FEDERAL STUDENT LOAN POLICY

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References

Bidwell, A. (2015). 2016 Presidential candidates scattered on higher ed, student aid views.
Retrieved from: http://www.nasfaa.org/newsitem/5223/2016_Presidential_Candidates_Scattered_on_Higher_Ed_Student_Aid_Views.
This article touches on all of the current presidential candidates opinions regarding
federal financial aid and student loan debt. Bidwell highlights various plans for reform
of the current policies. Presidential front-runners such as Hillary Clinton, Donald
Trump, Jed Bush, and Bernie Sanders all contribute their ideas of how to address the
current policy issues. Additional contenders and former candidates who dropped out of
the race, discuss their opinions on reform as well.
Dean, K. W. (2012). Student loans, politics, and the occupy movement: financial aid
rebellion and reform. John Marshall Law Review, 22(4), pp. 105-168.
Deans article describes the struggle with student loans becoming a way of life in
America. Dean explains Congress role in the most recent policy decisions created in
2012. Dean discusses students becoming burdened with enormous student loan debt
during a time when the economy is struggling. This article also describes the barriers
faced by ethnic minorities when attempting to acquire postsecondary education.
Ginder, S. A., Kelly-Reid, J.E. National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education
Sciences. (2013. ed. pp. 1-12). Student Financial Aid, Academic Year 2011-2012.
Ginder and Kelly-Reids study focuses on the income levels of students and their families
along with the amount of financial aid that is awarded to them. This study also shows the
difference in the cost of private non-profit, private for-profit and public universities. This
research also describes the amount of grant and scholarship money given to the students

FEDERAL STUDENT LOAN POLICY

in this study. Ginder and Kelly-Reids study also defines various terminologies regarding
financial aid.
Grant, K. L. (2011). Student loans in bankruptcy and the undue hardship exception: who
should foot the bill? Brigham Young University Law Review, 2011(3), pp. 819-847.
Grants article conveys the percentages of students who graduate from a public, private,
and for-profit universities with student loan debt. Grant discusses bankruptcy codes,
laws, and the necessary criteria to obtain loan discharge as a result of undue hardship.
Additionally, Grant touches on various tests developed to determine undue hardships
regarding students trying to get out of paying student loans. This article also discusses
the hardships faced by lenders who manage student loans.
Kapadia, R. (2015). Solution to the student loan crisis: human capital contracts. Brooklyn
Journal of Corporate, Financial, & Commercial Law, 9(2), pp. 591-614.
This article discusses the 2013 statistics regarding student loan debt. Kapadia explains
the current federal and private student loan models. Kapadia also describes economist
Milton Friedmans perception of the economy and its relation to investment in the human
capital contract. Kapadia also explains the four problems regarding the current student
loan model, along with four concepts that make human capital contracts attractive to
investors as well as students.
Karger, H., & Stoesz, D. (2014). American social welfare policy: A pluralist approach (7th ed.).
New Jersey: Pearson Education.
Karger and Stoesz describe issues related to policies regarding poverty, taxes and income,
the health care system, public assistance programs, mental health and substance abuse,
criminal justice, and child welfare. They discuss policy framework and analysis in their

FEDERAL STUDENT LOAN POLICY

book. Karger and Stoesz also cover topics such as the social welfare state and social
welfare programs. Additionally, they also focus on discrimination in America.
King, J. E. (2008). Financing a college education: how it works, how its changing. CT: The
American Council and the Oryx Press.
Kings book highlights equal access to college for low socioeconomic class families.
King describes student loan debt that is endured by students and their families. This book
discusses ethnic minorities who prefer two-year programs over four-year institutions
based on cheaper tuition. Additionally, Kings book touches on the problems faced by
independent low-income students and dependent middle-income students.
Office of the U.S. Department of Education, Federal Student Aid. (n.d. ed.). Subsidized and
Unsubsidized Loans.
This government website highlights the amount of financial aid that is available to all
different types of students. Additionally, the website discusses the Stafford Loans along
with the differences in eligibility requirements for direct unsubsidized and subsidized
loans. Information regarding Federal Pell Grants can also be located on this website.
The answers to various frequently asked questions regarding financial aid are available
on this website.