Professional Documents
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Hyperthyroidism
A PowerPoint Presentation
prepared by:
Group V
BSN 3A
Hypothyroidism
I. INTRODUCTION
the disease state in humans and in vertebrates caused
by insufficient production of thyroid hormone by the
thyroid gland.
Signs and
symptoms
Early symptoms
Poor muscle tone (muscle hypotonia)
Fatigue
Cold intolerance, increased sensitivity to cold
Depression
Muscle cramps and joint pain
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Goiter
Thin, brittle fingernails
Thin, brittle hair
Paleness
Osteoporosis
Decreased sweating
Dry, itchy skin
Weight gain and water retention
Bradycardia (low heart rate – less than sixty beats per minute)
Constipation
Signs and
symptoms
Late symptoms
Slow speech and a hoarse, breaking voice –
deepening of the voice can also be noticed
Dry puffy skin, especially on the face
Thinning of the outer third of the eyebrows (sign of
Hertoghe)
Abnormal menstrual cycles
Low basal body temperature
Signs and
symptoms
Less common symptoms
Impaired memory
Impaired cognitive function (brain fog) and inattentiveness
A slow heart rate with ECG changes including low voltage
signals. Diminished cardiac output and decreased
contractility.
Reactive (or post-prandial) hypoglycemia
Sluggish reflexes
Hair loss
Anemia caused by impaired haemoglobin synthesis
(decreased EPO levels), impaired intestinal iron and folate
absorption or B12 deficiency from pernicious anemia
Difficulty swallowing
Causes
• About three percent of the general population is
hypothyroidic. Factors such as iodine deficiency or
exposure to Iodine-131 can increase that risk. There are a
number of causes for hypothyroidism. Iodine deficiency is
the most common cause of hypothyroidism worldwide. In
iodine-replete individuals hypothyroidism is generally
caused by Hashimoto's thyroiditis, or otherwise as a result
of either an absent thyroid gland or a deficiency in
stimulating hormones from the hypothalamus or
pituitary.
Prognosis
• Steroids
1. Slow acting
2. Long lasting
3. Usually end in “one”
4. E.g. Testosterone and Progesterone.
The Structure of the
Endocrine system
The endocrine system is made up with a series of
glands located around the body. These glands
include:
Pituitary Gland
Thyroid Glands
Parathyroid Glands
Thymus
Pancreas
Adrenal Glands
Gonads
Each of these glands produces hormones, which
have a particular function in the body.
Pituitary Glands
• The Pituitary gland is located in
the hypothalamus (front of the
brain) and is the most important
part of the endocrine system. The
Pituitary gland has two parts,
the anterior and posterior.
1. The Anterior part produces two
hormones, ADH and Oxytocin.
2. The Posterior part of the
Pituitary produces a number of
important hormones. These
include FSH (Follicle Stimulating
Hormone), LH (Luteinizing
Hormone), Prolactin and Growth
Hormones.
Thyroid Glands
• The thyroid glands are found on the trachea.
The main hormone produced is called
thyroxine. This hormone controls the growth
and development of animals. Iodine is
required for its production.
Thymus
A very small gland located on the neck. Has some
involvement in the production of lymphocytes, which
are involved in immune response.
Adrenal Glands
• Steroids
1. Slow acting
2. Long lasting
3. Usually end in “one”
4. E.g. Testosterone and Progesterone.
The Structure of the
Endocrine system
The endocrine system is made up with a series of
glands located around the body. These glands
include:
Pituitary Gland
Thyroid Glands
Parathyroid Glands
Thymus
Pancreas
Adrenal Glands
Gonads
Each of these glands produces hormones, which
have a particular function in the body.
Pituitary Glands
• The Pituitary gland is located in
the hypothalamus (front of the
brain) and is the most important
part of the endocrine system. The
Pituitary gland has two parts,
the anterior and posterior.
1. The Anterior part produces two
hormones, ADH and Oxytocin.
2. The Posterior part of the
Pituitary produces a number of
important hormones. These
include FSH (Follicle Stimulating
Hormone), LH (Luteinizing
Hormone), Prolactin and Growth
Hormones.
Thyroid Glands
• The thyroid glands are found on the trachea.
The main hormone produced is called
thyroxine. This hormone controls the growth
and development of animals. Iodine is
required for its production.
Thymus
A very small gland located on the neck. Has some
involvement in the production of lymphocytes, which
are involved in immune response.
Adrenal Glands
T3
The T3 (or Triiodothyronine) assay is
another assay which is used in the
diagnosis of thyroid disorders.
T3 Resin Uptake
The T3 Resin Uptake assay is used in calculating
the Free Thyroxin Index (FTI).
Other Tests
Autoantibodies of clinical interest in thyroid
disease include thyroid-stimulating antibodies
(TSAb), TSH receptor-binding inhibitory
immunoglobulins (TBII), antithyroglobulin
antibodies (Anti-Tg Ab) and the antithyroid
peroxidase antibody (Anti-TPO Ab).
Ultrasound
Similar in its use for evaluating a breast
mass, ultrasound can be used to assess a
thyroid nodule.
Fine Needle
Aspiration
Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) has become
the single-most important step in the
evaluation of a thyroid nodule.
Thyroid Scan
The thyroid glands' ability to concentrate iodine and certain
radioactive isotopes has been exploited in a nuclear imaging
technique known as the thyroid scan.
X. DIET
No foods have been shown in clinical studies to
improve or worsen the symptoms of
hyperthyroidism. However, that doesn't mean
you shouldn't pay attention to what you eat. A
healthy, well-balanced diet is important for
those with hyperthyroidism -- both during and
after treatment. It should include things like
fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins, with limited
amounts of foods high in fat and cholesterol.
Weight Gain and
Hyperthyroidism
Healthcare providers generally advise their
patients to follow good dietary habits following
treatment for hyperthyroidism. The reason is that
considerable weight gain is common with this
condition. One study showed an average weight
gain of about 12 pounds (5.4 kg) in people followed
for up to two years after hyperthyroidism
treatment.
Factors that seemed to increase
the chance for weight gain
included:
Graves' disease
Preexisting obesity
Previous weight loss as a result of
hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism following treatment.
The Well-Balanced Diet
The good news is that research has also shown that
this weight gain can be minimized by following
sensible dietary habits. If you have an overactive
thyroid, you should strive to eat a well-balanced diet
and control your weight.
A well-balanced diet can help you feel better and can
be a positive step in dealing with hyperthyroidism. It
can also help decrease your chances of developing
heart disease or certain types of cancer.
Some suggestions for eating a well-balanced diet and
controlling your weight during and after treatment for
an overactive thyroid include the following: