throttling position. Flow should be from seat to stemside (1) if there is 2 hazard presented by the dise detaching fram the stem thus closing the valve, or (2) if a composition dis is used, as this direction of flow them gives less wea. tsTr Te Pit it it tit tt tod ot 111] et i tte il tT eit ide dit ol fori elt it ttt ta higher streses than streight runs, which must be considered with this ‘large seat area end the adjustment afforded by fine threading ofthe stem. type of valve, GLOBE vatves lena! REGULAR.DISC GLOBE VALVE Unsuitable for close regulation as dise ‘and seat have marrow (almost line} contact. SQUEEZE VALVE is wellsuited to regulating the flow of difficult Fiquids, PLUG-TYPE DISC GLOBE VALVE Used for severe regulating service with _sluries and powders. Maximum closure is about 80%, which mits the rnge itty quid, such as boiler feedwater, and for blowroffservce. Less subject oF regulation, unless the variation of this type of vaWe with 2 central to wear under clase regulation then the regulerseated va. core eat) is used, offering full closure, WYE-BODY GLOBE VALVE has intine ports and stam emerging at about -—»-~PINGH VALVE Also suited to regulating flow of dificult liquids, sluries and 45 degrees; hence the 'Y’. Preferred for erosive fluids due tosmoother flow powders. Complete closure is possible but tends to repidly wear the flexible patter, tube, unless of special design, WrYESODY GLOBE VALVE lIncprporting composition ie) VALVES FOR BOTH REGULATING & ON/OFF SERVICE 316 ROTARY-BALL VALVE Advantays are low operating torque, eveltility in large sizes, compactness, rotary 90-degree stem movement, and “i repleceability of al wearing parts in some designs. Possible disadvantages are that fluid is trapped within the body {and within te dise on closure), nd that compensetion for wear i effected onty by resent material bahind the seats: th liter problem i voided in the singleseat ‘eccentric’ version, which has the ball sightiy offset so that it presses into the seat, on closure. Principal uses are for water, ols, suries, gases and vacuom, Valve is available witha ball having @ shaped port for regulation, [ROTARY-BALL VALVE COMPOSITION-DISC GLOBE VALVE Suitable for coarse ceguation and tight shutof, Replaceable compostior-dsc construction issirilar to that of a faucet. Gritwillimbed inthe sft diss preventing seat demoge and ensuring good closure. Close regulating will epily damage the seat. DOUBLE-DISC GLOBE VALVE fertures two discs bearing on separate seats spaced aparton a ingle shaft, which fres the operator from stressos ft up by the conveyed fluid pressing into the valve. Prneiplois ured an control valves and. pressure regulators for steam and other gases. Tight shutoff is not ensured BePr rie degrees or less), compactness, and absence of pocketing. It is avllele in all sizes, and can be produced in chemicelresitant and hygienic forms. ‘The valves are used for gases, fquid, slurries, powders and vacuum. The usual resent plastic seat has a tempersture limitation, but tight cloare at high temperatures is avilable with a version having @ metal cing sal around the dist. Ifthe vale is target may be held between flanges of any type. Stip-on and screwed flanges do not form 2 proger seal with some wefer forms of the ve, in which the cesient seat is extended to serve also as line gaskets. BUTTERFLY VALVE (Wter eye) VALVES FOR CHECKING BACKFLOW aig Al valves in this categary are designed to permit flow of liquid or gasin one direction end close if flow reverses. SWING CHECK VALVE The regular sving check valve isnot suitable if there is frequent flow reversal as pounding end wearing of disc occurs. For gritty liquids a composition dis is edviseble to reduce damage tothe seat. May be mounted vertically with flow upward, or horizontally. Vertically mounted valve hat a tendency Yo remsin open if the stream velocity changes slowly. ‘An optional lever and outside weight may be offered either to assist closing orto counterbalance th disc in pert, and alow opening by lowpressurefivid. ‘SWING CHECK VALVES ‘cuttde Lover a wetane TILTING-DISC VALVE Suitable where frequent flow reversal occurs. Valve closes rapidly with better closure and less slamming than the swing check valve, which it somevihat resembles. It has higher pressure drop with large able swingcheck valve. Nay be installed vertically with flow upward, ot ‘horizontally. Dist movement can be controlled by an integral dashpot or snubber. LIFT-CHECK VALVE resembles the pistoncheck valve. The dis is guided, but the despot fesure is absent Springloeded types can operate et any oxiontation, but unsprung valves have to be arranged so that the disc will close by gravity. Compositiondise vales are available for gritty PISTON-CHECK VALVE Suitable where frequent change of direction of flow occurs as these valves are much less subject to pounding with pulseting ‘fow due to the integral désh-pot. Spring-ioaded types can operate at any orientation, Unsprung valves have to be orientated for gravity closure. Not suiteble for gritty tiquids. ‘STOP CHECK VALVE PISTON-CHECK VALVE STOP-CHECK VALVE Principal example of use is in seem generation by multiple baile, where 2 velve is inserted between each boiler and the main stem header. Besicaly, a check valve that optionally canbe kept clasedauto- matically or manually. BALLCHECK VALVE is suitable for most services. The valve cn handle gases, vapors and liquids, including those forming gummy deposits. The tll seats by gravity and/or back presure, and is fee to rotate, which distributes ‘wear end aids in keeping contacting surfaces clean, WAFER CHECK VALVE effects closure by two semicircular ‘doors, both hinged to 2 central post in 2 ring-shaped body which is installed between flanoes. Frequently used for nan-fouting liquids, es it is compact end of ‘elatively low cost. A single disc type is also available. FOOT VALVE Typicel use is to maintain @ head of water on the suction side of «sump pump. The valve is besicelly s liftcheck valve with a streiner integrated,VALVES FOR SWITCHING FLOW 348 MULTIPORT VALVE Used largely on hydraulic and pneumatic control cir cuits and sometimes used rectly in 1002 piping, these velves have ratery- ball or plugtype dises with one or more ports arranged to snitch flow. DIVERTING VALVE Two types of ‘diverting’ valve are madi. Bath switch flow from a line into one of two outlets. One type is of wy pattern witha hinged cise et th juntion which closes one of the two outlets, and is used +o Fantle powceis and other soi. The second type handles liquid only, and has no moving parts-flow is switched by two pneumatic control lines. I is availble in sizes to Ginch, VALVES FOR DISCHARGING 348 “These valves allow removal of fluid from within @ pipitig system elther to atmosphere, to a drain, or to another piping system oF vesel et 2 lower pressure. Operation is often automatic. Relief and safety valves, stam traps, and rupture diss are included in tris section. Pressureveliving valves are usually spring loaded, as those worced by lever end weight oan be easily rendeted inoperative by personnel. The first three valves are operated by system pressure, and are usuelly mounted directly onto the piping or vessel to be protected, in 2 verticel, upright position, Refer to the governing code for the application of these valves, including the need fgr an external lifting device (handlever, etc). ee SAFETY VALVE A ‘apit-opening popping action} fullflow valve for air and other ges, RELIEF VALVE Intended to relieve excess pressure in liquids, in situations where fullflow discharge is nat required, when release of a small volume of liquid would rapidly lower pressure. Mounting is shown in figure 6.4, SAFETY VALVE RELIEF VALVE. SAFETY-RELIEF VALVE Relieves excess pressure of either gas or liquid hich may suddenly develop @ vapor phese due to rapid and uncontrolled BALL FLOAT VALVE These automatic valves are used: (1) As air traps to remove water from sir systems. (2) To remove air from liquid systems and act as vacuum breakers or breather valves. (3) To control liquid level in tanks, They are not intended to remove condensate. BALL FLOAT VALVE BLONOFF VALVE (Foe fist an above) BLOWOFF VALVE A verity of globe valve conforming with boiler code requirements end especially designed for boiler blowotf service. Sometimes suitable also for blondonn service, Wyepattern and angle types often used. Used to remove air and other gases from boilers, ete, Manually-operated. FLUSHBOTTOM TANK VALVE Usually a glabe type, designed to mini- mize pocketing, primarily for conveniently discharging liquid from the low point of a tank. FLUSH BOTTOM TANK VALVE (GLOBE TYPE) RUPTURE DISC A sefety device designed to burst ata certain excess pressure and rapidly discharge ges or liquid from a system. Usually made in the form of a replaceable metal disc held between flanges. Dist may also be of graphite ‘or, for lowest bursting pressures, plastic film, SAMPLING VALVE A vale, usvally of needle or globe patter, placed ina branch line for the purpose of drawing off samples of process material thru the branch. Sampling fram very high pressure lines is best done thru @ double ‘valved collecting vessel. A cooling arrangement may be needed for samplingfrom steam lines without releasing steam. (2) Discharging water from air line without releasing airs2 Ball lot vee this section INVERTED-SUCKET TRAP Prom onoces # BE} CONTROL VALVES & PRESSURE REGULATORS 31.10 CONTROL VALVES Control valves automaticaly regulate pressure andfor flow rate, and are avail able for any pressure If efferent plant systems operate up to, end at pressure/ ‘temperature combinations that require Class 300 valve, sometimes (where ‘the design permis), all contro valves chosen will be Class 300 for intarchange- ability, However, if none of the systems exceeds the ratings for Class 160 valves, this is not necessary. The control valve is usually chosen to be smaller than line size to avoid throttling and consequent rapid viear of the seat. Globe-patiern valves ae normally used for contrat, and their ends are usually flanged for ease of maintenance. The dis is moved by a hydraulic, pneumatic, letricel, or mechanical operator. Figure 3.4 shows schematicelly how @ control vale cen be used to contrat rate of flow in 2 line, Flaw rate is releted to the pressure drop ecross the ‘sensing element’ (an orifice plate in this instance~see 6.7.6). The ‘controller’ recelves the pressure, suas, cumpates them with the pressure drop for the desired flow and, ifthe actual flow is different, adjusts the control valve to increase or decrease the flow. Comparable arrangements to figure 3.4 can be devised to control any of numerous process varieblos—tomperature, pressure, level and flow rata sre the most common controled variables. Control valves may be*sélf-operating, and not require the addition of a controller, sensing element, etc. Pressure regulators are a common example of this type of valve, and chart 3.1 shows the principles of operation of @ pressure regulator. PRESSURE REGULATOR Control valve of globe type which adjusts dowinstam pressure of liquid or gas fincluding steam or vapors) to 2 lower desired value (‘set pressure’). BACKPRESSURE REGULATOR Control valve used to maintain upstream pressure in a system. Be AUTOMATIC. contaowes gontaot Siena (Reterto chert 5) SIGNAL orenaton CONTROL VALVE SENSING ELEMENT (Primary eement) UNCLASSIFIED VALVES & TERMS With few exceptions the following are not sperial valve types ‘those previously discussed, but are terms used to describe valves by service ‘or funtion. BARSTOCK VALVE Any vale having a.body machined from solid metel (arstock). Usually needle or globe typ2. BIBB A small valve with turned-down end, like a faucet. BLEED VALVE Smell valve provided for crewing off fuid. BLOCK VALVE Ar on/off vale; nearly always. gate vee, placed in fines ot battery limits. BLOWDOWN VALVE Usually refers to a plugtype lsc globe valve used for removing sludge and sedimentary mstter from the bottom of boiler drums, vessels, driplegs, etc. BREATHER VALVE A special self-acting vahe installed on storage tanks, ft, to releese vapor oF ges on slight increase of internal presure (in the region of % to 3 ounces per squere inch). BYPASS VALVE Any valve placed in a bypass arranged around another valve or equipment-see 6.1.3 under ‘If there is no PBID..” and figures 66 thr 6.11. DIAPHRAGM VALVE Examples of true diaphragm vahes, where the di phragm closes off the flow, are shown in chart 3.1. These forms of digphragm valve are popula for regulating the flow of sures and corcosve fluids end for vacuum. The term ‘diaphragm vebe is alto applied to valves which have @ diaphragm seal between stem and body, but these ae better referred to a8 “diaphragm seal’ or ‘packles’ velves—see 3.1.2, under “Seal DRAIN VALVE A valve used for the purpose of draining liquids from a line cf vessel, Selection of a drain vale, end the method of attachment, is, influenced by the undesirabilty of pocketing the material being drained this is importrit with slurries and fiquids which ate subject to: (1) Solidi Cation on cooling or polymerization, (2) Decomposition. DRIP VALVE A drain vele fittad to the bottom of 2 dripieg to permit blondownFLAP VALVE A non-return valve having @ hinged disc oF rubber or Teather flap, used for lorepressure lines HEADER VALVE An isolating valve installed in 2 branch winere i joins 2 header. OSE VALVE A gate or globe valve having one of its ends exterelly Threded to one of the hose thread standard in use in the USA, These velves aie used for vehicular and firevter connections ISOLATING VALVE An on/off valve isolating = piste of equipment oF @ process from piain. KNIFE-EOGE VALVE A single-disc singleseat gate vale (slide gate) with ‘a knife-edged disc. MIXING VALVE regulates the propertions of two inflows to produce @ controlled outflow. NON-RETURN VALVE Any type of stop-check velve-se2 3.17, PAPERSTOCK VALVE A singlesine single-seat cote valve (sie gote) with Tnifepéged of notched die used to regulate flow of paper slurry or other fibrous slury. PRIMARY VALVE See ‘Root vale’, this section. REGULATING VALVE Any valve used t0 adjust flow. ROOT VALVE [1) A vele used to isolate a pressure eldment or Instrument from 2 line of ves. (2) A value placed at the beginning of branch from 2 header. SANPLING VALVE Small abe provided for drawing off fluid. Se23.1 SHUTOFF VALVE An ov/ott valve placed in lines to or from equipment, or the purpose of stapping and starting flow. SLURAY VALVE A knife-2dge vahe used to contol flow of ronabrasie suis. SPIRAL-SOCK VALVE A vale used to contra flow of powders by means of ‘ twistabe fabric tube or sock. ‘STOP VALVE An on/off valve, usally a globe vate. THROTTLING VALVE Any valve used to closely regulate flow in the justopen, position. VACUUM BREAKER A special sltacting valve, oF any velva suitable for Wecvum service, operated manually or automaticaly, installed to admit yat {usvally atmospheric at) into @ vacuum or fowpressure space. Such valves tr inctlled on bigh points af piping or vesels to permit éraining, and sometimes to prevent siphoning. UNLOADING VALVE S2t'3.2.2, under ‘Unioading, and figure 6.23. QUICK-ACTING VALVE Any an(off valve rapidly operable, either by man- at ever spring, or by piston, soleoié or ever with haat fusible link releasing ‘weight which in falling operates the vale, Cick-acting vale ae desirable Vines conveying flammable iquids, Unsuitable for water or for liquid service in genes! without oeshioning dace (hyérauceocumlater, ‘pulsation pot uF eee eee eg ninian from shock, See 2.1.2, under ‘Quick-acting PUMPS & COMPRESSORS 32 Puwes 24 DRIVERS Electric motors are the most frequently used drivers. Larger pumps may be riven by steam, gas, o° dieselengines, or by turbines. "EADS (PRESSURES) IN PUMP mune ss NG i onveR ‘CENTERLINE OF PUMP NOTES “re top het nPich mas be rove by the gun ine angers how yw + Og hed # ar PD teds av be creed eer al belts vte ot llin ui, bt tinier The SES ame suntan, th oferta ied I = omtnvtonteod fig + sate heat eres) = 0-5 17 [itunes in ah te (id cbr none) sso e nce ioeted wpe ove ay. © Reba nnion aon png, cig runes ie fem Be Chena seeder looted a pane a = prmorenen store gus inelin ar west oPede Of 1 Psu fea above ine! inst aes et ET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD (NFSH Jest tines ae etal eee oui at wpm of Tae met Nn Vat res ENS cena Sane 10 gs rr om, it os Rw ec et an aPUNP SELECTION GUIDE CHART 3.3 a ‘TYPES OF PUMP ‘A pump is a device for moving a fluid from ane place to another thru pipes oF channels. Chert 3.3, 2 selection guide for pumps, puts verious types of ump used industrially into five catagories, based on opereting principle. Ia common reference, the terms centrifuge, rotary, sorem, and reciprocating are used. Chart 3.3 is not comprehensive: pumps uliizing other avi are in use. About nine out of ten pumps used in industry are of the centri- fugal type The following information is given to enable an estimate to be made of requited total head, puma size, capacity, and howsepower for planning purposes. Data in the Guide permit estimating pump requirements for water systems. PUMP “TOTAL HEAD’ A pump imparts energy to the pumped liquid. This energy isable to raise the liquid to a height, or ‘head’. The ‘coral head of a pump (in fe) isthe energy {in feb) imparted by the pump to each pound of liquid In piped systems, pert of the totat head is used to overcome friction in the piping, which cesults ina pressure drop (or ‘headloss. For a centrifugal pump, the sime total head can be imparted to all iquids of ‘comparable viscosity, and is independent of the fquid's density: the required Ariving power increases with density. Figure 8.3 relates the total heed pravid- ced by the pump to the headlossss in the pumpad system. PRESSURE & ‘HEAD’ In US customary units, pressure (9 } in PSI is related to head ( in tt A [PSI] = (A0h/144) = (S.G.)2)/(2.311, whore d is liquid density in fe} ‘and S.G. is specific gravity. Atmospheric pressure at sea level is equal to 14,7 FSIA, the pressure generated by @ 34tt height of water. VELOCITY HEAD. , Usually the liguid being pumped is stationary before entering the suction piping, and some power is absorbed in accelerating it ta the suction line velocity. This causes small ‘velocity head” loss (usually about 1 ft) and ‘may be found from table 3.2, which is applicable to liquid of any density, if the velocity heed is read as feet of the liquid concerned, VELOCITY & VELOCITY HEAD TABLE 32 vaca ter [as 6 7 8 8 0 2 veneer Wau) | 629 059 Goo O76 Oe Um 185 Ba aa0 Flow rate, liquid velocity and crosesectional area {at right angle to flow) are related by the formulas: Flow rate in cubic feet persecond = Flow rate in US gallons per minute = (va ings) (2.1168) va) where: y= liquid velocity in feet por second 4 = crasssetiona area in squere inches (able Pt) POWER CALCULATIONS IF 8.6. = sperific gravity of the pumped liquid, # = total heed in feet of che pumped liquid, and p = pressure drop in PSI, then {GPMVENIS.G) _ (GPMV(9) Hydraulic he = iyéraulic horsepower = oe‘The mechanical efficiency, e, of a pump is defined as the hydraulic horse power (power transferred to the pumped liquid) divided by the brake harse- ‘ower (power anoles tothe driving shat ofthe pump) I the pump is driven by an eletii¢ motor which has a mechanical eff ciency fy the electy demands = (eeminis.c) _ _ (Geant) lowett (KW = elle) 2207 ll Often, estimates of brake horseparer, electricity demand, etc., must be made ‘without proper knowledge of the eficiencies. To obtain estimates, the mech- ‘anical efficiency of 2 centrifugal pump may be astumed to be 60%, and that of an electric motor 80%, COMPRESSORS, BLOWERS & FANS 322 eFERENCES “Compressed air and gas data’. Editor Gibbs C.W.[Ingersol-Rand} “Air receivers”. Section 1910,169 of the Code of Faseral Regulations; CFR Occupational Sefety and Health Administrtion (OSHA) PEEPS Compressors are used to supply high-pressure si for plant use, to pressurize refrigerent vepors for cooling systems, to liquefy gases, ete, They are rated by their maximum output pressure and the number of cubic feet par minute of a ges handled ata specified speed or power, stated at‘standaré conditions’ 60 Fond 14.7 PSIA (aot at compressed volume}. 60 F is accepted as standard temperature by the gas industry. ‘The term ‘compressor’ is usuelly rexervad for machines developing high press: ures in closed systems, end the terms blower’ an ‘fan’ for machines working at low pressures in open-ended systens. (COMPRESSOR PRESSURE RANGES TABLE 33, MACHINE DISCHARGE PRESSURE RANGE COMPRESSOR | 15¢thnu 20,000 PSIG, and higher BLOWER Thru 15 PSIG FAN Up to 1 PSIG (about 30 in. water) COMPRESSING IN STAGES Gases fincluding at) can be compressed in one oF more operations termed ‘stages’. Each stoge can handle » precticeble inerease in pressure—before Temperature increase cue to the compression necessitates cooting the gas Contig berween stages is effected by passing the ges thru an intercooler. Staging permits high presoures, and lower discharge temperatures, with frat eee tl le leet! ‘TYPES OF COMPRESSOR RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR Air or other oasis pressurized in cylinders by reciprocating pistons. 1 the compressor is lubricated, the cutflow may ree outflow is required, the pistons mey be fitted with graphite or teflon piston sings. Flow is pulsating, ROTARY SCREW COMPRESSOR Air or other gis enters pockets formed between mating rotors and @ cesing wall. The pockets rotate ewey from the inlet, taking the gas tovard the discharge end. The rotors do not touch exch other oF the casing wall. Qutflow is uncontaminated in the ‘ery type of mechine, in which poner is applied to both rotors thru external timing sears. In the ‘wet type’, power is applied to one rotor, and both rotors ere separated by an ol film, which contemintes the dscherge, Flow is uniform. ROTARY VANE COMPRESSOR resembles the rotary vene pump shown in chart 2.3, Variation in the volume enclosed by adjacent vanes as they tate produces compression, Ample lubrication is required, which mey introduce ‘ontemination, Flow is uniform. ROTARY LOBE COMPRESSOR consists of two synchronized lobed rotors turning within @ casing, in the same way 2s the pump shown in chart 3:3 (under “spurgear’ type). The rotors do not touch each other ar the casing. No lubrication is used within the casing, and the outflow isnot contaminated Flours uniform. This machine Is often referred to asa ‘blower’. DYNAMIC COMPRESSORS resemble ges turbines acting in reversa. Both axial-fow machines and centrifugal machines (with radial flow) are available. Centrifugal compressors commonly have either one or two stages, Axial Compressors have at least two stages, but seldom more than 18 stages. The outflow is not contaminated. Flow is uniform. LIQUID RING COMPRESSOR This type of compressor consists of a single malti-bladed rotor which turns within casing of approximately elliptic cross section. A controlled volume of quid in the casing is thrown to the casing wall with rotation of the vanes. This liquid serves both to compress and to seal. Inlet and outlt ports located in the hub communicate with the pockets formed between the vanes end the fiquid ring. These compressors have special advantages: wet gases and liquid carryover including hydrocarbons which are ‘troublesome with other compressors ate easily handled, Additional cooting is seldom required. Condensible vapor can be recovered by using liquid similar to thet in the ring, Flow is uniform, EQUIPMENT FOR COMPRESSORS INTERCOOLER A hest exchanger used for cooling compressed ges betwoen stages. Ait must not be cooled below the dew point (at the higher pressure) 438 moisture will interfere with lubrication and cause wear in the next stage: ARTERCOOLER A heat exchanger used for cooling gas after compression fs completed. If sir i being comprocsad, chilling pormiteromaval of much of the moisture, DAMPENER or SNUBBER; VOLUME BOTTLE or SURGE DRUM:Recip- este toetar ral parent -rashns aceasta tanta acta al neat!its valves. A dampener, or snubber, is @ beffled vessel which smooths pulsa- tions inflow. A volume botte o surge drum has the same purpose, but tacks baffle. These devices are not normally part of the compressor package, and are often bought separately (with the compressor maker's recommendations). Large compressors may require en arrangement of ‘choke tubes’ (restrictions) and ‘bottles’ (vessels), conforming toe theoretical design and located near the compresso’s outlet, upstream af the aftercooler. ‘The location of the fottowing four items of equipment is shown in figure 6.23: SEPARATOR (normally used only with air compressors) A water Separator is often provided following the aftercooler, and, sometimes, also atthe intake to a compressor heving a long suction line, if water is likely to collect in the fine, Each separator is provided with a drain to altow continuous removal of water. RECEIVER Refer to ‘Discharge (supply) lines’ and ‘Storing compressed ar’, this section, SILENCER is used to suppress objectionable sound which may radiate from anairinteke, FILTER iS provided in the suction line to en eit compressor to collect particulate matter. The following information is given as guide for engineering purposes LINE SIZES FOR AIR SUCTION & DISTRIBUTION SUCTION LINE Suction lines and manifolds should be large enough to pre- vent exeassive noise and starvation of the sir supply. Ifthe first compression stage is reciprocating, the suction line should allow a 10 to 23 ft/sec flow: if a single-stage recioroceting compressor is used, the intake flow should nat be fester then 20 fu/see. Oynamic compressors cen operate with faster intake velocities, but 40 fulsec is suggested as @ maximum, The inlet seducer for ‘8 dynamic compressor should be placed close to the inlet nozzle. DISCHARGE (SUPPLY) LINES are sized for 150 to 178% of average flow, depending on the number of outlets in use at any time, The pressure lossin a branch should be timited to 2 PSI, The pressure drop in a hose should not ‘exceed 5 PSI. The presure drop in cistribution piping, from the compressor 1 the most remote part of the system, should not be greater than 5 PSI (not including hoses). These suagosted pressure drgps may be used to sélect line sizes with the aid cof table 3.5, From the required SCFM flow in the line tobe sized, find the ‘ext higher flow in the table. Multiply the alowed pressure drop (PSI) in the line by 100 and divide by the length of the tne in fet to obtain the PS! drop per 100 ft-find the next lower figure ta this i the table, and read required line size. Equioment drawing air at a high rete for a short period is best served by & receiver close to the point of maximum use-tines cen then be sized on ceverage demand. AA minimum receiver size of double the SCF used in intermit- tent demand should limit the pressure drop at the end of the period of use to about 20% in the worst instances and keep it under 10% in most others. wax | covray. | wrtow | economic RANGE oureur eournessonrvee | ate | Haare | (rw | Caton crn sie) Wt [Gara ron oo ree ourrow IREcIPROCATING ‘ublested 35,909 | on | 4t07 | 10,000 Nom iubricated 00 | NONE Dynamic. ‘Gentzifugal 4000 | None | 4, | s00%0 110,000 Axial 90 | NONE 4% | 5,000 t0 13,000, ROTARY VANE 126 | OW 4 [180% 6,000 ROTARY LOBE 30 | NONE 50,000 Rovanyscrew 125 | woney [4 | 3010750 LIQUID RING. 75 | WATER [1.6122] 20105000 ‘Figure apple toa twostabe machine FLOW OF COMPRESSED AIR: RATATAT CRT ERIN AP 100 (Udopted from det publihed by Ingusot-Rend) TanLs 25 FREEAIR [NOMINAL PIPE SIZE QNGHES| — SCHEDULE 40 FIPE ‘meow ests 0 128 | 037 70 377} 1.05012] presure chop amar ten 2 6.00| 122 | 019 (hon 2125) per 10070 100 53 | 2.00] 0.24 400 ls22 | a0 [OaR TOA] OS 700 18 | 292 | 1.19 | 038 POT 900 7a | 478 197 | as | ors 000 270 | 500 | 243 | 076 | 019 4,000 19 | 290 Pose 7000 a7 | 105 9,000 Presure ceo tage 148 | 175 0,060 pace ee 130 | 2.13 40,000 538 *Peesure crop varies invert a sbzoltepresue of entaring a POWER CONSUMPTION ‘The power consumption of the different compressor types is characteristic. ‘Table 3.4 aives the horsepower needed at an output pressure of 100 PSIG. Power consumption per CFM rises with rising output pressure. Air cooling adds 36% to power consumption (inckuding fen drive). “FAD' power con- sumption figures for compressors of ‘average’ power consumption are given. FAD’ denotes “free sir delivered corresponding to standard cubic ft per ‘minute (SCFM) or liters per minute measured NOTES FOR LINES Special points for design and operating procedures ara noted—such os lines Wihich need to be sloped for gravity flow, lines which need careful cleaning i> fir i ll The PAID should show all major equipment and information thet i relevant to the process, such as equipment names, equipment numbers, the sizes, ratings, cpecites, and/or duties of equipment, and instrumentetion, Standby, and paralleled equipment is shown, including all connected lines. Equipment numbers and service functions ( STANDBY’ or ‘PARALLEL OF} are noted. ‘Future’ equipment, together withthe equipment that wil service it, is shown. in broken outline, ‘and labeled. Biind-fange terminations to eczommodete future piping should be indicated on headers and brenches. Future” additions are usually not anticipated beyond a S-year period. Pressure ratings for equipment are noted if the cating is different from the piping system. A “typical” note may be used to describe multiple pieces of identical equipment in the some sorvice, but all equipment numbers are written, ‘CLOSURES: Temporary closures for process operation or personnel protection are shown. PIPING AND ae HGR STITT TEL ELT LEE LLL ‘These items should be shown upstream of equipment and processes needing protection, and are discussed in 2.10. STEAM TRAPS ON THE P&ID If the locations of traps are known they ate indicated. For exemple, the trap required upstream of 2 pressure-reducing station feeding a steam turbine should be shown. Steam traps on steam piping are not otherwise indiceted, as these treo posi tions are determined when meking the piping drawings. They can be added later to, tha PAID if desired, after the piping rawings have been completed. DRIPLEGS Driplegs are not shown. VENTS & DRAINS Vents and drains on high and low points of lines respectively, to be used for hydrostatic testing, te not shown, as they are estabisied on the piping arrangement drawings. Proces vents and drains are shown. FORE N save necarer RUF NO Taso sowvenrcogig RAUF NO beaded souven aera rune a‘VALVES ON THE P&ID ‘© Show and tag process and service valves with size and identifying num- ber if applicable. Give pressure rating if different from line specification ‘8 Indicate any valves that have to be Iecked open or locked closed © Indicate powered operators SHOWING INSTRUMENTATION ON THE P&ID ‘Signalleed drafting symbols shown in chart 6.1 may be used, and the ISA scheme for designating instrumentat on is described in 6.5. Details of instrument piping end conduit are ususily shown on separate instrument installation drawings, 4 Show all instrumentation on the PAID, for and including thes items: ‘element or sensor, signal lead, orifice flange assembly, transmitter, con- troller, vacuum breaker flame arrester, vel ggg, sight glass, low inica- tor, relief valve, rupture dis, safety vahe. The last three items may be toned with set pressures) also © Indicate local- or board-mounting of instruments by the symbol—refer te tha labeling schema in 5.5.4 INSULATION & TRACING Insulation on pipi required, Tracing requirements ar 19 and equipment is shown, together with the thickness cated. Refer to 6. ‘CONTROL STATIONS Control stations ere discussed in 61.4, Control valves ae indicated by press: ture rating, instrument identifying umber end size-see figure 6.15, for ex- ample. P&ID SHOWS HOW WASTES ARE HANDLED Drains, funnels relief valves and other equipment handling wastes are shown ‘on the P&ID. If an extensive system or wastetreatment facility is involved, it should be shown on 2 separate P&ID. Wastes and effluents are discussed in 6.13, SERVICE SYSTEMS MAY HAVE THEIR OWN P&ID Process equipment may be provided with various servis, such as steam for heating, water ar rfrigerant for cooling, or air for oxidizing. Plant or equip- ‘ment providing these services is usually described on seperate ‘service PRID'S'. ‘A service line such as a steam Fine entering 2 process PAID is given a ‘hollowy ‘row’ line designation taken from the sevice P&ID, Returning sevice lines are designated in the same wey. Rafer to figure 6.4. UTILITY STATIONS ‘Stations providing steom, compressed sit, and weter, ae shown. Refer to 6. en ee ee eee TT ‘These shoots are tabulated lists of lines and information about them. The numbers of the Fines are usually listed at the right of the sheet. Other ‘columns list line size, material of construction (using company’s speificetion ‘code, if there is one), conveyed fluid, pressure, temperature, flow rate, tet pressure, insulation or jackoting {iF roquired), and connected lines (which will usually be branches) The sheets are compiled and kept uptodate by the projectaroup, taking all ‘the information from the P&ID. Copies oe supplied to the ping group for reference. : ‘On smal projects volving only fen tines fine designation shosts may net be used. It is useful to add a note on the P&UD stating the numbers of the last line and fast valve use. VIEWS USED FOR PIPING DRAWINGS 5.26 ‘Two types of view are used: (9) ORTHOGRAPHIC ~ PLANS AND ELEVATIONS (2) PICTORIAL ~ ISOMETRIC VIEW AND OBLIQUE PRESENTATION Figure 65 shows how a building would appear in these different views. PRESENTATIONS USED IN PIPING DRAWINGS FIGURES. ORTHOGRAPHIC PICTORIAL a PLANS & ELEVATIONS Plan views are mare common than elevational views Piping layout is developed in plan view, and elevational views and section details re added for clarity ‘where necessary, PICTORIAL VIEWS In complex plping systems, where orthographic views may wt easily lus trate the design, pictorial presentation can be used for clarity. In either ‘isometric or oblique presentation, lines not horizontal or vertical on the drawing are usually drawn at 30 degrees to the horizontal.show areas of a plant, ete. more clearly than an isometric view. It is not commonly used, but can be useful for disgramatic work. Figure 5.6 illustrates how circular shapes viewed at different angles are ap- proximated by means of a 36-degree ellipse template. Isometric templates for valves, etc, are avilable end nest drawings can be rapidly produced with them. Orthographic and isometric templates con be used to produce an ‘oblique presentation, Figure 53 ISOMETRIC PRESENTATION ‘OF CIRCULAR SECTIONS PRESENTATIONS OF A PIPING SYSTEM Figure 5.7 i used to show the presentations used in, drafting, Isometric ‘and oblique drewings both clesly show the piping arangement, but the plan view fails to show the bypass loop and valve, and the supplimentery elevation is needed. PIPING DRAWINGS ARE BASED ON OTHER DRAWINGS. 827 ‘The purpose of piping drawings is to supply detailed information to enable 4 plant to be built. Prior to making piaing drawings, the site plan and equipment arrangement drawings ere prepered, and trom these two drawings ‘the plot plan is derived, These three drawings are used as the basis for developing the piping crewings. SITE PLAN ‘The piping group produces a ‘site plan’ to a smal scale (inch to 30 or 1O0ft for example). It shows the whole site including the boundaries, roads, ad spurs, pavement, buildings, process plant areas, lorge structures stor age areas, effivent ponds, waste disposel, shipping and loading arees. ‘True’ (geographic) and ‘assumed’ or ‘plant’ north are marked and their angular separation shown-—see figure 5.11 Ficune 57 ELEVATION IsomeTRIC aah és ostique (hi 24 27 URES 55-57ee ‘A “key plen’ is produced by adapting the site plan, civiging the aree of the site into smllr areas identified by kay letters or numbers. A small simplified inset ofthe key plan is edded to plot plans, and may be added to piping end ‘other drawings for reference purposes. The subjact area of the particular rawing is hatchod oF shaded, as shown in figure 5.8, RAMMING SHEET SHOWING KEY PLAN & MATCHLINE FIGURES A 2 3 4 KeyPCan ENGINEERING MATCRLINE AREA 3 COMPANY EQUIPMENT ARRANGEMENT DRAWING Under project group supervision, the piping group usually mekes several viable arrangements of equipment, seeking an optimal design thet sotistios process requirements. Often, prolim nary piping studies are necessary in order to establish equipment coordinates. [A design aid for positioning equiment is to cut out scaled outlines of equipment from sti paper, which can be moved about on @ plan view of the area involved. If multiple units ofthe same type are to be used, xeroxing ‘the equipment outines is faster.) Another method which is useful for areas where method study or investiga onel reports are needed is desaibed in 4.4.13 under ‘Photogrephic layout’. PLOT PLAN When the equipment arrangement drawings ere approved, they are developed into ‘plot plans’ by the addition af dimensions and coordinates to locate all major items of equipment and structures. ‘North end east cooidinates of the extremities of buildings, ond contertines of steelwork or other architectural constructions should be shown on the plot plan, preferably at the west and south ends of the installation, Both ‘plant north’ and true north should be shown—see figure 5.11. PEC EELELE LEELA Lit tt et pumps are given to the centerline of the pump shaft and either to the face ‘of the pump foundation, oF to the centerline of the Gischarge port. Up-dated copies of the ebove drawings are sent to the civil, structural end sloctricel or other groups involved in the design, to inform them of require- ‘ments as the design develops. VESSEL DRAWINGS When the equipment arrangement hes been approved and the piping erange- ment determined, small dimensioned drawings Bf process vessels are made (on sheets 8% x 11 or 11 x 17 inches) in order to fix nozzles and their orientations, manholes, ladders, etc. These drawings are then sent to the vendor who makes the shop detail dravings, which are examined by the project engineer end sent to the piping group for checking and approval Vessel drawings need not be to scale. (Figure 6.14 is an example vessel drawing.) DRAWINGS FROM OTHER SOURCES Piping drawing: should be correlated with the folloving drawings from other design groups and from vendors. Points to be checked are listed: Architectural drawings: © Outlines of walls or sidings, indicating thickness © Floor penetrations for stairways, lifts, elevators, ducts, drains, etc, Positions of doors end windows Civil engineering drewings: © Foundations, underground piping, drains, etc. Structurat-steel drawings: ‘© Positions of stel columns supporting next higher floor level ‘# Supporting structures such as overhead cranes, monorails, platforms or beams © Wel bracing, where pipes may be taken thru walls Heating, ventilating & air-conditioning (HVAC) drawings: fe Paths of ducting end rising ducts, fan room, plenums, space heaters, etc. Electrical drawings: © Positions of motor control centers, switchgear, junction boxes and ‘control panels ‘© blajor conduit or wiring runs (inctuding buried runs) © Positions of lights Instrumentation drawings: ‘¢ Instrument panel and console locations Vendors’ drawings: ‘© Dimensions of equipment Positions of nozzles, lenge type and pressure rating, instruments, etc. Mechanical dranings: - ‘¢ Positions and dimensions of mechanical equipment such as conveyors, chutes, etc, © Piped services needed for mechanical equipment.Process equipment and piping systems have priority. Drawings listed on the preceding page must be reviewed for compatibility with the developing piping design. Pertinent background details (drawn faintly) from these drawings help to avoid interferences. Omission cf-such detail from the piping drawing often leads to the subsequent discovery that pipe has been routed thru a brace, stairuey, daoruay, foundation, duet, mechanical equipment, motor contro! center, firefighting equipment, ec. Completed piping drawings will also show spool numbers, if this part of the job is not subcontracted see 6.2.9.. Electricel and instrument cables are not shown on piping drawings, but trays to hold the cables are Indieated—for example, see figure 63, pcint (8). It is not always possible for the piping drawing to follow exectly the logical arrangement of the P&ID. Sometimes lines must be routed with different junction sequence, and line numbers may be changed. During the preliminary piping studies, economies and practicable improvements may be found, end the P&ID mey be modified to take these into account. However, itis not the ining designer’ ob to seek ways ta change the P&ID. ‘SCALE Piping is arranged in lan view, usually to 3/8 in/ft scale, ALLOCATING SPACE ON THE SHEET © Obtain the drawing number and fill In the title block at the bottom right comer of the sheet ALLOCATING SPACE ON A DRAWING SHEET FIGURE 59 1580, wd foe gos nm, | FoR eTeR RE TITLE BLOCK eLevarion punt Te et ee 111 the Ee Geet ‘the sheet, to allow filing on & ‘stick’. Stenderd drawing sheets usually heve this margin © On drawings showing @ plan view, place @ north arrow at the top lett corner of the sheet to indicate plant north—se figure 5.11 ‘© Do not draw in the orea above the title block, os this space is allocated to the bill of materiel, orto ganerat notes, braf descriptions of chongs, and the titles and numbers of reference drawings © If plans and elevetions are small enough to go on the same shoet draw ‘the plan et tho upper left side of the steet and elevations to the right ‘and bottom of it 35 shown in figure 6.9 BACKGROUND DETAIL, ‘© Show background detail as discussed in 6.2.8 under ‘Piping drawings’ It is sometimes convenient to draw outlines on the reverse side of the rawing sheet © After background details have been determined, it is best to make @ brint on which nozzles on vessels, pumas, ete, to be piped can be ‘marked in ted pencil, Usility stations can also be established. This will indicate areas of major usage and the most convenient locations for the headers. Obviously, at times there will bee number of alternate routes offering compsrable advantages PROCESS & SERVICE LINES ON PIPING DRAWINGS © Take line numbers from the P8ID. Refer to 5.2.4 under ‘Flow lines on Pa&IO's' for information on numbering lines, include line numbers on all views, and arrowhedts showing direction of flow © Draw ail pipe ‘single tne’ unless special instructions have been given ‘or drewing ‘double tine’. Chart 6.1 gives line thicknesses (Fullsize) © Line numbers are shown ageinst tines, thus ‘© Toke lines continued on another sheet to a matchline, and there code with line numbers only. Show the continuation sheet numbers on matchlines—see figure 5.8 ‘+ Show where changes inline meteral specification occur, The change is usually indicated immediately downstream of 2 flange of a valve or equipment jarve, te.) ‘¢Show a definite break ina ine crossing behind another line—see ‘Rolled el, under “Plan view piping drawings, this section ORES 5eR59eee Cer ete rd and inform the group leader for transmitting this informetion to the soups} conserned ‘8 Indicate insulation,.and show wbether lines are electrically or steam ‘weced—see chatt 5.7 FITTINGS, FLANGES, VALVES & PUMPS ON PIPING DRAWINGS ‘8 The following items should be labeled in one view only: tees and ells rolled at 45 degrees (see exemple, this page), short-adius el, reducing ell, eocentric reducer and eccentric swage (note on plan views whether ‘top flat’ or ‘bottom flat’), concentric reducsr, concentric sweue, nonstandard or companion flange, reducing tee, special items of unusual material, of pressure ratng different from that of the system, te, Refer to charts 63, 64 and 6.5 for symbol usage Draw the outside diameters of flngas to scale ‘Show valve identification number from P&ID ‘¢ Lebel control valves to show: sie, pressure rating, dimension over flan 8, and velve instrument numer, from the P&ID—see figure 6.15, Draw valve hendwheols to szale with valve stom fully extended 8 If 2 vole is chainoperated, note distance of chain from operating floor, which for safety should be epproximately 3ft © For pumps, show outline af foundation and nozzles DRIPLEGS & STEAM TRAPS. Driplegs are indicated on relevant piping drawing plen views. Unless identical, 2 separate detail is drawn for each Gripleg. The tep is indicated onthe drip- lag piping by a symbol, and referred to 8 separate trap detail or deta sheet. ‘The trap detail drawing should show all necessary velves, strainers, unions, ic, required st the trep—see figures 6.43 and 6.44, ‘The piping shown on the dripleg detals should indicate whether condensate is to be tekan to 2 header for re-use, or run to waste. The design notes in 6.10.5 discuss riplag details for steam lines in which condensete forms ‘continuously, Refer to 6.109 also. INSTRUMENTS & CONNECTIONS ON PIPING DRAWINGS ‘© Show location for eech instrument connection with encircled instrument number taken from the P&ID. Fefer to 5.5.3 and chert .2_ ‘© Show similar isolating valve arrangements on instrument connections 2 “ ypical’ dati, unless covered by standard company detail sheet VENTS & DRAINS. Refer to 6.11 and figure 6.47. PIPE SUPPORTS Refer to 6.2.2, and chart 5.7. for symbols, © Draw plan views for each flor ofthe plant. These views should show ‘what the layout will look fike between adjacent floors, viewed from above, or atthe elevation thru which the plan view is cut If the plan view will not fit on one sheet, present it on two oF more sheets, using matchlines to link the drawings. See figure 5.8 ‘¢ Note the elevation below which a plan view is shown—for example, ‘PLAN BELOW ELEVATION 15'-0" ‘. For clarity, both elevations can be stated: ‘PLAN BETWEEN ELEVATIONS 30'-0" & 15-0" tif. tee or elbow is ‘rolled’ at 45 degrees, note as shown in the view where the fitting is rolled out of the plane of the drawing sheet Ly Hel now courte CY “ @e 8 © Figure 6.10 shows how lines can be broken to: give sufficient information without drawing other views: © Indicate require field welds ELEVATIONS (SECTIONS) & DETAILS # Draw elevations and detels to clarify complex piping or piping hidden in the plan view ‘© Donot draw detail that can be described by @ note ‘© Show only as many sections as necessary. A seotion does not have to be a complete cross section of the plan Draw to a large scale any part nooding fuller detail, Enlarged details are preterebly drawn in avaloble space on elevational drawings, and should be crossrefereneed by the applicable detail end drawing rum bart) © Identity sections indicated on plan views by letters (see chart 6.8) and details by numbers, Lettars| and O are not used as this can lead to con fusion with numerals. If more then twentyfour pections are needed the letter identification can be broken down thus: AI~Al, AZ-AZ, ® Donot ection plan views looking toward the bottom of the drawing sheeta wg whilst avoiding drawing another view or section, ‘SHOWING “HIDDEN LINES (ON Pirin DRAWINGS FIGURE S.10 eee er er | |, tomas contacter, > IDENTIFY BY LINE NUMBER PLAN (er ELEVATION nee et Cconsepending ELEVATION (or PLAN? PIPING FABRICATION DRAWINGS—1SOS' & ‘SPOOLS' 529 ‘The two most common methods for producing piping designs for 2 plant are by making either plon end elevation drawings, or by constructing 2 sealed ‘model. For fabricating welded piping, plans and elevations are sent directly to a subcontractor, usually referred 10 <8 a ‘shop fabricator'—if a model is used, isometric drawings (ceferred to as “sos) are sat instead. Isometric views are commonly used in prefabricating parts of buttwelded piping systems. Isos showing, the piping to be prefabricated are sent to the shop fabricator. Figure 6.15 is an example of such en iso. —=—_ “The prefebricated parts of the piping system are termed “spools, described under ‘Spools, this section. The piping group either produces ‘sas showing ‘the required spools, or marks the piping to be spooledon plans and elevations, depending on whether or not @ model is used (es shown in chert 5.10). From these drawings, the subcontractor makes detail drowings termed “spool sheets. Figure 6.17 isn example spool sheet. Pal ¥ Pasion ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS, or ‘ISOS ‘An iso usually shows @ complete tine from one piece of equipment to ‘another—see figure 6.16, It gives all information necessary for febrication and erection of piping. sos are usvally drawn freehand, but the various runs.of pipe, fittings and valves should be roughly in proportion for easy understanding. Any one line (thet is, all the piping with the some line number) shouid be drewn ‘on the minimum number of iso sheets. If continuation sheets are needed, break the line at natural breakpoints such as flanges (except orifice flanges), welds at fittings, oF field welds required for installation. ‘ems end Information to be shown on an iso include: © North arrow (plant north) © Dimensions and angles «Reference number of plan drawing from which iso i made (unless ‘model is used, line number, direction of flow, insulation and tracing © Equipment numbers and locations of equipment (by centerlnes) Identify all items by use of en understood symbct, end amplify by a description, as necessary © Give details of any flanged nozzles on equipment to wich piping has ‘0 be connectod, if the flange is different from the specification for ‘the connected piping © Size and type of every valve © Size, pressure rating and instrument number of control valves ‘¢ Number, location and orientation for each instrument connection‘Shop and field welds. Indicate limits of shop and field fabrication © Iso sheet continvation numbers ‘8 Unions requited for installation and maintenance purposes © On screwed and socket-welded assemblies, valve hendwheel positions ‘need not be shown ‘¢ Materials of construction © Locations of vents, drains, and traps * Locations of supnarts, identified by pipesupport number ‘The following information may also be given: ‘© Requirements for sires relieving, seal welding, pickling, lining, coating, cor other special treatment of the ine Drawing style to be followed is shown in the example iso, figure 5.15, which displays some of the above points, and gives others as shaded notes, An iso may show more than one spocl. SPOOLS ‘A spool is an assembly of fittings, flanges and pipe that may be prefabricated. It does not include bolts, gaskets, valves or instruments. Straight milLrun lengths of pipe over 20 ft are usvlly not included in spocl, as such lengths may be welded in the system on erection (on the iso, this is indicated by noting the length, end stating "BY FIELD‘). “The size of a spool is limited py the febricator’s avilable means of trans portation, and a spool is usvélly conteined within a space of dimensions 40 ft x 10 ft x 8 f, The maximum permissible dimensions may be obtained from the fabricator. FIELD-FABRICATED SPOOLS Some States in the USA have 2 trates agreement that 2inch and smaller cerbon steel piping must be fabricated at the site. This rule is sometimes extended to piping larger than 2.inch. ‘SHOP-FABRICATED SPOOLS. All alloy spools, and spools with 3 or more welds made from 3-inch (oocasion- ally inch) and larger carbon-steel pipe are normally ‘shop-fabricated’. This is, fabricated in the shop fabricator’s workshop, either at his plant or at ‘the site, Spools with fewer welds are usually mede in the field. Lorge-diemeter piping, being more dificult to handle, often necessitates the uso of jigs and templates, end is more economically produced in a workshoo. SPOOL SHEETS A 1001 sheet is an orthographic. drawing of 8 spool made by the piping oS ee ee eee Each spool sheet shows anly one type of spool, and:— (1) Instructs the welder for fabricating the spool (2) Lists the cut lengths of pipe, fittings end flanges, etc. needed to make the spool (3) Gives materials of construction, and any special weetment of the finished piping (4) Indicates haw many spools ofthe same type are required NUMBERING 1808, SPOOL SHEETS, & SPOOLS ‘Spoo! numbers are allocated by the piping group,’ and appear on all ravings, Various methods of numbering can be used 2s Tong 2s identification is easly made. A suggested method follovs:— Iso. sheets can be identified by the Tine nurmber of the section of fine that is shown, followed by a sequential number. For exemple, the fourth io sheot showing @ spool to be part of a line numbered 74/6Z/5/412/23 could be sé: 74/B2/8/412/23-4 . —~ Both the spool and the spool sheet can be identified by number of leter using the iso sheet number 2s prefix. For exemple, the numbering of spool sheets relating to iso sheet 74/8Z/6/412/23—4 could be TYBZIB/412123-41, TA/BZIBPAI2/Z8B=2, nn, RC or = 74/BZ/6/412/23-4~A, 74/B2/6/412/23-4-F ‘The full Tine number need nat be used if @ shorter form would suffice for identification, ‘Spocl numbers are also referred to at ‘mark numbers’. They are shown on isos and on the following:— (1) Spoo! sheets=as the sheet number (2) The fabricated spoo!so it can be related to drawings or isos (3) Piping drawings—plans and elevations DIMENSIONING 53 DIMENSIONING FROM REFERENCE POINTS 534 HORIZONTAL REFERENCE When @ proposed plant site is surveyed, @ geographic reference point is utilized from which measurements to bounderies, roads, buildings, tanks, etc, can be made. The geographic reference point chosen is, usually an officislly-established ore. “The lines of latitude and longitude which define the geographic reference point are not used, a6 2 ‘plant north’ (see figure 5.11) is established, paalll to structural steolwork. The direction closest to true north is chosen for Pe