Sinhala Version

62
iq w msgq oelSf l%shdud.
iq w msgq oelSf l%h

s dud.
Action Against Small Arms
im;a f;dr;=re w;afmd;
A Resource Handbook
fia*j,a
Saferworld
fia*j,a" cd;Hka;rj rdcHhka iy is,a iudch iu mfhaIK lsu"
udkj wdrlaIdj m%jOkh i|yd kj Wmdh ud. h;a lsu iy ikakoaO
m%pKav;ajh je<elau i|yd ls%hdlrk iajdk rdcH fkdjk ixOdkhls'
ol=Kq wdishdkq iyfhda.;

S d ixOdkh - Y%S ,xldj
South Asia Partnership - Sri Lanka
YS% ,xldf uQ,sl jrm%ido wju jq yd wys jQ m%cdjf.a iudh" wdl yd ixialD;sl
ixjOkhg iyfhda.h ,nd oSf wruqKk
s a ,dN fkd,nk rdcH fkdjk ixOdkhla
f,i 1981 jIfha ol=Kq wdishdkq iyfhda.s;d ixOdkh fkdfyd;a iema-YS% ,xld
wdh;kh ysh'
fuu wdh;kh ol=Kq wdishdkq iyfhda.s;d ixOdk cd;Hka;r cd,fha tla idudl
rgla jYfhka lghq;= lrhs' iema-YS% ,xld hy md,kh" udkj wdrlaIdj yd udkj
whs;sjdisl Ih fCIa;%hkays fmrgq.d fufyjrl fhfoka ish yjq,aldr m%cdjka
ta i|yd ilrKh lrhs' iema-Y%S ididfk cd,fha iudrNl idudlfhls'
This publication is a translated extract from Action Against Small Arms, originally
published by International Alert, Oxfam GB and Saferworld in 2003. This translated
edition is published with permission by Saferworld and South Asia Partnership Sri
Lanka in August 2006.
This edition has translated relevant sections of Action Against Small Arms and
had updated these sections to reflect developments that have occurred since
2003. The Sinhala and Tamil translations have also been adapted to better reflect
the needs of those working to combat the problem of small arms in Sri Lanka
63
64
iq w msgq oelSf l%h

s dud.
Action Against Small Arms
im;a f;dr;=re w;afmd;
A Resource Handbook
flda iy fyka ia;a

Jim Coe and Henry Smith
mgqk
fmrjok
iA;=;sh
fl fh
ye|skau
wka;.;h( m%;sm;a;s ixhq;sh

1' w: oelau yd ixLHd f;dr;=re
2' iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO j, n,mEu
3' iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO iq,n u yd wksis Nd;h md,kh i|yd

ksfoaY
19
4' iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO wksis Nd;h yd iq,n u md,kh i|yd

oekg ord we;s m%h;akhka
37
5' idrdxYh
56
miq igyka
57
65
66
fl fh
ATT:
Arms Trade Treaty
BASIC:
British American Security Information Council
CEDE:
Centre for Democratic Empowerment
COIB:
Conscientious Objectors in Bosnia
DDR:
Disarmament, Demobilisation, and Reintegration
DRP:
Demobilisation and Reintegration Programme
ECOSOC:
Economic and Social Council
ECOWAS:
Economic Community of West African States
EU:
European Union
FIQ:
Forumi I Iniciatives Qytetare
FOSDA:
Foundation for Security and Development in Africa
IANSA:
Interntional Action Network on Small Arms
ICBL:
International Campaign to Ban Landmines
KYPPEDE:
Kibera Youth Programme for Peace and Development
LPO:
Licensed production overseas
MALAO:
Mouvement Contre les Armes Legeres in Afrique de IOest
NISAT:
Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers
OAS:
Organisation of American States
OAU:
Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe
POA:
UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat, and Eradicate the

Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All its Aspects
PPDI:
Pastoralist Peace and Development Community
SADC:
Southern African Development Community
SALW:
small arms and light weapons
SIPRI:
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
SSRP:
Security Sector Reform Programme
SWOT:
Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats
UKWG:
United Kingdom Working Group on Arms
UNDDA:
United Nations Department of Disarmament Affairs
UNDIR:
United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research
68
fmrjok
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.il iejqk l=vd <uqka lsysm fofkl= oel Tjqka urd oeug ierfi;s' ta gq
Tjqkaf.a uj Tjqka urd fkdouk f,i;a" wjeis k ;ud urd ouk f,i;a wdhdpkh
lrhs' ler<slrefjda bka tla <ufhl=g hqo whla ;u uj fj; t,a, lr fldld
wk f,i wK flfr;;a Tyq th ;rfha m%;slafIam lrhs' bka WrK jQ ler<slrefjda
Tyqf.a mdohlg fj ;n;s' bka fkdkej;=k Tjqyq nd, <uhdg ;u uj urd ouk
f,i wK lr;s' Tyq ;u uj fj ;nd urd ouhs' thska Woaodu jQ ler<slrefjda Tyq
fkdief,k oe igkaldfhl= f,i ;u yuqodjg n|jd .ks;s'
zishrd,sfhdka ys *S%-gjqka k.rh fj; t,a, jQ ysiqKq m%ydrfhka mkaoyilg je
msila ureuqjg m;ajQy' u<jqka ysoka lsug k.rfha lsisfjl= fkdjQfhka" u<kS
ksr;=reju .scq ,sysKshkaf.a f.dre njg m;ah' w wfudard.;a ler<slrefjda
k.rjdiSka ksjdi ;=<g nf,ka we;=,a lr fmg%,a oud .sks;enQy' frd.ekSug
mek hdug ;e;al<jqkag gq ;ek fj ;enQyZZ1'
whsiela ,emshd-wefkia bkagkeIk,a" ishrd,sfhdka'
zzcd;Hka;r Khfok wdh;kj,ska ;u <s rgj,g fok ,o Kh lmdyeug
cd;Hka;r wmrdO wlrKhla msysgqug i|yd o kdYld fndanj,g tfrysj o
uE; wjqrej, f,da jgd mekke.=Kq ck;d Woaf>daIK yd ck wr., fya;=fldgf.k"
fndfyda rdcHj, rdcH m%;sm;a;sj, we;s jQ uQ,sl fjkial" f,dj fmd ck;djf.a
noaO jQ iqfYaI yelshdjkaf.a ch.%yKhka m%oYkh lsuls' we;a; jYfhka u
fujeksu wjOdkhla iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO fydr cdjdru flfrys o fhduqu
w;HjYHh'ZZ 2
fld*S wkakka uyf,al tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixOdkh'
ksis md,khlska f;drj idjoH f,i myrKh flfrk f,dj jgd me;s we;s iq
w yd ieye,a wdhqO fya;=fldgf.k iEu jirla mdidu ureuqjg m;ajk <uqkaf.a
yd ldka;djka we;= ish oyia .Kkla ksia ; wo uq uy;a f,dalh jid isk
ne?re m%Yakhla we;' wka; .S nj" W!K ixjOkh" udkj ysl W,a,x>kh"
wmrdO" hqO .egq yd im;a yslr.ekSf wl ;rld nj hqO w i|yd we;s
b,au u; n,mdk idOlhka w;r f' iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO ,shk 639 lg
jvd je m%udKhla f,dj jgd ixirKh fj;ehs .Kka n,d we;3' wo f,dalfha
fj<| iud. 1000lg je m%udKhla iq w ksmof fhfoA' hg;a msfika rgj,a
98 la" ;uka i|yd fujeks w yd ta i|yd wjYH WKav ksmof yelshdfjka hqla;
h'
iq w ms<sn| f.da,Sh fj<|du b;d Yd,h' tys uq jkdlu weuldkq fvd,
,shk 335la blaujd h;ehs .Kkh lr we;' f,dj jgd O mqoa.,fhda" iud. yd
rdcHhka tys ksr; fj;s4' iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO nyq, f,i ksIamdokfhka yd
tajd wksis myrKfhka isjk ksia im;a ydksh ^msjeh& .Kkh lsu wiSreh'
fjdhska hqO .egq yd wr., .a.eiaiSu yd hqKq ;shqKqu isjk w;r ;=jd,
lrejka yd urK ixLHdj jefjka uq uy;a ksia im; kdY flf' oY ,laI
.Kka ck;djlg ;u jdiia:dk w;yer oud hdug isfjhs' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a
ixOdkfha uy f,al fld*S wkakka 2001 jif m%ldYhla ksl=;a lrka" iq
w...
hqO .egq ;j-;j;a ;Sj% lsug;a" irKd.;hkaf.a ixLHdf ksr;=re
jOkhlg;a" kS;sfha wdm;Hh wj;lafiarejg ,laflfrk yd l,yld

.dka;hkaf.ka ms ixialD;Ska ksr;=re ysug;a fya;= fj;ehs wjOdrKh lrhs 5'
wo udOHfka" rdcH fkdjk ixOdk" m%cd ixOdk" wd.l ixOdk yd
oaj;=kaf.ka ie,;a is,a ixOdk ksfhdacs;fhda iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO j,ska
isjk kdYld n,mE wju lsu i|yd ls%hd;aul ug fndfyda fihska lem fj;s'
iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO ms<sn| tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ls%hdld jevigyk jeks
cd;Hka;r m%;sm;a;Skaf.A jOkhg is,a iudcfha iEu wxYhlskau ,enQ taldnoaO
odhl;ajh fndfyda rg fya;= h' f,dj jgd .egq wdid; m%foaYj," m%pKav
wmrdOhkaf.ka mS; k.rj, iy iq w ksIamdokh yd wmkhkh fj<|fmd,
md,kh lrk rgj,a j, wdh;k yd mqoa.,hska fjkila ioyd ls%hdldj is;s'
flfia jqjo w Yd, f,i ksIamdokh" iq,nu yd tajd wksis myrKh je,elaug
rdcH/wdKavq wfmdfydi;a u ksid tu m%h;akhka ieye,ajg ,la we;'
fuu lD;sfhys b,lalh we;af;a Wla; oefjk m%Yakh ksrdlrKh lrkq jia O
wdKavqj,g yd wod< mqoa.,hkag n,mE lsug yels jk fia is,a iudc ixOdk
iy oaj;=ka oekqj;a lr Yla;su;a lsuhs' tys,d mok we;af;a tu .eg ms<sn|
f,dj jgd oaj;=ka m%dfhda.sl yd ksudKd;aul ls%hdj,skaf.ka ,enQ w;aoelS yd
fYaI{ oekq iNdrhhs'
fuu lD;sh m%;sm;a;s wka;.;h meyeos,s lsu i|yd ixfAm lr we;'
fuu lD;sfha m%Odk wruqKq k ls%hdld jevigyka ieliSug wfmalaIs; O
ixOdkhkag yd oaj;=kag Wmfhda.Slr.; yels im;a f;dr;=re ,ndu yd mqyqKq
jevuq werug ie,iq lrk yd tajd mj;ajdf.k hk ixOdkj,g im;a
f;dr;=re ,ndu hs'
iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO fya;= fldgf.k mekk.sk O m%Yak ms<sn|j ukd
wjfndaOhlska hq;=j Wmu n,mEula we;sjk whqre thg W; ls%hdud. f;dard.;
yelsjk fia iqiq mshjr iuQyhla fuhska bm;a flf' l,am l%shdud.hla
jYfhka fuys wka;.;h fjk;a m%h;akhka fuf;la ,nd we;s yelshdjka yd
w;aoelS jer jOkhg fhdod.; yelsh'
69
70
ia;+;sh
iq w ms<sn| .egj iu wrNhd O ixOdk u.ska ilia lrk ,o M,odhS
l%shdld jevigyka mok fldg .;a w;aoelS yd isoa wOHhkhka (Case Studies)
fuu ix.%yhg we;=,;a f' Tjqkaf.a uy= odhl;ajhg tajdfha l;Djreka yd
m%ldYlhkag wmf.a lD;{;djh m,flf' ;jo" fuu lD;sh imdokfha yd uq,a
msgm; iudf,dapkfhys fhk ixOdk yd mqoa.,hskag wmf.a ia;=;sh mskef'
fuu im;a f;dr;=re w;afmd; mrsj;kh iy m%ldYhg m;alsu Wfoid ka odhl;ajh
i|yd YS% ,xldf %;dkH uy flduidia ldhd,hg fia*j,a ia;=;sh mskef'
ye|skau
fuu w;afmd; u.ska iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO (SALW) zziq,nu yd wksis Nd;hZ
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iemhqu yd b,aug wod,j mek k.sk .eg ksrdlrKhg iqiq l%shdud. iuqodhla
bm;a lrhs' tfukau fuu oefjk m%Yakh ksrdlrKfhys oemkg ls%hd;aul flfrk
l,dmSh" nyq-mdYah yd cd;Hka;r uQ,drNhkao iudf,dapkh flf'
1 fldgi - w: oelau yd ixLHd f;dr;=re

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jeo.;a f;dr;=re bm;a lrhs' iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO ms<sn| tlai;a cd;Skaf.a
ksjpkh ^w: ksrEmKh& yd tu ksjpkh wkqj thg we;=,;ajk m%Odk w
ldKav ^j.& ,ehsia;=j o fuys la f' fuu.ska iq w yqjudre lsf iajNdjh
meye,s lrk w;r" wkjir yd wjir ,;a yqjudre i|yd ksjpk o imhhs'
2 fldgi - iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO j, n,mEu

iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO iq,nu yd wksis Nd;h ksid my; lreKq u; we;sjk
n,mEu fuu fldgiska .%y flf'
udkj ysl wmfhdackh yd wka;cd;sl udkqIsl kS;s lvlsu

;%ia;jdohg tfrys hqoaOh
ysxidld ixialD;Ska
m%pKav wmrdO
ia;%S-mqreI Ndjh îudcNdjh&
ixjOkh
3 fldgi - iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO iq,n u yd wksis Nd;h md,kh

i|yd ksfoaY
iq w m%Yakhg wduka;%Khg wjYH Odldr ms<sh fuu fldgiska .%y flf'
iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO j,g we;s b,au wvq lsug wjYH ms<sh fuu.ska
m<uqj ykd.kakd w;r" fuu w ksIamdokh yd m%jdykh md,kh lsug wjYH
ms<sh ia;r lsfuka fuu fldgi wjika f'
b,au md,kh lsu i|yd fhdod.; yels mshjr'
wdhqO tla /ia lsu iy w yrKh" fiajd uqla;sh" iy iudc-m%;s.%yK

jevigyka
iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO i|yd is,a mqoa., whs;sh l%uj;a lsu
iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO yd wdrlaIl wxY m%;sixialrKh lsu
(disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration)
fm!oa.,sl yuqod iy wdrlaIl iud. yd iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO iq,nu

yd wksis Nd;h
w ix; yd w;sla; wdhqO l<ukdlrKh
iemhqu yd meju (Transfer) md,kh lsug mshjr
4'
lk ;yk kS;s
Nd;hg wod< ;yx
cd;Hka;r talu;slNdjh ,efnk wjia:d
wdoY iu; (normative framework) rduqjla ilia lsu
M,odhS l%shdld l%ufohka ilia lsu
,shdmxhg wod, md,khka yd l%ufohka
wjika Nd; iy;slh yd wKh (end-use certification and monitoing)
i,l=Kq lsu yd fidhd .ekSu (marking and tracing)
;e/ ldrl yd ke tacka;jrekaf.a ldhhka md,kh lssu
wjir,;a foaY ksIamdok md,kh
iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO wksis Nd;h yd iq,n u md,kh i|yd

oekg ord we;s m%h;akhka
iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO iq,nu yd wksis Nd;h md,kh lsug kg

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yd Yaf,aIKh fuu fldgi u.ska isf' iEu WodyrKhla u fya;= ;=kla u;
fhdodf.k we;' m<uqfjkau fjk;a m%fYhkag yd ls%hdldrlj, jOkhla i|yd
tu tl;djfhka fyda m%fYfhka h lsis odhl;ajhla ,e we;ak ( WodyrKhla
f,i nudflda m%ldYh (Bamako Declaration) u.ska khsfrda m%ldYh (Nairobi Declaration)
jeks Wml,dmSh m%fYhla we;slsu i|yd uq,a msrSu iy miqj khsfrda m%ldYh" iq
w iy ieye,a wdhqO ms<sn| tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ls%hdld jevigyk (UN Programme of
Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in all its Aspects)
jeks cd;Hka;r ls%hdld;ajhlg mdol u yekah yels h' fojkqj" th fYaIs;

j.fha m%fYhla ksfhdackh lsrSu ksid - N=f.da,Sh jYfhka ksfhdackh fyda
wka;.;h lreKq jYfhka- fydA wjika jYfhka th is,a iudchg kshqla; u
ioyd ukd wjia:djla ksfhdackh lrk ksid fydA neks'
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jQ ls%hdld jevigyk (UN Programme of Action) iy tlai;a cd;Skaf.a iq w l%shdud.
ms<sn|j Yaf,aIKh lrka wdrN f' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a .sks w flgqm; (UN
Firearms Protocol) yd jiafikd wjfndaO;d .siqu (Wassenaar Agreement) Bg miqj ykajd
fohs' l,dmsh yd l,dm w;r m%Odk m%fY iuyrla ms<sn|j wjidkfha fuu
fldgiska wkdjrKh lrhs' flfia jqj;a" fuu.ska ish l,dmSh m%fYhkaf.a
imQK wdjrKhla is fkdflf' fuu fldgiska idlPd fkdjq l,dmSh
ls%hdld;ajhka we;slsu i|yd fh W;aidyhka mj;S' my; i|yka m%fYhka fuys
wka;.; f'
iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO wkjir f,i iq,n u iy m%jdykh ms<sn|j

wm%sldkq fmd u;h ms<sn|j nudflda m%ldYkh (Bamako Declaration)
khsfrda m%ldYh (Nairobi Declaration)
.sks w" WKav iy ta yd inkaO wfkla jH md,kh ms<sn| SADC (Southern
African Development Community) flgqm;
wms%ldf iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO wdkhkh" wmkhkh iy ksIamdok

;djld,sl w;aysgqu (ECOWAS Moratorium on the Import, Export and Manufacture of Small
.sks w" WKav" mqmqrk jH iy ta yd inkaO wfkla jH j, wkjir

ksIamdokh iy m%jdykhg tfrys wka; weuldkq .siqu (The Inter-American
Arms and Light Weapons in Africa)
Convention against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Ammunition, Explosives and
Other Related Materials)
iq w ms<sn| OSCE (Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe) f,aLkh

w wmkhkh ms<sn| hqfrdamd ix.ufha phd Ou moaO;sh (European Union Code
of Conduct on Arms Exports)
iq w ms<sn| hqfrdamd ix.ufha fmd ls%hdld;ajh

on Small Arms)
(The European Union Joint Action
1' w: oelau yd ixLHd f;dr;=re

iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO hkq(
fuu wdhqO j,g cd;Hka;r jYfhka ms<s.kq ,nk j.SlrKhla fkdue;s w;r" 1997
t' cd' fYaI{ uKav,hla iska ilia l< jd;dfjys jvd;a iq,nj Nd;d jk w:
oelau wka;.; f1' ieye,a wdhqO ksiqka i;=ka fyda hkaa;% iQ;% u.ska tyd
fuyd f.khd yels wdhqO f,i ie,lsh yelsh' tajd w;rg fjd,ajr ueIska ;=jlal=
isg hqO gexls iy .=jka hdkd kdYl ihs, moaO;Ska olajd we;=<;a f'
ieye,a,q wdhqO j, Wm-fldGdYhla iq w f,i ie,fla' fuu w ;ks mqoa.,hl=
iska myrKh lsug" kv;a;= lsug iy m%jdykh lsug yelsh' fuu w;a
fmdf;ys iq w " ieye,a wdhqO yd fjk;a .sks w; iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO
(Small Arms and Light Weapons) hkqfjka ykajkq ,ef' idudkHfhka jdKscuh jYfhka
ksmojk .sks w" ^tk ovh i|yd fhdod .kakd .sks w& iy wdrlaIl wxY j,
myrKhg ksmojd we;s iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO ^m%ydrl rhs*,& w;r lemS
fmfkk fjkila fkdue;'
j.=j 1 ( w: oelau
iq w
rsfjda,ajr
iajhxlS%h msiaf;da,
rhs*,a iy fl-;=jlal=
wO iajhxlS%h ;=jlal=
m%ydrl rhs*,a (assault rifles)
ieye,a ueIska ;=jlal=
ieye,a wdhqO
wnr ueIska ;=jlal=

f.%fka k (grenade launchers)
cx.u (portable) .=jka hdkd kdYl ;=jlal=
cx.u (portable) hqO gexls kdYl ;=jlal=
jdx.=-rys; rhs*, (recoilless rifles)
cx.u (portable) hqO gexls kdYl ihs, k iy frdl moaO;s
m%jdykh l< yels .=jka hdkd kdYl ihs, moaO;s
IalNh 10 (mm) jvd wvq fudagd
iq w iy ieye,a
wdhqO j,g Nd;d
lrk m;frd yd
mqmqrk jH'
iq w i|yd jk m;frd
ieye,a wdhqO i|yd jk fj WKav iy ihs,
mqoa., iy hqO gexls kdYl f.%fka
fndan" mqmqrk jH (explosives), .=jka hdkd kdYl iy
hqO gexls kdYl moaO;s i|yd wjYH hqO WmlrK'
iq w fldmuK ixLHdjla we;ao@

2000 jif iq w ms<sn|j lr we;s ilaIKhlg (Counting the Human Cost, 2002) wkqj
iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO ,shk 639la muK f,dj mqrd ixirKh jk njg .Kka
n,d ;sf'2 we;e g Ya; f,i f,dj we;s ish iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO
w;ka 2$3 l fldgila fm!oa.,sl w jYfhka we;s w;r th ixLHd;aulj ,shk
378la muK f'
j.=j 2 ( f,dj mqrd iq w me;s mj;sk whqre3
whs;h
s
ixLHdj
m%;Y
s ;h
rchka i;=
wdrlaIl yuqod
fmd,Sis
259"600"000
^241"600"000&
^1"800"000&
40'6
^37'8&
^2'8&
is,a jeishka
ikakoaO lKavdh
tl;=j
370"300"000
1"000"000
638"900"000
59'2
0'2
100
fuu ixLHdjg wu;rj ;j;a iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO Yd, m%udKhla ksIamdokh" wf,h"
yqjudrej iy m%jdykh lsu ffokslj isf'
f;dr;=re igyk 1
iq w mefKkafka fldfykao iy tajdfha yslrejka ixLHdj4
iq w ksIamdokh lsu f,dj mqrd wdh;k 1000lg wl ixLHdjla u.ska islrhs'
wju jYfhka rgj,a 98 g iq w iy mf;dfrd ksIamdokh lsu fyda wjYH
gl ksIamdokh lsf yelshdj fyda mj;S'
iq w fjf<|m, ;=, rgj,a 13la bfhka is' tajd k Tia%hdj" fn,ahu"
n%iS,h" kh" m%xYh" cuksh" BY%dh,h" b;d,sh" reishdkq iuQydKavqj" iamd[a[h"
iai,ka;h" tlai;a rdcOdksh iy tlai;a ckmoh f'
mf;dfrd o iys;j f,dj we;s iq w j, iuia: wju jkdlu 2000 jif
fvd, ,shk 7'4 la muK h'
iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO meju$yqjudrej (transfer) hkq 5

w mejf ^yqjudre& ls%hdj,sh .%y lsu idfmalaIj ir, tlls' meju hkq iq
w tla mdYajhl isg wfkla mdYajh fj; /f.k f.dia ,ndf ls%hdj,shhs'
W;amdolhd iy th ,nk ;eke;a;d hkqfjka fuys wju jYfhka m%Odk mdYj
folla fuu ls%hdj,shg inkaO fjhs'
fuu mdYaj ;ks mqoa.,hka" lKavdh" wdhqO ikakoaO m%;sreoaO lKavdh" wmrdO
l,a,s" fyda rdcHhka h yelsh' flfia fj;;a w ;e/lrejka iy w m%jdyk
ksfhda;hska o wfkl=;a mdYajhka f,i fuu ls%hdj,shg ksrka;rj inkaO fjhs'
idudkHfhka w mejf l%shdj,sh ;=< m%Odk lKavdh 03la olakg ,efnhs'
kS;Hdkql+, mej (Legal Transfers): fuh isjkafka rdcHhl fyda Tjqkaf.a n,h
,;a ksfhda;hskaf.a ls%hdld uey;afuka iy cd;sl yd cd;Hka;r kS;skag
wkql+,jh' flfia fj;;a w wjidk Nd;h u.ska cd;sl fyda cd;Hka;r
kS;ska W,a,x>khula isjqjfyd;a tu mejrSu ks;s frda fjhs'
kS;s frda mej (Ilegal Transfers): w inkaOfhka cd;sl jYfhka fyda
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixOdkh jeks cd;Hka;r wdh;k iska mkjd we;s
indOl meye,sj u W,a,x>kh lsuhs' rcfha ks, tl;djhlska fyda
md,khlska f;drj we;e Is; ks,Odka iska jHdc fyda wi;H ,shlsh,s
u.ska is lrk we;e w mej kS;s frda fjhs'
zwksYa;Z mej (Grey-market Transfers): fuh meye,s lsu b;du wmyiq
ls%hdjla jk w;r" thg fya;= we;af;a" wksYa; mejul by; .%y ls
foflysu ,lAIK wh;a ug bv we;s neks' WodyrK f,i tlai;a cd;skaf.a
ixOdkh indOl mkjd we;s wjia:djl wjir fkd,;a ;eklg hefjk
wdhqO rdcH wjirh ,;a .kqfokqjla jYfhka .uk wdrN lr" miqj wmkhk
wjia:df m%ldYs; .ukdka;fhka msgu. yrjd heu isf' wksYa;
mejul ksr;=reju rdcHhka" Tjqkaf.a ksfhda;hka" fyda mqoa.,hka cd;sl
md,khg msg;ska fyda kS;Skaf.a we;s wvqmdvq fyda m%fhdackhg .kska
l%shd;aul fj;s' fujeks mej i|yd cd;Hka;r kS;s ;;a;ajhla .%y lr
ke;s kuq;a we;e g fjd kS;s frda .kqfokq f,i ykajhs' flfia
fj;;a fuu lreKq fy<sor lsu i|yd cd;Hka;l talu;sl Ndjhla
u;=fjka mj;S' WodyrK jYfhka wyrKh ms<sn| tlai;a cd;Skaf.a
iuqf zzim%odhsl wZZ(conventional weapons) kS;sfrda f,i fj<|d lsu
ms<sn|j mq,a .%yhla bosm;a lrk ,' ;jo cd;sl fyda wka;cd;sl kS;shg
mgyeksj islrk cd;Hka;r im%odhsl w fj<|du o tys wka;.; lr
;snqKs'6 fndfyda rdcH fkdjk ixOdk fmkajd kafka" cd;Hka;l kS;suh
im%odhhka W,a,x>Kh lrka myrKh flfrk iy mjrd fok w kS;s
frda f,i ie,lsh hq;= njhs'
flfia fj;;a iuyr rdcHhka Yajdi lrkafka iq w iq,nu yd wksis Nd;h

iSud lsug" kS;s frda w cdjdru je,elah hq;= nj;a fuhg rdcH wkque;sh
we;sj flfrk w fj<|du wod< fkdh hq;= njhs' kuq;a cd;Hka;r m%cdj fndfyda
rg Yajdi lrkafka fuu mgq m%fYh" .egj ksrdlrKh lsu i|yd m%udKj;a
fkdjk njhs' fuhg n,mdk fya;= folla we;
m<uqj O jq wOHhkhka fmkajd we;af;a rdcH wkque;sh u; wdhqO mejf
tajd kS;s frda fj<|m,g" wmrdO j,g" ;%ia;jdohg iy u;ajH cdjdr j,g
mjd fn f.dia we;s njhs' tu ksid iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO kS;s frdaj meju
id:lj ue~,Su i|yd rdcH wkque;sh ,;a fj<|du md,kh lsug Wmdh ud.
ykajd u o jeo.;a fjhs'
fojkqj" we;e rchka kS;s frda fj<|du .%y lr we;af;a wmkhkh lrk fyda
Ndr.kq ,nk fyda rchla u.ska wkque;sh ,nd ke;s mej hkqfjks' kuq;a"
fndfyda rchhka iy is,a iudc mdYajhka Yajdi lrkafka" fuu .%yh wj,
wjidk Nd;h ms<sn|j kS;Hdkql+,Ndjh ie,ls,a,g fkd.kakd ksid th b;d mgq
.%yhla jk njhs'
f w;r tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixOdkh iy rdcH fkdjk ixOdk jir .Kkdjla
isl< ilaIK fmkajd fokafka" rdcHhka kS;Hdkql+,j wmkhkh lrk we;e iq
w iy ieye,a wdhqO" ksia whs;sjdisl W,a,x>kh lsu" wnqo ksudKh" wmrdO
islsu" iy rchka fmr<d oeu" wd l%shdjkAg fhdod .kska cd;Hka;r kS;sh
W,a,x>kh flfrk njhs'
cd;Hka;r m%cdj iskA iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO kS;sfrda fj<|du ms<sn|j 2001
mej;s tlai;a cd;Skaf.a iuqj weru;a iu. f,dal ugfuka iq w md,kh
i|yd uq,a jrg lghq;= lsug yd kS;s frda iq w fj<|du ms<sn| fjkia jQ
.%yhka bosm;a lsug mgka .eksks' fufia m,jQ O woyia f.dKq lsf
mrud:fhka cd;Hka;r m%cdj 2001 iuqj iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO je,elau"
md,kh lsu iy uq,skqmqgd u i|yd uQ,slj l%shdlsu hkqfjka k lsug tl
h '
2' iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO ksid we;sjk

n,mEu
idudkH jeishkag yd igka lrejkag tlfia ;=jd, islsug yd urKhg m;a lsug
iq w Nd;d lrkq ,ef' ia;S% IKh yd wfkl=;a ,sx.sl wmrdO i|ydo
h.eka" ysyerls yd ysxidld wmrdO ls%hdjka i|yd o iq w fhdod .kq
,ef' tmuKla o fkdj .egqj,ska miqj ls%hd;aul lrk ixjOk yd mqkre;a:dmk
lghq;= je,elaug o tajd fya;= fjhs' iq w iq,n u yd wksis Nd;h O
;ekaj, O wdldrfhka olakg ,ef' fuu .egjg n,mdk fya;= yd n,mdk
idOl tajd Nd;hg .efkk ixoNh wkqj fjkia fjhs'
.egq we;sl
s u" udkj ysl W,a,x>kh yd wka;cd;sl udkqIl
s kS;h
s
lvlsu i|yd iq w u.sk
s a we;sjk n,mEu7
iq w jOkh u rg ;=< wNHka;r .egq iu iudkqmd;slj isfjhs'8 iq w
talrdYSu yd Nd;h .egqj,ska iajdh;a;j isfkdjk kuq;a tajd .egqld
ls%hdjkaf.a ;Sj%;djh, ysxidld ls%hdjkaf.a udrdka;sl nj yd mj;sk ld, iSudj
jOkh lsrsug fya;=fjhs' tfukau wkdrlaIs; nj ms<sn| yesu jOkh u yd w
wdhqO inkaOj we;s b,au je ug o n,mdhs'9 we;e pdrlhska iq w
iq,nu ikakoaO .egq we;sug wdikaku fya;=j f,i i,lk w;r tajd ksid
wdrjq,a iys; ;;a;ajhka uyd mudK .egq njg mj;kh u o isjk nj
fmkajd fohs'10 iq w ksrka;rj ikakoaO .egq yd inkaO jk kuq;a, w wdhqO
iu. inkaO W,a,x>kSh ;;ajhka (violations) we;sjk fjk;a ikaoNhka o ;sf' tu
W,a,x>kSh ;;ajhka fYaIfhka jHdma; jkafka .egqld ;;a;ajhkaf.ka miqj
mj;sk wkdrlaIs; Ndjh" wmrdO yd fld,a,lE" irKd.; l|jqre iy wj;ekajQjka
i|yd jk l|jqre" yuqodlrKh u fya;=lr .ekSu u.sks'
iq w talrdYSu ksid n,y;aldrfhka wj;eka lsf m%jK;djka l= .ekaf.
WodyrKhla f,i .jhka meyer .ekSu yd uxfld,a,lEu jeks odul l l<
flfkla AK-47 rhs*,hla ish w;g m;ajQ miq tfr m%cdjka ish ksfjia j,ska yd
. j,ska m,jd yeu i|yd ia;%S IK yd kS uere ysiqKq odul l is
lsug fm<f' fujeks ysxidld ls%hd ksid wj;eka jQ m%cdjka urKSh ;ck yd
;=jd,ls j,g ,lau muKla fkdj Tjqka f.a wdydr" /ljrKh" fi!LHh"
wOHdmkh yd wfkl=;a uQ,sl wjYH;djhka imqrd,Sf ud. j,g o ndOd muqKqjhs'11
yuqodlrKh jQ irKd.; l|jqre cd;Hka;r m%cdjg n,mdk ne?re m%Yakhls'
hqoaOhg f.dre jQjka i|yd we;s l< wdrlaIs; ia:dk" wdhqO ikakoaO l,a,s jOkh
i|yd jk ire njg m;aj we; ' wdhqO fj<|fmd,j,a njg tu l|jqre m;ajk
w;r tu.ska we;sjk wkdrlaIs; nj l,dmSh ia:djr;ajhg ;ck t,a, lrhs'12
wdhqO ikakoaO wr.,j, idudkH ck;dj ysxidld ls%hdjkag ksr;=rej b,lal
flfrhs' igka lrejka fkdjk idudkH ksiqkag tfrysj isjk fuu ysxidld
ls%hdjka wka;cd;slj ms<s.;a kS;suh wdrlaIK" udkj ysl iuq;Ska yd udkqIsl

kS;s j,g tfrysj issflf'13 hqoaOhl iq wj,ska ;=jd, ,nk je msi is,a
jeishka h' fl%dtaaIshdf ;;a;ajh wOHhkh l<fyd;a 1991$92 ld,h ;=< jd;d jQ
urK ixLHdj jk 4"399 ka ishhg 64 la is,a jeishka h'14 we*a.ksia:dkh" rejkavdj"
fpkshdj" flkahdj yd ldfndac foaY iSudf wka; cd;sl r;= l=rei ixOdkh
iska wdrN l< wdfrda.H Yd,dj, fj WKav ksid ;=jd, ,nd m%;sldr
,nkakkaf.ka ishhg 34la idudkH jeishka h'15 isfhrd ,sfhdka ys l< wOHhkhka
fmkajd fokafka hqO wk;=re j,ska ishhg 60 la iq w WKav ksid isjk njhs'
tfia wk;=rg ,lajQjkaf.ka ishhg 11la jhi wjqre 15g wvq <orejka yd ishhg 43la
ldka;djka h'16
iq w iq,n u yd me;su mqoa., .re;ajh wmfhdackh lrk wjia:d nyq, lrhs'
iq w Nd;h udkj ysl lv lsug fndfyda fihska fhdod .kq ,ef' ia;%S
IK" w;=reoyka" jO ysxid ls" n,y;aldrfhka jdiia:dk w;yer hdu yd <ud
fid,aodjka n|jd .ekSu ka iuyrls' tfiau f.da;% f,damk .egq j, le;s"
ukakd u.ska lmd fldgd >d;kh lsug fmr ka;hka tla ;eklg fldgqlr
.ekSu ioyd fndfyda wjia:dj, .sks w fhdod f.k we;' msfyk wdrlaIl
;;a;ajhg m%;spdr f,i rchkag fi!LHh" wOHdmkh" wdl" iudh yd ixialD;sl
wxY fj; jeh l< hq;= uqo,a m%;smdok iq w .egj iu ioyd jel< wdrlaIl
msjeh f,i fhoug isjkq we;'
fndfyda wjia:dj, udkj ysl lvls ms<sn|j ieyeisl i|yd fYaIfhka
f.dre jkafka <uhska h' th iq w jHdma;sfha yd wksis Nd;fha m%;sM,hls'
hqksfi*a (UNICEF) ixOdkfha weia;fka;=j,g wkqj 1990 oYlfha <uhska ,shk
folla wdhqO ikakoaO .egqj,g uej h f.dia we;'17 fuhska fndfydauhla iq
w yd ieye,a w j,g f.dre jQjka h' jhi wjqre 18g wvq <uhs 300"000 muK
<ud fid,aodjka f,i wdhqO ikakoaO .egqj,g inkaOj iQrd lEug ,lafj;s'18
iq w myrKfha we;s ir, nj ksid b;d l=vd <uhska mjd myiqfjka kSure
>d;lhka njg m;aj we;'
19 ye W;=re W.kavd fid,aodjl= fufia mjihs w,a fod<fya AK-47 rhs*,h
md lrkafka flfiao lshd ud okakjd' th .,jd kej; i lrkakg ug jeh
jkafka ks;a;=jla muKhs' ug wjqre 12 fjkfldgu Tjqka wd'mS'' frdl f.%fka
khla ,nd kakd' ug igka l< yels nj Tmamq l< ksihs tal kafka'' 19 .sks w
u.ska ;=jd, ,nkjdg wu;rj <uhs ukao fmdaIKh' jix.; yd fkdfhl=;a
je<elah yels frda.j,g o f.dre fj;s'20 iq w inkaO ysxidld ls%hdj,ska
udkqIsl wdOdr imhk m%cdj flfrys o Yd, n,mEula we;s lrhs' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a
ixOdkfha fiajlhka" fjk;a udkj ys;jd ls%hdldka .sks w j,g b,lal h
yels wjodku wlh' >d;kh u m%dK wemhg ;nd.ekSu" ,sx.sl w;jr" ikakoaO
uxfld,a, lE" w;a;fkdau;sl f,i w;a wvx.=jg .ekSu iy n,y;a ldrfhka "
r|jd .ekSu jeks .sks w inkaO ysxidld ls%hdjka ksid 1992 yd 2"000 w;r ld,h
;=< tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixOdkfha is,a ldh uKav, idudlhka 185 fofkl=
urKhg m;a ;sf'21 wdhqO ikakoaO mqoa.,hkaf.ka isjk ;ck yd ysxidld
ls%hd fya;=fjka udkqIsl wdOdr ,ndf ls%hdka;hkays fh isk udkjjd
wdh;khkaf.a ksfhda;hkag ish NdKav yd jH iu. hg;a ug is fjhs' fuys
m%;sM,hla f,i tlai;a cd;Skaf.a lafIa;% ls%hdka;hkays ;u ldh uKav,hg
,ndfok wdrlaIdj ms<sn| je wjOdkhla fhduq lsug is ;sf'
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a kS;s frda iq w fj<|du je,elau" keje;au yd Bg tfrysj
10
l%shdld u ioyd jk if,kh" wka;cd;sl m%cdjg n,mdk iq w iq,nu yd

wksis Nd;h ms<sn| .egj inkaOfhka wka; cd;sl m%cdj tla jQ m%:u
wjia:djhs' tfy;a fuu iuqf olakg ,enqKq m%Odk j,;djh k wka;cd;sl
udkj kS;s yd udkj ysl u; iq w iq,n fuka we;sjk n,mEu ms<sn|j
m%udKj;a ;r ie,ls,a,la fhduq fkduhs' fuu m%Odk ud;Dld fol ms<sn|j ka
rchka" rdcH fkdjk ixOdk" wka;cd;sl rdcH fkdjk ixOdk iy tlai;a
cd;Skaf.a ixOdkh w;r wjOdkh je fjka ;sf' udkj ysl yd cd;Hka;r
kS;sh W,a,x>khg iq w u.ska we;sjk n,mEu we*a.ksia:dkfhka ,enqKq my;
m%ldYh u.ska meye<s f'
m<uqfjkau ^;f,hsndka& igkalrejka fha is msi jglr .;a;d' wk;=rej
Tjqka f.hska f.g f.dia mjq,aj, mska ^b;du;a uy mska yer& w;a wvx.=jg
.;a;d' tla ksfjil ujla yd ;reK mqf;la ishd' Tyq lSjd weh w;yer
fldfyaj;a hkak nE lsh,d' ;f,hsndkajre rhs*,a n|j,ska ldka;djg lDDr f,i
myr kakd' weh h .shd' ;reKhdg fj ;nd urd oukq ,enqjd' Tjqka wfma
wi,ajeishka' w;a wvx.=jg .;a mqoa.,hkaf.a oE;a msgqmig ;nd nkq ,enqjd' nid
fldkd (Bazar Kona)lv fha msgqmig f.k f.dia .sks ;nkq ,enqjd' Tjqka fndfyda
fofkl= >d;kh l<d'''22
iq w md,kh iy ";%i;
a jdohg tfrys hqoO
a h"
kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkakka" ckudOHfka" rdcH fkdjk ixOdk yd tlai;a
cd;Skaf.a ixOdkh iska fidhdf.k we;s idlaIs wkqj cd;sl" l,dmSh yd
wka;cd;sl w md,kh lsu inkaOj we;s j,;djhka m%fhdackhg .kska
j.lSulska f;drj lghq;= lrk rchka yd w ;e/lrejka iska wmrdOlrejkag"
udkj ysl W,a,x>kh lrkakkag yd ;%ia;jdkag w yqjudrej i|yd îq w yd
ieye,a wdhqO we;=j& lghq;= i,id we;'
2001 jif iema;en 11 jeksod weuld tlai;a ckmofha f,dal fj<|
uOHia:dkhg yd fmkag.khg t,a, l< m%ydrfhka miqj fndfyda fYaI{hka
mjikafka iq w meju inkaO md,kh ;r l< hq;= njhs' fuh w,alhsvd iy
wfkl=;a ;%ia;jd ixOdk iu igka lsu i|yd wka;cd;sl m%cdjg b;d
jeo.;a Wmdh ud.hla nj fmkajd fok ,' rchhka oeka iq w iy ieye,a
wdhqO md,kh Yla;su;a lsu i|yd fmrg jvd je im;a m%udKhla fhosh hq;=h'
f inkaOj iuyr l%shdud. f.k we;;a" w wmkhkh lrk m%uqL rgj,a
.Kkdjlau rdcH yd rdcH fkdjk mqoa.,hkag w lsKSf " tA inkaOj we;s
md,khka ,sys,a lr we;' fuh tlai;a ckmo m%;sm;a;sh u.ska ms<sUq f'
2001 jif iema;en 11 jeksod isg rdcH fkdjk ixOdk islrk Yaf,aIKhlg
wkqj ;%ia;jdohg tfrys hqoaOh ms<sn|j wdrlaIl lghq;= Yla;su;a lsu i|yd
weuld tlai;a ckmoh iska rgj,a 67la i|yd weuldkq fvd, ,shk 3'8 l
wdOdr imhd ;sf'23
f i|yd f;dardf.k we;s rgj,a w;ka 32 la weuldkq tlai;a ckmo rdcH
fomd;fka;=j iska jir 2000 udkj ysl jd;dj u.ska b;du;a j, yd
my< ;;ajfha mj;sk rgj,a f,i k lr we;'24
f;dr;=re igyk 2 (
wjOdkhg fhduqh hq;= lreKla ( ms,m
s k
S hqo yuqodj ikakoaO lsu25
2001 jif iema;en 11 jeks od isjQ ;%ia;jd m%ydr j,ska miqj weuld
tlai;a ckmoh ms,smSk rchg ,ndfok yuqoduh wdOdr je lrk ,' weuld
tlai;a ckmo f,aLkj,g wkqj fuu wdOdr i|yd hqouh WmlrK ^wdhqO& o
we;=<;a h' M-16 j.fha rhs*, 30"000la iy ;%ia;jdkaf.ka t,a,jk
;ckj,g uqyqKu i|yd yuqoduh mqyqKq o fuu wdOdrj,g we;=<;a h' fndfyda
w .;a lKavdh w,alhsvd jeks ;%ia;jd ixOdk iu. in|l mj;ajk
njg weuldj Yajdi lrhs' ms,smSk yuqod idudlhka fj;ska is we;ss udkj
ysl lvls yd ysxid ms,sn|j weuldkq rchg jd;d we;;a weuldj
ms,smSk rchg wLKavj yuqoduh wdOdr ,nd fohs' weuld tlai;a ckmoh iska
,nd fok fuu w iy yuqod mqyqKqj mj;sk we't'c' kS;s ;s j,g wkql+,j u;a
udkj ysl wdrlaIdjkag wod,j yd u;a f;dard .ekSf l%shdj,shlg wkqj
is fkdu fndfyda rdcH fkdjk ixOdkj, ie,ls,a,g Ndckh we;' weuld
tlai;a ckmoh" lekvdj yd ol=Kq wm%sldj ms,smSkhg ie,lsh hq;= iq w
m%udKhla imhhs' 2000 jif kaokdfjda .egqj,ska wj;ekajQ is,a jeishka
ixLHdj 500"000 ls' udkj ysl W,a,x>kh ls yd fndan m%ydr wpdrj;a
f,i is h' 2003 jif fmnrjd udifha 150"000 fofkl= wj;eka jQ njg
jd;d h' uQ,sl ksia whs;sjdisl /l .ekSug iq?lSug oe Odk
fkdfhjfyd;a weuld tlai;a ckmoh iska ms,smSkhg ,ndfok hqouh wdOdr
udkj ysl lvlsu" ysxidld l%shd ;Sj%lsu iy wnqo yd wdrjq,a .a .eiaiSug
we;s wjodku je lrhs'
f;dr;=re igyk 3 a ( we*a.ksi:

a dkhg wdhqO26
is;=ka jirla mqrd we*a.ksia:dkfha wef,k kdYld hqoaOhg iq w fj<|du
fnfyka odhl we;' 1979 iy 1989 jirj, fidah wdl%uKh yd w;am;a lr
.ekSug tfrysj igka lsu i|yd uqcyska .,a,d lKavdh fj; weuldkq
tlai;a ckmo uOHu ryia f;dr;=re tackaish (CIA) u.ska iq w Yd, m%udKhla
,ndfok ,' uqcyska igkalrejkaf.a hqouh ls%hdjka ksid we*a.ka is,a jeishka
oyia .Kkla w;a;fkdau;sl f,i >d;kh flreKs' uqcyska igkalrejka myr"
meyerf.khE yd ia;%S IK jHdma;u ms<sn|j o j.lsj hq;= fjhs' 2001 jif
we*a.ksia:dkfha is weulka yuqodj iakac ihs,a m%ydrhkag b,lal h' fuu
ihs, 1980 oYlfha weuldj iskau imhk ,o tajd h' mdlsia:dkh" brdkh yd
kh o uqcyska lKavdh fj; w wdhqO imhk ,' Tjqyq fidah yuqodfjka o
w meyer .;ay'
;f,hsndkajre uq,skau wdhqO ikakoaO jQfha weuld tlai;a ckmofhka iy
mdlsia:dkfhks' mdlsia:dk yd brdk foaY iSudj, ;sfnk ;f,hsndkq k.r yd
.udk f,dj Nhdklu w fj<|fmd,j,a f,i ie,fla' ;ju;a tu l,dmj,
b;du;a irejg w fj<|du is flf' weuldf yd fjk;a rgj, ksIamd;
ihs, mjd fuys wf, fjhs' n,m;% iys;j kfha yd Bma;=f ksIamdokh
lrk l,Iaksflda(Kalashnikov) k reishdkq rhs*,a fYaIh o f w;r fjhs'
Tiud-ka-,dvka wiQj oYlfha uq,a wjfha reishdkq yuqodjg tfrysj uqcyska
igkalrejka yd tlaj we*a.ksia:dkfha jir lSmhlau igka l< njg jd;d we;'
11
12
tys Tyq wrd cd;slhka we;= foaYslhkag yuqod mqyqKqj ,ndfok l|jqre o
mj;ajdf.k .sfha h' wmrdO mlaIKj, wm%sldf msys weulka ;dkdm;s
ldhd, 2g fndan m%ydr t,a, lsu inkaOj 2001 w,alhsvd idudlhka
jrolrejka njg Tmamq lr we;' fuu kvqf idlaIs foka bid-w,a- keue;a;d
mejiqf ;ud weuldkq iud.ulska iakhsm j.fha ;=jlal= 25la ,f.k tajd
we*a.ksia:dkhg hejQ njhs' ta wiQj oYlfha w. jljdkqfh' fuu rhs*,j,g
fy,sfldmag hdkdj,g fj ;nd u fy,sh yels w;r ikakdy fyda bkaOk
gexls midrelrf.k hk mrs r isg fj ;eug o yelsh' ^j;udkfha
weuldkq rdcH fomd;fka;=j jdKsc wmkhk f,i fuu wdhqO ;ks
mqoa.,hkag wf, fkdlrhs'& 2001 jif ka-,dvkaf.a wkq.dlhka mdlsia:dkfha
fmIdj ys fjf<kaokaf.ka ihs, iy iq w , f.k lkaoyd m%foaYfha
l|jqrlg ,nd oS we;s njg jd;d f' 2003 jif ;a weuldkq yd we*a.ka yuqod
w wdhqO ikakoaO ol=fKa ;f,hsndka yd w,alhsvd igkalrejka iu. in|l
mj;ajk ,' Tjqyq j;auka foaYmd,k m%jdyh yd m%foaYfha udkqIsl wdOdr fnodf
l%shdj,shg o ndOd muqKqj;s'
by; igyka j, WodyrKhla f,i olajd we;s m wka;cd;sl udkj kS;s yd

udkj ysl ms<sn|j iqfjka fyda ;elSula fkdlrk rdcH yd rdcH fkdjk
l%Shdldkag wdhqO iemhSu w;s Nhdkl ls%hdjls' fndfyda g w imhk rchka fuu
wdhqO ,nd .kakka iska ler<sldr lKavdh" ;%ia;jdka yd wka;cd;sl iduh yd
wdrlIdj lv lrk lKavdh j,g kej; lsKSu je,elaug iu;a fkdf'
iq w iy m%pKav ixialD;Ska
iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO iq,n u yd me;srhdu .ska .gu mj;sk l,dm Bkshd
m%pKavld l,a,s ixialD;shlg (gang culture) u. mdohs' tfukau m%pKavld
ixialD;shla hgf;a idm%odhsl .egq ksrdlrKh lsf l%u is|S f.dia wdhqO
Nd;h iudh ms<sfj;la f,i biau;=f' rdcH wdrlaIdj ke;sjQ g fyda j, jQ
g w wdhqO ixirKh h<s werfUhs' wd;audrlaIdj ms<sn| Yajdih w wdhqO
flfrys ;enQ g ysxidld ls%hdjka jOkh fjhs' ksia wdrlaIdj Ldokhg ,lafjhs'
O%elrKh jQ iudc jHqyhka ;=< Tjqkaf.a mS; iudc ;;ajhkaf.a m%;sM,hla f,io
m%pKavld ixialD;shla ysh yelsh' weuld tlai;a ckmofha yd n%iS,fha l,a,s
ixialD;sh (gang culture) m%pKav;ajh wkkH jQ iudc ixoNhla ksfhdackh lrhs'
;=jlal= w; ord isu n,fha iy fm!reIfha ixfla;hla f,i fujeks ixialD;Ska ;=<
olakg ,ef' mqyq w,xlrKh msKsi ;=jlal= j, Yd, msx;+r udOH ;=< Nd; lsu
u.ska n,h ms<sn| yeSula we;s lrhs' fuu.ska m%;sreoaO u;Od mka;Ska w;r n,
inkaO;djhka jvd;a ria lrka kS;s m%ldr fyda wh:d f,i wdhqO j,g b,aula
we;s lsrSug fya;= fjhs'27
f;dr;=re igyk 4:
ol=Kq wm%l
s df m%pKav ixialD;sh
ol=Kq wm%sldf jK fNaojdoh ksid thg tj O ysxidld ls%hd ish'
<slu jeu$/lshdj" myiql yd hym;a jk ;;a;ajhka fkdue;s me,am;a
k.r iy ,sx. fNaojdoh wl yssxidld ls%hdjkag fya;= jk lreKq h' ysxidld
pl%h ;=< yssxilhka yd ka;hka hk fomdYjhgu <uhs nyq, jYfhka ,sfj;s'
ol=Kq wms%ldj f,dj jeu kS uere m%;sY;h jd;djk rghs' tfukau taia
wdid;hska jefhkau fjfik rghs' ISS jd;djlg wkqj b jir 12 ;=< trg
wkd:hka fo,laI mkia oyila ys jkq we;' Tjqkag u fmkaula fyda u
fmkajkakka fkdue;' Tjqka taia wdid;hka ksid lsisjla .ek ;elSula fkdlrkq
we;' Tjqka ksrdhdifhka ;=jlal= w;g .ekSug bv we;' fujka miqula hgf;a
ysxidld l%shd jOkh ug fld;r wjldY we;ehs lsjfyd;a ;h jkafkao
ke;so hkak ;SrKh lrk tlu idOlh fuh ug bv we;'28
iq w iy m%pKav wmrdO
f,dj mqrd ;%ia;jd ixOdk yd wmrdO islrk lKavdhj, ls%hdjka iq w yd
ieye,a wdhqO jHdma;u ksid jOkh fjhs' fujeks w wdhqO ysxidld ls%hd yd
;ckh ls i|yd o Tjqkaf.a wNsu;h m reoaO jdkag fukau kS;sh ls%hd;aul
lrkakkag tfrysjo ls%hd;aul fjhs' fndfyda rgj,g yd l,dmj,g wh:d f,i
wdhqO wf, lsu" md lsu" wdhqO cdjdru m%Odk iudc .egjla njg m;a
;sf' WodyrK f,i uOHu weuldf kS;s frda f,i wdhqO myrKh lrkakka
f.a ixLHdj ,shk folla f,i uq l,dmhgu weia;fka;= lr we;s w;r
f.!;ud,df muKla ,shk folla f,i .Kkh lr we;' fuu l,dmfha ukqIH
>d;k wkqmd;h ck.ykfhka ,laIhlg 60 fofkls' th weuldkq uydoamfha
wfkl=;a rgj,a yd ixikaokh lrk g fo.=Khls'29 iq w Nd;h yd ysxidld
ls%hd tys ol=Kq . m%foaYhg iSud ;sf' f,dj fndfyda hqKq rgj, o yssxidld
ls%hdjka i|yd iq w Nd;h iS>%fhka jOkh ;sf' 2002 jif ,kavkh ;=<
.sks w wdY%s; wmrdO m%;sY;h ishhg 11 ls'30 f,dal fi!LH ixOdkh 2001 jif
ksl=;a l, jd;djlg wkqj YajdiodhS f.da,Sh o;a; fkdue;s ksid jirla mdid
isjk ,shk 2'3 urK ixLHdfjka fldmuK m%udKhl g iq w inkaO oehs
fkdokS' kuq;a mj;sk o;a; wkqj jdIslj urK Yd, ixLHdjla ^,laI .Kkla& iq
w ksid isfjhs' WodyrK f,i ukqIH >d;k" ish kid .ekS yd wdhqO
ikakoaO wr.,j,ska we;s jk urK i|yka l< yelsh'31
ysxidld ls%hd j,g fya;=fjk iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO iemfhk ud. fndfyda
we;' f.da,Sh iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO ^kS;s frda& fj<|du .;a g wh:d
ksIamdokh iy fj<|du inkaOfhka kS;s frda wdhqO f,i .uka wrUkafka b;d
iq ixLHdjls' kuq;a" ol=Kq wdishdj yd uOHu weuldj hk l,dmj, wh:d f,i
w wdhqO ksIamdokh kS;s frda iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO m%Yakhg lemS fmfkk
wkaoka odhl f' iq w yslr .ekSug mqrjeishkag n,m;% Yd, m%udKhla
,ndfok weuld tlai;a ckmoh yd ol=Kq wm%sldj jeks rgj, wmrdO i|yd Nd;d
lrk w je m%udKhla tf,i kS;Hdkql+, mqoa.,sl whs;sh i|yd mjrd ka w
fjhs' fuf,i kS;Hdkql+,j mejrE w fidrl lsu" ke;su" wh:d f,i h<s
wf, lsu fyda l=<shg u ysxidld ls%hd ioyd fhdod .ekSug fmr isfjhs' kS;sh
iq/lSug isk wdh;khkays ks<Odka iska kS;s frdaj w lsKSuo iq w
m%Yakhg odhl fjhs'32
13
14
kS;Hdkql+, mqrjeis whs;sh iSud jQ rgj, wmrdOlrejka rg ;=<g w f.k tau iy

fnod yeu ioyd fYaIs; cd,hkaf.a iyh ,nd .kS' WodyrKhla f,i tlai;a
rdcOdksfha kS;s frda .sks w j,ska ishhg 90la trka msg ksIamdokh l< tajdh'33
rdcH wnqo we;s g rcfha wdhqO .nvdj,ska fidrd.kakd iq w Yd, m%udKhla
kS;s frda fj<|fmd,j, wf, jk w;r tajd wmrdO i|yd Wmfhda.S lr.kS'
we,afkshdf rdcH wldh 1997 jif lvd jefuka miq .sks w 350"000la
.Kkh lsug fkdyelsj ^wia:dk.; & ;sf'34
fndfyda iudcj, igka w;ayk ,o mqoa.,hska yd fjk;a mqoa.,hska kS;s.rel
ud.j,ska jk jD;a;shla lrf.k hEug wjia:djla fkdue;sug fyda wjYH
ksmqK;djhka fkdue;su ksid iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO Nd;d fldg ux meye
iy fjk;a ysxidld ls%hdj,ska uqo,a fiug fm<fU;s' .egqld iudcj, miq
ld,Skj iq,nj me;s we;s iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO ksid zzhqO wdlhlaZZ
we;sfjhs fuh hqoaOfhka mS; j, iudchl ,lIKhls' fcdahdj fuhg
WodyrKhls' hqo w cdjdru" kS;s frda u;ajH" ;Sre n fkdf.jk ,o meg%,a"
is.r" fudag r: muKla fkdj udkj l=gkho fujka wdlhl m%;sM, f' tn
wdlhla ;=< rgla uqyqK md we;s wiar ;;a;ajhkaf.ka iuyr lKavdh m%;s,dN
,nd .kS' w wdhqO nyq, f,i jHdma; u fuhg fya;= fjhs' ,dN ,nd .ekSf
mrud:fhka hqO ;;a;ajhla tf,iu mj;ajd .ekSug W;aidy ork lKavdh
ue~,Sug rch wfmdfydi;a fjhs' fuys m%;sM,h jkafka ck ;fha ish wxY
wdhqO ikakoaO mqoa.,hkaf.a wKilg hg;a uhs'35
f;dr;=re igyk 5:
n%i,
S fha ikakoaO m%pKav;ajh36
fhda-o-cefkhsfrda kqjr ikakoaO lKavdh ms<sn| jd fhda iy wd.l
wOHhkh ms<sn| wdh;kh olajk jd;djlg wkqj 1987 isg 2001 olajd jhi
wjqre 18g wvq <uhska 4"000 la ;=jlal= wdY%s; .egqj, ;=jd, ,nd ;sf' tfukau
fhda-o-cefkhsfrda kqjr .sks w j,ska isjQ urK ixLHdj fld,dhdj"
ishrd,sfhdka" hqf.daiaf,dahdj" we*a.ksia;dkh" W.kavdj yd BY%dh,fha hqO ;=jd,
lrejkag jvd jeh' idudkHfhka fhda-o-cefkhsfrda k.rfha isjk kS
uerej,ska ishhg 80la ;=jlal= wdY%s; tajdh' 1970 oYlfha isg fuu kS uere
ixLHdj jOkh fjka we;af;a thg iudka;rj u;ajH cdjdr lrejka iska
l,Iaksfld AK- 47 fyla, iy fldla G3, jeks w n,e;s .sks w Nd;h
jOkh u;a iu.h'
iq w iy ia;-S% mqreI iudcNdjh

ms iy ldka;djka" ms <uhska iy .eyeKq <uhska iq w Nd;h yd bka jk
n,mE inkaOfhka iy tajdfha we;s iDKd;aul n,mEj,g uqyqK f yelshdjka
ms<sn| O w;aoelS ,nhs' tfy;a fuu O;d yye f;are fkd.;fyd;a
w:dka; jev igyka ie,iq lsu yd ls%hd;aul lsu u.ska iq w ms<sn| m%Yak
j,g tfrys j ls%hdud. h;a lsu iSud iys; jkq we;'
,sx.sl;ajh mska yd ldka;djka w;r jd;aul fjkial olajk w;r ia;%S mqreI iudcNdjh mska yd ldka;djka w;r iudchSh fjkial ksfhdackh lrhs'
iudcNdjh mska yd ldka;djka w;r kE in|l" w;aoelS yd iudh
wfmalaIdjka iy Tjqkag n,h yd im;a i|yd we;s wjldYh inkaOj n,mE we;s
lrhs' mqreIhka yd ldka;djka tl iudk fkdfj;s' mqreI yd ldka;d iudc N+ldjka
Tjqkaf.a jhi" j.h" mka;sh" ixialD;sh" wd.u yd iudc-wdl ;;aa;ajhka wkqj

;SrKh fjhs'
,sx. fNaoh wkqj fjkial olajk o;a; iS; kuq;a iq w Nd;fha m%uqLhka
jkafka mqreI mlaIh nj mj;sk ms<s.ekSuhs' fuu ms<s.ekSu .egq mj;sk iuhg
fukau iduh mj;sk ld,hkag;a tlfia wod< f' ;reKhka rdcH fyda rdcH
fkdjk yuqod i|yd n,fhka n|jd .ekSu fyda iafPdfjka neu i|yd uQ,sl
b,lalhla njg m;afjhs' ia:djr iudchkays iq w ysld;ajh iy Nd;h
jefhka we;af;a mqreI mlaIh i;=jhs' tfiau ;=jlal= j,ska lrk wmrdO fiau ish
ydks lr.ekS j, mqreI mlaIh uQ,sl;ajh .ekSu W;=re rgj, jefhka
isf' f,dal fi!LH ixOdkhg wkqj >d;k i|yd .eyeKqka fuka ;=ka .=Khl isg
yh .=Khla olajd ms odhl fj;s' >d;k i|yd fndfyda g b,lal jkafka jhi
18-49 olajd mska h'37 tfia jqjo w wksis myrKh yd w wdhqO iq,nu
inkaOfhka ldka;djka olajk odhl;ajh o fkdi,ld yeh fkdyelsh'
ia;r igyk 6 :
fkamd,fha udfjdajd le/,af,a ldka;dfjda
fkamd,fha iEu ugul u ck;d igka i|yd ldka;d odhl;ajh olakg ,ef'
iEu udfjdajd ler<slrejka ;sfofkl=g tla ldka;djla o udfjdajd igkalrejka
oifofkl=g tla ldka;djla o wh;a h' m%foaY Ndr wK fokakskhka f,i o
ldka;dfjda lghq;= lr;s' ldka;d .,a,d igkaldhka l=l%siaZZ(Khrukris) yd fl
;=jlal= jeks wdhqO Nd;d lrhs' kuqq;a idudkHfhka fuu .,a,d Ngfhda 303
rhs*, yd AK-47 j.fha rhs*, fukau f.dm, wdmkak o wdhqO f,i Nd;d
lr;s' ldka;d igkaldhka fujeks iq w myrKhg o mqyqKq lr we;s w;r"
wfkl=;a ldka;d ler<slrejka mKsv yqjudrej" m%jdykh" T;a;= fiajh jeks
lghq;= i|yd fhdojdf.k ;sf' tfiau iq w iq,nu yd wksis Nd;h g o
Tjqka odhl fjhs'38
iudc Ndjh yd jhi ksid we;s fjkial inkaOj imhd .; yels o;a; m%udKh
iS; jqj;a iq w j, n,mEu iudc Ndjh wkqj fjkiajk wdldrh fmdf
ie,l=jfyd;a fndfyda ixialD;Ska ;=< wdhqO fyda .sks w oeu mqreI n,h ms<sn|
ixfla;hla njg m;a we;' ms mlaIhg ;=jlal=j" n,h yd wdrlaIdj ksfhdackh
lrkakla njg m;a ;sf' mqreIfhda .egqj, igka lrejka f,i urKhg m;au
yd ;=jd, ,eu ms<sn|j Yd, wjodkula or;s' we*a.ksia:dkfha wka;cd;sl r;=
l=rei iudchg wh;a frday,aj,g isk frda.Skaf.ka ishhg yeg myla hqoaOfha
;=jd, ,enQjka h' we*a.ksia:dkh" rejkavdj" fpkshdj fukau flkahdj yd
ldfndacfha foaY iSud m%foaYj, wka;cd;sl r;= l=rei iudchg wh;a frday,aj,g
we;=<;a lr we;s jhi wjqre 16-50 ;a w;r ;=jd,lrejka f.ka ishhg 65la mska
h' 3 9
we;e g ldka;djkag w w;a m;a u u.ska mqreI uQ,sl ixialD;shla ;=< Tjqkaf.a
n,h yd ksoyi ixfla;j;a f' ;j;a fldgilg iq w ;udg;a ;u mjq,a j,
idudlhkag;a ;ckhla f,i fmkS hhs' is,a jeishka f,i ldka;djka yd .eyeKq
<uqka iq w urK yd ;=jd, i|yd jeu wjodkula or;s' Tjqyq IKhg fyda ,sx.sl
ieyeislj,g yd jOj,g o b,lal fj;s' tf,iskau .Ksld jD;a;shg nf,ka weo
oeu" îgka lrejkaf.a zzkaoEjrekaZZ f,i& nf,ka .e .ekau" taia frda.h
je<u jeks ;;a;ajhkag ldka;dfjda b,lal fj;s' .egq wjia:dj, ldka;djka
15
16
Tjqkaf.a jd;aul" ixialD;sl yd iudchSh m%;sksIamdok ^m%ckk& N+ldj ksid

Wmdhud.sl b,lalhka njg m;af' ldka;djka yd .eyeKq <uqka fN!;sl yd
wdl n,mE yryd .Ksldjka f,i fhdod .ekSf b,lal njg m;a f' .sks w
yuqf fndfyda wjia:dj, ldka;djka yd .eyeKq <uqka .Dyia: ysxikfha f.dre
njg m;af wjodkula o mj;S'
ia;r igyk 7 :
m%cd;ka;j
% d fldkaf.da ckrcfha ia;s% IKh hqO whla f,i fhdod .ekSu'
zz,sx.sl ieyeisl" hqoaOfha whla f,i fhdod .ekSu .egqj,g inkaO jQ
fndfyda mdYjhka iska is flf''''' Ilhkaf.ka je m%udKhla w;ska fjk;a
lDr ls%hd o isflfrhs' fj ;eu" msyshd ;, fyda f,a ;, j,ska lmd oeu
islrk w;r m%ydrj,g ,la jQ .eyeKq <uqka w;r jhi wjqre myla fkd blaujQ
oehka o w;r jhi wiQjla jk jeys ldka;djka o fj;s'ZZ40
ia;r igyk 8 (
.Dyia: ysxikh - ldfndach
zysxidjg f.drejk ldka;djkaf.ka y;frka tllg wdikak msilf.a
iajdmqreIhka ;=jlal= yshka jk w;r tu ;=jlal= fndfyda g zzldka;djkag
;ckh lsug;a n,y;aldrl lsug;aZZ Nd;d flf' ysxidjgm;a
ldka;djkaf.ka 18]lg;a jvd je m%udKhlg ;ckh lr we;af;a ;=jlal= Nd;
lsfuka jk w;r 4]la muK m%udKhla w;afndan (grenade) fyda nhsfka;a;=
(bayonet) md lsfuka ysxidjg f.dre lrkq ,en we;'Z41
iq w j,ska isjk ;=jd, ksid ldka;djka yd ;reK .eyeKq orejka b;d oreKq
iudchSh yd wdl fldkalsulg ,la fj;s' WodyrK jYfhka ;=jlal=jla
Nd;fhka wmfhdackhg ,lalrk fyda IKh lrkq ,nk ldka;djla fyda .eyeKq
orefjl= mjqf,ka yd iudcfhka m%;slafIam lrk ksid wef.a orejkag iy wehg;a
wdluh jYfhka Wmldrhla fyda iyfhda.hla ,nd.ekSug fkdyelsjk ugf
iudh .egqulg uqyqK fohs' wdhqO inkaO wmrdO iy ikakoaO wr., j,ska
mSvdjg m;ajk whf.a l iem fidhd n,k iy fi!LHuh wjYH;djkag i
imhk id;a;=lrejkaf.ka nyq;rhla ksfhdackh lrkafka o ldka;djka iy .eyeKq
orejka h'
mska hqoaOhg f.dia fyda hqoaOfhka hf.dia we;sgl mjqf,a wdluh nr
lrmskakdf.k tfkod jfkdamdh i lrkafka o ldka;dfjda h' WodyrKhla
jYfhka rejkavdf isjQ iuQ, >d;kfhka miqj weia;fka;= lr we;s wkaoug rf
ck.ykfhka ishhg 70la ldka;djka jQ w;r rf .Dyia:hkaf.ka ishhg 50lu
.DyuQ,sl;ajh oeref o ldka;djka h'42
ldka;djka yd mska iq w wksis Nd;hg fmd<Ujk ldrKd f;are .ekSu u.ska
ta i|yd we;s b,au ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nd.; yelsh' tu.ska tu m%Yakhg foaYSh"
cd;sl" l,dmSh yd wka;cd;sl ugfuka i fih yels l%uhla .ek o fidhd
ne,sh yelsh' WodyrKhla jYfhka Tjqka wdhqO w;g .ekSug fmd<Ujk ldrKd
f;are .ekSfuka ksrdhqOlrK jevigykl ,ndh yels iy ,ndh hq;= .eka
ms<sn|j o wjfndaOhla ,nd.; yels h'
iq w ms<sn| m%Yakh" Odldr iudc Ndjhka flfrys n,mdk wkaou wjfndaO

lr.ekSfuka iudcfha ^mska" ldka;djka" ms <uhska iy .eyeKq <uhska& jeks
O m%cd fldgiaj, Odldr wjYH;djhkag m%;spdr jYfhka fhda.H jevigyka
ilialsug o yelsjkq we;' WodyrK f,i iq w m%pKav;djkag uejQ ka;hkaa
iy ysxilhka inkaOfhka we;s fN!;sl fyda ldhsl n,;d" iudchSh fldkals"
wdl <sNdjhka iy udkisl wd;;ska bj;a lr Tjqka ldka;djka fyda mska
f,i n,mEug ,la we;s wkaof yd Tjqka iudchg kej; tlalsf ls%hdodufha
fjkialu ms,sUq jk wdldrhg" fYaIfhka ksudKh lrk ,o fiajdjka ilia
lsf wjYH;djhla we;'
ixjOkh flfrys iq w j, n,mEu

iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO iq,nu yd me;su" Odldr ixoNhka yryd ixjOkh
u; iDKd;aul n,mE we;s l< yelsh' h iudchla .egq j,ska fmf<ka ish;a"
.egqulska f.dv tka ish;a fyda iduh iy ia:djr;ajh idfmalaI jYfhka ka
ish;a iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO iudch ;=< me;su yd Nd;h tu iudcfha
;sridr ixjOkhla i|yd ork m%h;akhka wvmK lsug;a iu;a jkq we;'
iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO" wnqohla wdrN lsug fya;=mdol fkdjk njg ykdf.k
we;;a tajd kEu m%pKav;ajhl udrdka;sl Ndjh iy ysiqKqlu ;sj% lsug wdOdrl h
yelsh'43 iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO inkaO lr.;a m%pKav;ajhla mj;sk g tu.ska tlS
iudch wia:djr Ndjhlg ;,a lrk w;r tys ixjOk wjia:d iS.%fhka iSudka;sl
msfyhs' fuu ;;ajh fYaIfhkau wka; <slka fmf<k iy wkdrlaIs; Ndjfhka
mS; .%dh m%cdjka ;=< oelsh yelsh' msg;ska mefKk ikakoaO lKavdhj,g fyda
;u m%cdj ;=<skau u;=jk ikakoaO lKavdhj,g b;d lu f.drla jk f iudch
tjka wjia:djl ish wdrlaIdj Wfoid fyd|u l,amh f,i w w;g .ekSug bv we;'
fuys wksjdfhkau we;sjk m%;sM,hla jkafka lDIsldl ksIamdokh wvqu;a <sNdjh
jeu;ah' WodyrKhla jYfhka kef.kysr wm%sldf tfr m%cdjka w;r we;sjQ ikakoaO
.egq by< hEu;a iu.u tu.ska ixjOkh flfrys ydksodhl n,mE we;s flKs' tys
idm%odhsl md,k ;ka;%h iy rdcH md,k ;ka;%h tu.ska oej ;ckhg m;al< w;r
fldka is fuu m%cdjka kej; iudchg tlalsf jEh uqukskau lvdlmam,a
flKs' 44 kd.l m%cdjkaf.a ixjOkh o m%pKav;ajh iy .egq iska ndOdjkag
,lalrkq ,eug mqjk' WodyrKhla jYfhka lrfha isjQ j.jd .egq ksid tu
m%foaYfha m%d.aOk wdfhdackhka wvqjQ w;r /lshd wjia:d o ySk <sNdjh ms<sn| Iu
pl%h ;j;j;a Yla;su;a thska m%pKav;ajh o jOkh we;'45
mYapd;a .egq wjia:djka j, iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO fmr-igkaldkaf.ka iy
fmdf iudcfhka blaukska bj;a fkdl<fyd;a wdl jdis iy mqoa., wdrlaIdj
i|yd ck;dj kej;;a tajd u; hefmkakg mqjk' fujeks ;;ajhla u; iq w yd
ieye,a wdhqO u.ska ;=jd,jkakkaf.a ixLHdj by< hd yels w;r tu.ska h yd
wia:djr;ajh le jQ jd;djrKhla ksudKh ;sridr ixjOkhla we;slsug ork
m%h;akhka jHj: h yels h' ldfndacfha iy we*a.ksia:dkfha idu .siq ms<sn|
lghq;= wjika we;;a is,a ck;dj w;r ;=jd, is iy wk;=rg m;a by<
ixLHdjl mj;S' we*a.ksia:dkfha we;e m<d;a j, .egq b;d oreKqj mej;s 19911995 w;r ld,iSudj yd ixiokh lrk g 1995-1997 ld, iSudj ;=< wj,ska is jQ
wk;=re ixLHdj wvq we;af;a ishhg 30 fyda ishhg 40 lska muKs'46
ikakoaO .egq ms<sn| uE; ld,Sk w;aoelS ke;s rgl jqjo iq w yd ieye,a
wdhqO nyq,j me;sfuka yd Nd;fhka tu iudchg ydksodhl n,mE t,a,h
yelsh' ;=jd, yd urK is u.ska rglg ish yels wdluh w,dN ksid m%pKav
17
18
w Nd;fhka isjk wmrdO ksid;a rf ixjOk b,lalhkag n,mE t,a,h

yelsh' b;d by< kSuere ixLHdjla jd;djk ol=Kq wm%sldj" fldf<dhd" n%iS,h"
cefuhsldj hk rgj, isjk kS uere j,ska ishhg 98la muK isjkafka .sks w
Nd;fhks ' 47
by; lS iEu wjia:djlu iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO Nd;fhka isjk ;=jd, ls
iy urK u.ska rglg Yd, wdl yd iudh m%Yak we;s lrk w;r tajd iudh
h;, myiql iy fi!LHuh fiajdjka flfrys n,mE t,a,lrhs' ixjOkh
jk rgj, fuu im;a b;d iSudiys;h' fujeks iudchka ;=< iq w yd ieye,a
wdhqO j,ska wk;=rg m;ajkakka je ixLHdjla isk wjia:dj, tu rgj, im;a
iSud blaujd hk whqka mfNdackhg ,laf'
iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO ksid we;s jk blauka m%;sM, wdlhlg wys;lr
n,mE t,a, lrhs' kuq;a .sks w m%pKaav;ajfhka oe f,i mS; iudchl ;sridr
ixjOkfha uQ,sl w;d, tksid jvd;a oreKq wjodkulg ,la f' iq w yd
ieye,a wdhqO Nd;fhka lrk m%pKav;ajh ksid Bg f.dre jkakkag isjk
wdluh wvmK iy Tjqkaf.a mjqf,a idudlhkaf.a l%shdld;ajh yd
M,odhS;djh tjeksu miq.d;ajhlg ,lau o wdlh u; ydkslr n,mE t,a,
lrhs' WodyrK jYfhka weuldkq tlai;a ckmofha islrk ,o ilaIKhlg wkqj
tys jirl .sks w wk;=re yd urK ksid isjk ydksh weuldkq fvd, ,shk
100la f,i .Kka n,d we;'48 wka; weuldkq ixjOk nexl=j iska 1990 oYlh
w. lrk ,o ilaIKhlg wkqj ikakoaO m%pKavld l%shd ksid isjk l,dmSh
wdluh mdvqj jirlg weuldkq fvd, ,shk 144-170 ;a w;r m%udKhla f,i
.Kka n,d we;'49
W;=re yd ol=Kq iEu l,dmhlu .%dh yd kd.l m%cdf ia:djr ixjOkhla i|yd
.kakd m%h;akhg iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO iq,nu yd tajd wksis Nd;h oe
n,mE t,a, lrk nj b;d meye,sh' f wkqj jir 2000 iema;en udifha t<s
oelajqK tlai;a cd;Skaf.a iyi% ixjOk b,lalhka imqrd.ekSug k iq w yd
ieye,a wdhqO m%Yakh md,kh lsu ms<sn|j b;d meye,s oYkhla wkqj lghq;=
lsu w;HdjYH f'
3' iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO iq,n u yd wksis

Nd;h md,kh i|yd ksfoaY
iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO iq,nu yd wksis Nd;h fya;=fjka we;s ;sfnk
fndfyda kdYld m%;sM, foi n,d tajdfhys zzb,au yd iemhquZZ u;a lsug .;
yels msshjr lsysmhla my; ykajd we;'
iuyrg iq w inkaOj lghq;= lsug Tn .kakd ;SrKh" Tf m%cdj ;=< iq
w iy ieye,a wdhqO ksid we;sjk n,mEu u; fyda Tn j;ajk wdhqO imhk
rgl l%shdld;ajh u; mok h yelsh' Tn Tf iudcfhys .sks w ksid isjk
idyisl wmrdO ksrdlrKh lsug Wkkajkafkla k wm fuys olajk b,au
keu;s uQ,sl ldrKh inkaO fldgi Tng fndfyda jeo.;a fjhs' iq w
inkaOfhka zb,auz keue;s ldrKh wduka;%Kh lsu mq,a mrdihla mqrd ysfohs'
g wod< fYaIs; uQ,sl idOl jkafka" mqoa.,sl yuqod iy wdrlaIl iud. j,
l%shdld;ajh u;a lsu" wdrlaIl wxY m%;sixOdkh lsu" wdhqO f;d. ix;
mj;ajdf.k hEu" w;sla; f;d. kdY lsu iy wmrdO ixialD;sh mj;kh
lsu jeks lreKqh' Bg wu;rj <slu" iudc Iu;djh" j, md,kh iy W!K
ixj; nj jeks iudchl jHqyd;aul iy uq,anei.;a .eg o f i|yd n,mdhs'
tfukau" Tn iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO fj<|du inkaOj oe kS;s we;slsug
Wkka jkafka k" wm fuys olajk iemhqu keue;s uQ,sl ldrKh inkaO
fldgi Tng fndfyda jeo.;a fjhs' wdhqO yqjudrej i|yd m%n, md,khla we;s lsu
we;=j iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO ksIamdokh iy yqjudrej u;a lsug mshjr
.ekSu" wmkhkfhka fyda mejfuka miqj wjika Nd;dj wlaIKh lsu jeks
mshjr Bg wh;a h' iEu whlau i,l=Kq lsu iy fidhd.ekSu i|yd l%ufo
ia:dmkh" fj<|du" ke ksfhda;jre iy ;e/ lrejka wlaIKh inkaOj o;a;
,nd .ekSug l%ufohkaa ilialsu' foaYhkays ksIamdokh lrk iq w iy
ieye,a wdhqO i|yd u;a md,khla we;s lsu iy is,a jeishka iska iq w
iy ieye,a wdhqO yslr .ekSu iy Nd;h inkaOj oe kS;s we;slsu hk
lreKq fuu fldgig we;=<;a f'
iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO iq,n u inkaO m%YAkhg mQK yd m%n, m%;spdrhka
i|yd by;lS wxY foflkau l%shdlsu jeo.;ah' fuu m%YAkh foi O me;slv
Tiafia O l%shdud. .kakka iu. yels iy iqiq iEu wjia:djlu inkaO u
jeo.;a f' ta u.ska .egjg wjYH m%fYhka ,nd.; yelsh' is,a iudch iska
O wdldr Tiafia iq w m%Yakh ms<sn| l%shd;aul we;s wdldrh .ek jer
ia;r oek.ekSug iq w ms<sn| wka;cd;sl l%shdld cd,h jk IANSA (International
Action Network on Small Arms - www.iansa.org) iu. inkaO h yels f'
iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO b,au wduka;K

% hg mshjr
wdhqO ksid n,mEug ,lajQ iudchka ta i|yd jQ zb,auZ wvq lsug k tu iudch
fyda mqoa.,hska wdhqO Nd;d lrkafka wehso hkak uq,skau wjfndaO lr.; hq;=hs'
zb,auZ ;SrKh jkafka iudc" ixialD;sl" foaYmd,ksl iy wdl fya;+kaf.ka ie
19
20
ixlSK inkaO;d cd,hla u.sks' tu inkaO;d wjfndaOlr.ekSug wjYHfhkau

.eUqka i,ldne,sh hq;= ;;ajhka jkafka f yd ;ka ne we;s .S nj inkaO
ldrKd yd wkS;sl Ndjhhs' m%;sm;a;s iy wmrdO kS;s moaO;sh m%;sixialrKh lsu
fukau ;=jlal= Nd;h fjkqjg l,am jfkdamdh ud. we;s lsu .ek o wjOdkh
fhduq l< hq;= f'
f inkaOj .kakd kEu W;aidyhla m%cdjf.a wjYH;d yd ieif|k nj iy;sl
lsug Tjqka yd wjHdc" l%shdld inkaO;djhla mj;ajd .ekSu wksjdhf' mska"
ldka;djka" oehka iy orejka" jeyshka" wdnd;hska iy ishu ckj. yd
wd.l lKavdhj,g wh;a ck;djf.ka f i|yd Wmfoia ,nd.; hq;=f' ;jo
bm;a lrk kEu ie,iqula inkaOj Tjqka mQKj oekqj;a h hq;=hs' odul yd
uer l,a,sj, is msia yd fmr-igkaldka w;r we;s fmd ,laIK fya;=fjka ;=jlal=
ixialD;sh fjkia lsf oe wNsfhda.h ch.ekSu i|yd m%n, f,i l%shd l< yelsh'
i fidhd .ekSf tajd" ;reK wkkH;djh" j;a f fya;=j" lKavdh iyh
yd uerl,a,sj, idudlhkag ,efnk wdrlaIdj wdh wjOdkhg .kska
;reKhkag l,am ,nd h hq;=hs'
w wdhqO tl;= lsu

iudch ;=<ska w wdhqO bj;a lsu" iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO iq,N u iy wksis
Nd;h wvq lsu i|yd b;d jeo.;a mshjrla nj mq,aj ms<s.efka' miq.sh jir
lsysmfha f,dj mqrd rgj, fyda iudchka ys wmrdO uevmeje;aug fyda tys
b;sydifha wm%ikak laIs;suh ld,mfohla wjika lsug wjYH jQ g w wdhqO
tl;= lsug h;ak ord ;sf' fuh iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO iudch ;=< ixirKh
u wvq lsug odhl jkjd fukau iduld wkd.;hl n,dfmdfrd;a;=f m%n,
ixfla;hla f,io yekah yel'
w tl;= lsf m%h;akhka mq,a fldgia follg fnod oelah yelsh' ka iuyrla
wmrdO je,elaf jevigykaj,g inkaO f' WodyrKhla f,i" 1996 ud;=
udifha iafld,ka;fha vkaf,aka ys m%d:l mdi,a orejka 16 fofkl= iy Tjqkaf.a
.=rejrhd >d;kh l< isoafhka miqj uyd %;dkHh rch h;a l< w Ndrf
laIudld,h ;=< iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO 185"000 muK tl;=lr .ekSug yels h'
f yd iudk w tl;= lsula Tiaf%,shdkq rch o l%shd;aul lf<ah' 1996 wfm%a,a
udifha ;iafkshdf fmda wd;ys ksiqka 35 fofkl= urdoefuka miq is l<
w tl;= lsf wdhqO 644"000 la tl;= lr.ekSug yelsh'50 n%iS,fha jd fhda
(Viva Rio) jeks rdcH fkdjk ixOdk wmrdO je,elau f;audfldg f.k fujeks w
tl;=ls j,g iyh olajhs'
mYapd;a hqO mqkre;a:dmkh iy iduh f.dvke.Su ms<sn| jevigyka uQ,sl
fldgf.k o w tl;= lsu is f' isfhrd ,sfhdka iy W;=re wh,ka;h fuka
.egq ;;ajh u|la iukh jQ fyda k;r jQ wfkl=;a rgj, .egq ioyd jQ uQ,sl
fya;= wduka;%Kh iu. iudcfhka wwdhqO bj;alsf m%h;akhla taldnoaOu b;d
jeo.;ah'51 mYapd;a hqO m%;sixialrK iy iduh f.dvke.Su ms<sn| lghq;=j,g
imQK m%fYhla ,nd.ekSug fkdyels jqjfyd;a iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO i|yd
b,au .gu mej;Sug bv we;' fuu ;;ajh u.ska wdhqO imQKfhkau iudcfhka
bj;a lsf W;aidyhka j, lrhs'
kEu hqoaOhla ksrdlrKh lsf iy ia:djr iduhla we;s lsf W;aidyhl
wksjdhh ,laIKhla h hq;af;a" igka keje;afuka miqj f.j;aj" M,odhS f,i
hqoaO fiakd iqrejd yer ^fiajd uqla; lsu&" hqO jekq msia mqkre;a:dmkh lsuhs'
1980 w.Nd.fha iy 1990 .Kkaj, uq,a Nd.fha kslr.=jd" t,a ie,ajfoda"

fudiela yd ,hshdj idu .siq j,g t<fuka miq hqoaO fiakd iqrejd yeu"
hqO jekq msia md,kh lsu iy iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO tl;= lsu inkaOj
yye m%;smdok fkdjQ neka fkdiEfyk .eg rdYshla biau;= h'52 WodyrKhla
f,i mQj igkaldyq fldgila" j;aug l,am u.la ke;s neka w w;akEr tajd
, ;nd .kska odul l%shdj, fhfokakg bv we;' ;j;a fldgila j;a ug
iqiq ;r iduld mirhla ke;s ksid .gu ler,s flda,dy, we;slrkakg bv
we;' tneka fiakd iqreug yd mqkre;a:dmk l%shdj,shg ldhlaIuj iq w yd
ieye,a wdhqO tl;=lr.ekSu" tajd ms<sn| ksjer f;dr;=re jd;d ;nd .ekSu" tl;=
l< w wdrlaId iys;j .nvd lsu iy tajd blauKskau kdYlr oeu wdh
wka;.; lsu u.ska Wod jQ iduh bhg mj;ajdf.k hdug uy;a msgqn,hla
,ef'
iudch ;=< we;s w;sla; w wdhqO fndfyda l,lg fmr wjikajQ .egqj,
m%;sM,hla k ^WodyrK: t,a ie,ajfoda yd ldfndach& wdhqO tl;= lsf
ls%hdj,sh fjkia uqyqKqjrla .; yelsh' fujka ;;ajhl wdhqO ys mqoa.,hka tajd
w;yeug ue,s f' .sks wh Tjqkaf.a tfkod ;fha fldgila njg m;a u
fuhg fya;=jhs' ta wkqj is,a iudcfha wdrlaIdj ;yjqre lsu i|yd wdhqO
ndrfokakkayg mdf;daIsl ukdjka fyj;a ;Hd. ,ndu we;= O ms<sh
fhug isf'
we,afkshdj" Tiaf%,shdj" n%iS,h" ldfndach" t,a ie,jfodaarh" fcdahdj"
,hshdj" ueisfvdakshdj" ud,s" fudiela" isfhrd ,sfhdaka" ol=Kq wms%ldj yd uyd
%;dkHh uE; ld,fha w tl;= lsf m%h;akhka h;a l< rgj,a lsysmhls'
ixjOkh i|yd wyrKh hk f;audj hgf;a we,afkshdf isl< .%dia
jHdmD;sh (Gramsch Project) k mqfrda.d w tl;= lsu jvd;a id:l jevms<sfj,ls'
fuu jHdmD;sh mdi,a" uydud. ;ekSu wd h;, myiql f.dvke.Sf
l%shdj,shla yd noaO ;sK' fuu jevms<sfjf,ys m%:u whr hgf;a 1999 uq,a
nd.fha isg 2000 olajd w 6000 la ndrka w;r mf;dfrd fgdka 137 la" we'fvd
,shk 1'2 l wdOdr j,g yqjudre h'53 fuu jevms<sj,g wl houla oeug
isjqj;a th b;du id:l jHdmD;shla h' fuhska ,nd ka oekqqu jOkh"
wjfndaOh yd iar m%;s,dN fuys id:l;ajh ixfla;j;a lrhs'55
iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO tl;= lsu inkaOj m%dfhda.sl jevigyka ^fhda.H

l%shd ms<sfj;a& h;a lsu i|yd ksfoaY
w tl;=lsug wjia:djla we;s g rch is,a iudc ixOdk iu. tlaj ta i|yd
jevigyka ielish hq;=h' f;dr;=re yqjudre lr.ekSu" ldl yd uQ,H Wmldr
we;= YlH;d jOk jHdmD;s o isl< hq;=j we;' Bg wu;rj jvd fyd| m%;sM,
i|yd wka;cd;sl wjfndaO;djh o we;slr.; hq;=hs' ;sridr iy id:l w tl;=
lsf ls%hdj,shla my; lafjk ,laIK j,ska hqla;h'
hqoaO we;sug fya;= jQ uQ,sl ldrKd fukau uQ,sl whs;sjdisl iy udkqIsl

ksoyi flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsu
ishu mdYjhkag wh;a kdhlhska f.a l%shdld iyfhda.h ,eu yd" wdhqO
w;ayeu i|yd jQ Yajdih ish mdYjhka ;=< f.dvkeSu
mq,a ck;d iyfhda.hla ,eu
iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO is,a jeishka w;g m;au md,kh lsu ioyd
mshjr we;=<;a u
21
22
o~qj ,enQjka iy ukd ,nkakka w;r ;=,kd;aul iyfhda.hla

mj;ajdf.k hdu
w,a,d.;a iy hg;a lereKq ishu w" kej; iudch ;=< ixirKh je,elau
i|yd blauKskau kdY lr oeu
wdrlaIl wxY m%;i

s xOdkh lsu (Security Sector Reforms-RSS)
iduh mj;sk g iudcfhys kS;sh iy iduh mj;ajdf.k hdf uQ,sl j.lSu
orkafka fmd,Sish iy yuqodjhs' tfia jqjo iuyr g iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO
m%udKd;aul jeug yd wksis Nd;hg wdrlaIl wxYh o j.lsjhq;= wjia:d we;'
fYaIfhkau Tjqka m%pKav Is; l%shdj, fhfokafka k fyda j.lSfuka f;drj
lghq;= lrkafka k fyda f inkaOj we;s kS;s moaO;sh yrsye l%shd;aul
fkdjkafka k fydA fuh ish yel'
j;a ug ;r iqiq wdrlaIdjla fkdue;s wjia:dj, wdrlaIl lghq;= mqoa.,SlrKh
f' tu.ska iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO i|yd jQ b,au jeug bv we;s w;r ta
ksid iuyr g is,a jeishka w;r w Nd;ho jeug bv we;' iuyr wjia:dj,
is,a jeishkau fuu wdhqO rchg tfrysj md lsug bv we;' wldhlaIu
fukau Is; rdcH wdrlaIl wxYhlg mqoa.,sl wxYfha w Nd;h l%uj;aj wlaIKh
fyda md,kh lsu l< fkdyelsh'
fujeks ;;a;aj hgf;a iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO iq,nu je,elaug cd;sl
ugka wdrlaIl wxYh m%;sixOdkh lsf jevigyka m%fhdackj;a f' wdrlaIl
wxY m%;sixOdkh lsf uQ,sl mrud:hjkafka ldhlaIu" kS;Hdkql+, iy
m%cd;dka;%slj l%shd lrk wdrlaIl wxYhla ys lsuhs ^fmd,Sish" yuqod yd wlrK&'
fuys wjidk mrud:h iudcfha ish fokdgu tl iudk" idOdrK yd ms<s.; yels
ugf wdrlaIdjla ,ndu h'
id:l wdrlaIl wxY m%;sixOdkhlg fhda.H l%shd ms<sfj;a i|yd ksfoaY
wdrlaIl wxY kslaIKh lsug yd h md,khla we;s l< yels wdldrhg

is,a iudch n,d;aul l< hq;=h' wdrlaIl wxY ^wdrlaIl yd wNHka;r lghq;=
wud;HdxY o we;=<;aj& lghq;=j, ukd mdroDIH Ndjhla mj;ajdf.k hdfuka
fyd| Yajdihla f.dvk.d .; yel'
wdrlaIl wxYhkaf.a jD;a;Suh (professionalism) ;;ajh oshqKq lsu iy ikakoaO
yuqod Nd;d lrk wdhqO l%uj;aj kslaIKh lsf yelshdj hqKq lsu' f
i|yd yuqodjg iy fmd,Sishg ldl wxYfha mqyqKq ,ndu" hqKq
WmlrK ,ndu" fyd| jegqma ,ndu iy uQ,sl ugf udkj wdrlaIdj
iy;sl l< yels wdldrhg fmd,Sisfhys YlH;djh jOkh lsu'
wyrKh" fiajd uqla; lsu iy mqkre;a:dmk (Disarmament, Demobilisation and
Reintegation-DDR) jevigyka we;slsu' u;a iy wu;a ikakoaO yuqod i;=
w rdcH md,kh hg;g f.k w;sla;hka kdY lsu'
kS;sfha wdm;H Yla;su;a lsu yd tu.ska" iajdk kS;s rduqjla ;=< kS;s
m%;sixialrKh" wlrKh iy jHjia:dodhlfha yelsshd jOkh ;=<ska
uyck;djg wjYH yd W; kS;s rduqjla we;slsu" ck;djf.a Wjukdjkag
jvd;a fydka m%;spdr olajk iajdk wlrKhla we;slsu ;=<ska ck;dj
wu;a hdka;%K u.ska idOdrK;ajh ,nd.ekSug W;aidy lsu je,elau'
f;dr;=re igyk 9 (
wdrlaIl wxY m%;i
s xOdkh lsf jevigyk - n%i,
S h
zzfmd,Sish ;=< .ska .gu joysxid ls ysxidld iy my;a ls%hdldrl ish'
isrf.j,a iy nd,jhialdrhska r|jk uOHia:dkj, ;;a;ajh o thu h'
fYaIfhka kd.l uOHia:dkj, fmd,Sish u.ska is lrk urK yd wdrlaIl
wxYhkag inkaO >d;k tall jeh' bv m%;sixialrK l%shdOrhka iy bv
m%Yakj,g uey;a jQ wdosjdiS ck;djg ysyer ysxik fukau urKh w;akakg
isjQfha bv yshka iska l=,shg .kakd ,o ;=jlal=lrejka iy ,sg fmd,sia
(military police) ks,Odka w;sks' fuu l%shd is jQfha fmd,SisfhA iy ks,Odka f.a
wkqoekqu we;sjhs' lekafvf,ahd iuQy >d;kh ms<sn| wNshdpkdlrKfha
weiqKq kvqjl ,sg fmd,sia iellrefjl= ms<sn| idlaIs ug bm;aj is
t,sin;a l%siakd T,sfhd uhshd idlaIs ug l f,djlg fmr 2000
iema;en 26 jk k wef.a ksji bmsg urd oud ;sKs' wef.a urKh >d;k
tallhlg inkaOnj ms<sUq jQ w;r wfkl=;a idlaIslrejka w;r >d;l tall
flfrys ;j;j;a jOkh h'
fmnrjd 7 fjksod fcdwd t,aisfhda ,Sud mfidajd Tyqf.a f.dhswdia ckmofha
wd.=ia ,skavdia ys ksji fj; h mojka ish ud.h .,a fmr<d wjysr lr
;snqKs' Tyq th bj;a lsug W;aidy lsf fj jeoS >d;khg ,lah' Tyqf.a
|g fj jeKq kuq;a wehf.a ;h freKs' Tyq >d;k tallj,ZZ lghq;=
kslaIKh lrka is uyck wdrlaIdj ms<sn| ljqkai,fha fiajh lrka
is fha h '55
mqo.
a ,sl yuqod" wdrlaIl iud. iy iq w iq,nu yd tajdfha wksis Nd;h
jI 1990 .Kkaj, .egq j, uQ,sl iajNdjh fjkiah' ,nd.; yels wdhqO
m%udKh jeu;a iu. m%pKav l%shd j,g inkaO jk fkdfhl=;a wdldrfha
mdYjhkA o nyq, h' fuu fjkia f lemS fmfkk ,laIKh jQfha l=,S fyajdhka
iy mqoa.,sl iud. hqO yd wdrlaIl lghq;= bgqlsug bm;a u ;j;a jOkh
uhs' fuu fiajdjkag .egqul ixOdkuh iemhq (logistics) ,nd u" mqyqKq lssu" w
wdhqO iemhSu iy igka lsu jeks fndfyda foa wh;a h' mqoa.,sl yuqod yd
wdrlaIl iud. yd l=,S fyajdhka iudcfha iq w iq,nu yd wksis Nd;djg
fYaIs; wdldrj,g n,mE yelsh' bka lsysmhla my; olajuq"
wdhqO fj<|df ;e/lrejka iy m%jdyk tacka;jre f,i lghq;= lsu'

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a w ms<sn| indOl (UN embargos) W,a,x>kh lsu'
udkj whs;sjdisl lvlsu" wka; cd;sl udkqIsl kS;s W,a,x>kh lsu" fyda
tjeks lghq;= lsug mqyqKqj fyda wdmkAk imhkafkl= f,i myiql ie,iSu'
Tjqka l%shd;aul jk l,dm ;=< we;s wksYa;Ndjhka ;=<ska l=ms; ls
we;slsu yd iudch yuqodlrKh fldg iq w j,g iudch ;=< b,aula
we;slsu'
wo jk g l=,S fyajdhka iy mqoa.,sl yuqodjka iy wdrlaIl iud. md,khg f.k

we;s mshjr ms<sfj,la ke;s tlls' iduh" wdrlaIdj yd udkj whs;sjdisl
inkaOfhka f ;;a;ajh jeo.;a f,i n,md ;sf' wdrlaIl lghq;= mqoa.,SlrKh
lsu iudchl iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO wvq lsf l%shdj,shg ndOdjls' ishu
rdcHhka my; lafjk kshuhka flfrys wjOdkhka fhduqlsu jeo.;a f'
23
24
mqoa.,sl yuqod iy wdrlaIl iud. md,kh i|yd ksfoaY
mqoa.,sl yuqod iy wdrlaIl iud. md,kh i|yd cd;sl ugfuka kS;s

ykajdu' wdrlaIl iud. w;ska we;slr.kakd iEu .siqula i|ydu
wkque;sh ,nd.;hq;= w;r ,shdmx ;sh hq;=h' tu whm;a i|yd
wkque;sh h hq;af;a wka;cd;sl udkqIsl kS;s yd udkj whs;sjdisl ;;ajh
u; mok jQ m%isoaO ksKdhl u;h'
l=,S fyajdhkaf.a lghq;= ;yk lsu' f i|yd l=,S fyajdhka n|jd.ekSug"
Nd;d lsug" uqo,a fhoug yd mqyqKq lsug tfrys jQ wka;cd;slj j,x.=
iuq;sh (Interational Convention Against the Recruitment, Use, Financing and Training of Mercenaries) n,d;aul l< yelsh' fuu .siqu inkaOj cd;Hka;r j lghq;=
lsfuka mqoa.,sl yuqod iy wdrlaIl iud.j, lghq;= cd;Hka;rj yeisrh
yel'
iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO f;d. ix; yd w;sla; f;d. l<ukdlrKh

wO iajhxl%Sh yd ,sg mkakfha WmlrK we;=j iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO
Yd, f;d. ikakoaO yuqod" fmd,Sish yd fjk;a rdcH wdh;k u.ska mj;ajdf.k
hhs' fuu f;d. wmrdOldrhskaf.a" odulhkaf.a iy w ork lKavdhj, m%Odk
b,lal fjhs' fidrlu" IKh fyda fkdie,ls,a, u.ska fuu rdcH w f;d.
wia:dk.;u kS;s frda w wdhqO jeug m%Odk fya;=jls' rch i;= .sks w
ke;su rdcH ks,Odkaf.a wkqoekqu u; fyda l=uka;%Kj, m%;sM, f,i fyda ish
yelsh' fYaIfhka u;a f,i .sKqlrK lghq;= iy f;d. md,k lghq;= is
fkdjk wjia:dj, o fuu l%shdj,sh isf'
hqO .egq mj;sk iy n,j;a foaYmd,k yd iudc le< iys; m%foaYj, wf;d.
ix;hkays wdrlaIdj n,j;a .egjls' WodyrKhla f,i ,hshdj" ishrd ,sfhdka"
b;sfhdamshdj" fldxf.da ckrch iy fldaliia m%foaYfha (Transcaucasus-fmr fidah
ckrchg wh;a j mej;s) ikakoaO ler<sldr lKavdh" fmd,sia iy hqO yuqod .nvd
w,a,df.k wdhqO iy m;frd ,nd.;ay'56 1997 hjq,a iufha we,afkshdkq rchg
wh;a hqO .nvd uxfld,a, ld iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO 650"000 lg je m%udKhla
meyerf.khdu WodyrKhka f,i lah yel ' f w;r fndfyda ixjOkh fjka
mj;sk rgj, yd foaYmd,ksl yd wdl ixl%dka;s we;s jQ rgj, fujeks is
we;sh' iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO Yd, f;d. mj;ajdf.k hk fmr mej;s
fidah iuQydKavqjg wh;a j ;snQ rgj,g tajd fidrlu" IKh fyda fkdie,ls,a,
u.ska wia:dk.;u je,elaug mshjr .ekSug wjYH im;a yd ls%hdmmdka
fkdue;' 57
w f;d. ix; mj;ajdf.k hdu yd neKq ixlSK .egj jkafka tu rgj,
wdhqO w;sla; f;d. wkdrlaIs;j mej;Suhs' thg fya;=j ikakoaO yuqod" fmd,Sish
yd fjk;a rdcH wdh;k ;u jqjukdjg jvd w f;d. /ialr ;euhs' yuqodjka
m%;sixOdkh lsu fyda wf;ka wdhqO .ekSu ksid fyda mYapd;a hqO idu jHdmdrhka
l%shd;aul lsu ksid fyda fufia w f;d. w;sla; we;sh yelsh'58 uE;la jk;=re
w;ska ksmojQ w wmkhkfha fuka w;sla; w yqjudre ls j, m%fYfuka
l%shd fkdlrk ,' fuu.ska tjka w nyq,j wksYa; fyda wh:d w fj<|fmd<g
msiSug bv we;'
rch i;= iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO f;d. u;aj l<ukdlrKh yd j.lSu ishu
rgj,g n,mdk m%Odk wNsfhda.hls' ta i|yd ie,lsh hq;= jHqyd;aul yd uQ,Huh
l%u wjYHh' flfia fyda fuu wNsfhda.h ch.; fyd;a th f,dalfhys iq w yd
ieye,a wdhqO Nd;h iy kS;s frda fj<|du wvqlsug ie,lsh hq;= odhl;ajhla
imhkq we;'
wdhqO f;d. ix; yd w;sla; l<ukdlrKh i|yd ksfoaY
ksl=;a lrk ishu w fidrlug" IKhg fyda fkdie,ls,su;a Nd;hg

Ndckh fkdug j.n,d .;hq;= w;r tajdfha j.lSu iy;sl l< hq;=h' rch
iska oekg mj;ajdf.k hk l%ufo ks;r jrKh lsug yd we.hSug ,la
l< hq;=h'
iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO f;d. ix; iqiq ia:dkhl mj;ajd f.k hdug yd
iqiq l%u iy Nd;d lsug rch iy;sl h hq;=h' wdrlaIl mshjr .ekSu"
f;d. md,kh" ms<s.;a .sKq l%u wkq.ukh lsu" ldhuKav, mqyqKq lsu"
w m%jdykfha wdrlaIl mshjr .ekSu" wia:dk.;jQ w wdh wkdjrKh
lr.ekSu yd mqoa.,hskg o~qj mekug l%ufo ilia lsu'59
ishu w;sla; wdhqO" wu;r fldgia" m;frd jeks ish,a, kdY l< njg;a"
kej; wmkhkh fkdlrk njg;a" rch iy;sl h hq;=h'
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixOdkh" wfkl=;a cd;Hka;r ixOdk yd l,dmSh ixOdk"
w f;d. ix;j, wdrlaIl lghq;= m%jOkh l< hq;=h' fYaIfhka idu
jevigyka l%shd;aul jk l,dmj, fuh l< hq;=h' oekqfuka iy Okfhka wvq
rgj,g fmd wjfndaOhlska hqla;j by; lreKq ms<sn|j oekqj;a ls iy
fhda.H l%shd ms<sfj;a iys; jevigyka h;a l< hq;=h'
iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO iemhqu (Supply) yd meju (Transfer) md,kh i|yd

iqiq mshjr
iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO me;su yd wksis Nd;h je<elaug cd;Hka;r jYfhka
ldhlaIu l%shdj,shlg wjYH mQj lghq;a;la f,i ish rgj,a kS;Hdkql+,
fj<|du hkq l=ula o yd wh:d hkq l=ula o inkaOj fmd tl;djhlg t<h
hq;=h' kS;Hdkql+, w fj<|du inkaOj ldhlaIu md,khla ke;sg wh:d w
.kqfokq fjka lrk iSudj ykd.ekSug wmyiq fjhs' iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO
fj<|dug rdcH wldh iEfyk muKlg fkdfhdod ;sfnk wjia:dj, tu w
jer f,i Nd;d lrkakka w;g m;ajQ wjia:d we;'
kEu rchlg iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO imhkafkla f yelshdj we;' w
ksIamdok yelshdfjka f;dr rchkag jqj;a ikakoaO yuqod fyda fmd,Sish mj;ajdf.k
hk w;sla; w f;d. fyda rdc ika;l lrk ,o w fufia wmkhkh l< yelsh'
iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO wdhd;-kshd;" bka-g%dkais n,m;% ( m%jdykh w;rueo
kej;= - in transit) yd wjika Nd;d iy;sl inkaOj rchhka iska mkjd we;s
Odk wka;cd;slj b;d jeo.;a f' mejre n,m;% u; isjk fuu fj<|df
oe kS;S;s iys;j rdcH n,h fhou wka;cd;slj jvd;a jeo.;a f' iq w yd
ieye,a wdhqO wksis f,i Nd;dlrkakka w;g m;au yd kS;s frda fj<|fmd,
fj; hdu je,elaug rchlg b;d jeo.;a l;jHhla bgql< yel'
f inkaOj uQ,sl m%Yak lSmhla oelsh yels h' tajd k" iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO
yqjudre lsug rchlg bvosh hq;= ^fyda bv fkdh hq;=& wjia:d fudkjdo@ fuu
;SrK .efkkafka flfia o@ fuu ;SrK .ekSf rchka iska ie,ls,a,g .;hq;=
lreKq fudkjdo@
tlS m%Yak i|yd meye,sj fmfkk ms<s;=r k wka; cd;sl ne yd wka; cd;sl
kS;shg tfrysj hk iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO mejre i|yd rdcH wkque;sh
fkdh hq;=h' wka; cd;sl m%cdj iska ms<sf.k we;s fuu uQ,sl ne|Su wkqj tlai;a
25
26
cd;Skaf.a w yrK fldiu (UN Disarmament Commission) my; i|yka m kS;suh

fkdjk iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO .Kqfokq ukdj meye<s lrhs
wka; cd;sl kS;shg yd rdcH kS;sj,g mgyeksjZZ lrk wka; cd;sl im%odhsl
w .Kqfokq h'ZZ 60
iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO kS;s frda fj<|du iyuq,ska Wmqgd oeug iy
je,elaug tlai;a cd;Skaf.a l%shdld ie,eiau (UN PoA) l%shd;aul f' tu.ska ia:dms;
wka;cd;sl kS;s l%shd;aul lsu yryd iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO iEu w;skau
md,kh lsug tlai;a cd;Ska lghq;= lrhs' t'cd' l%shdld ie,eiaf fojeks fldgfia
fojeks j.ka;shg wkqj"
oe cd;sl kS;sj,g hg;afjka wmkhkh i|yd wjiru iy iq w yd ieye,a
wdhqO inkaO ish lghq;= rcfha yd wka;cd;sl kS;s hgf;a isjk njg fidhd
ne,Sug''' idudl rgj,a ne ishs61
f wkqj meye,s jkafka cd;Hka;r kS;s hgf;a rchl oekg mj;akd j.lSj,g"
wod< iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO inkaOj ;SrK .ekSug jeo.;a kshuhka iuQyhla
olajd we;s njhs' kEu M,odhs iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO mej md,k l%uhlg
wod< uq,Ou jkafka fjd f'
oekg wdhqO fj<|du inkaOj we;s wka;cd;sl j.lS l%shd;aul lrka" th
md,khg h jdrK we;slsug mshjr f.k we;' wka;cd;sl kS;shg wkql+,j f.k
we;s fuu ;SrK lk jdrK f,i ykajhs'
lk jdrK (Express Prohibitions)

fndfyda jdrKhkaf.a uQ,sl wdldr jkafka" nyq mdYal ^rchka .Kkdjla w;r& fyda
oa mdYal ^rdcHhka folla w;r& w fj<|du ;yk lrk .siqh' mqoa., kdYl
fndan ikaOfhka yereKq l< oekg l%shd;aul jk tlu iq w yd ieye,a
wdhqO fj<|du jdrKh flfrk .siqu jkafka' ECOWAS (Economic Community of West
African States) iska 1998 ;=ka wjqreoaolg we;slrk ,j miqj 2001 ;j ;=ka
wjqreoaolg la lrk ,o l,dmSh iy iy fkdneKq (non binding) .siquhss'
wdhqO fj<|du inkaO wfkla jdrKh jkafka tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wdrlaIl uKav,h
(UN Security Council) iska fYaIs; rgj,a iuyrlg wdhqO fj<|du ;yk flfrk kS;s
mkjka lrk,o jdrKhhs' wdhqO fj<|du ;yk lsu inkaO tjka kS;s
mkjkafka tlai;a cd;Skaf.a m%{ma;sfha (UN Charter) VII jk mfoh hgf;a neka
ishu idudlhska thg ne is' fuu nef wdldr folls' m<uqj rchla jYfhka
w fj<|du ;yk l< rg iu. w fj<|dfuys fkdfhh hq;=h' fojkqj ;u
rfgys mqoa.,sl wxYh" tu lghq;af;ys fhu je,elaug wjYH kS;suh m%;smdok
fhh hq;=h' 2003 ud;= jk g brdlh" ,hshdj" ,shdj" rejkavdj iy isfhrd
,sfhdka hk rgj,g wdhqO fj<|du tlai;a cd;Ska iska ;yk lr ;sKs'
kS;Hdkql+,j nek fuu tlai;a cd;Skaf.a w jdrKhka yereKq fldg iuyr
l,dmSh ixOdk o rglg fyda ikakoaO lKavdhulg tfrysj jdrK mkjhs'
WodyrKhla f,i 1999 oS kef.kysr fudarfha hqoaOh mj;sk wjia:df hqfrdamd
ix.uh iska bkakSishdjg w fj<|du imQKfhka ;yk lrka jdrKhka
mkjk ,'
Nd;h u; iSud lsu (Restrictions Based on Use)

wdhqO Nd;d lrk wdldrh u; iSudjka meku wka;cd;sl kS;sfhka Wlyd .;a
;j;a indOl mekf l%uhls' fmr i|yka l< jdrKhka fuka fulS indOl
ms<sn|j rchka w;r mq,a ms<s.ekSula ke;' fuu indOl wod< jkafka ,nd .kakd
mdYjhka tu wdhqO wka;cd;sl kS;sh ;ka W,a,x>kh lsu i|yd fhdod .kakd
njg wmkhkh lrk rdcHh oek isk fyda oek ish hq;= jQ gl h' fuhrchla
wka;cd;slj jer iy.; l%shdjla f,i j. lr we;s lghq;a;l fhfok$
wkq.ukh lrk wfkl=;a rchlg wdOdr fyda Wmldr ,nd fkdh hq;=h hk
wka;cd;slj ms<s.;a uQ,Ouh u; mokj we;'
jir 2001 iu; lr.kakd ,o wka;cd;sl kS;s fldif (International Law Commis16 jeks j.ka;sfha wka;cd;sl jer l%shdjka inkaOfhka rdcHfha j.lSu
fufia oelah yelsh'
sion)
tla rchla ;j; rdcHhl jer l%shdldrlj,g wdOdr yd Wo fokafka k" miq lS
rch wka;cd;sl jrolg miq jk ;;a;ajhka .ek oekqula we;sj tn l%shdjla
islrhs k fmr lS rdcH" wka;cd;sl jrola islsu inkaOfhka j.lsj hq;=h'
fujka ;ykulg ,lah yels wka;cd;sl jer fufia oelah yelsh
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a m%{ma;sh W,a,x>kh lsu fyda ta yd iudkj cd;Hka;rj

ms<s.;a kS;s W,a,x>kh lsu fYaIfhkau wka;cd;sl in|;dj,g ydksodhl
yd n,y;aldrl meKug tfrysj we;s kS;s W,a,x>kh lsu
udkj whs;sjdisl nrm;, f,i W,a,x>kh lsu
wka;cd;sl fyda wka;cd;sl fkdjk ikakoaO wr., j, ;ka wka;cd;sl
udkqIsl kS;s W,a,x>kh lsu
ck ixydrh fyda ukqIH;ajhg tfrys wmrdO
;%ia;jd l%shd
wka;cd;sl fmd tl;djhla iy fhda.H l%h

s d ms<f
s j;a (best practices)
we;sug we;s wjldY
iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO wmkhkh i|yd n,m;a ,ndu fyda m%;slafIam lsu
inkaOfhka ;SrKhlg t<ug rchlg" wka; cd;sl kS;sh hgf;a ne isk
jdrKhkag wu;rj" i,ld ne,sh yels fjk;a lreKq lsysmhla we; tk
.egqj, iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO Nd;d lsf ;ckh

cd;Hka;r yd l,dmSh ia:djr;ajhg we;sh yels n,mEu
;sridr ixjOkhg ydksodhl u
iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO kS;s frda Nd;d lrkakka w;g m;af
wjodku
miq.sh jir lsysmh ;=< ol=Kq wm%sldj jeks iuyr rgj, iy hqfrdamd yjq, (EU)"
wdrlaIdj yd iyfhda.S;dj i|yd jQ hqfrdamd ixOdkh (OSCE) jeks ixOdk
wka;cd;sl kS;shg wkql+,j" kS;s ix.%yhka imdokh lsf W;aidyhka ord
;sK' fuu W;aidyhka ;=< Wjukd ish foa wvx.= fkdjqk;a tajd wkd.;hg
m%fhdackj;a u i,l=Kla jYfhka jeo.;a fjhs'
27
28
ia;r igyk 10 (
w fj<|du ms<n
s | iuq;h
s (The Arms Trade Treaty)
cd;Hka;r kS;S{hka iu. yjq,aj rdcH fkdjk ixOdk iuQyhla (NGOs)62
wka;cd;sl w fj<|du ms<sn| iuq;shla (ATT) we;s lsrSu Wfoid lreKq
f.kyer mdhs. fuh mj;akd wka;cd;sl kS;sh u; mok jQ im%odhsl wdhqO
(SALW we;=<;aj) fj<|du yd yqjudrej ms<sn|j jk wju m%;Ska iy l%u fohka
we;=<;a kS;suh ne|sula iys; cd;Hka;r f,aLkhls'63 fuu f,aLkhg uQ,sl
jkafka w wmkhkfha cd;Hka;rj ms<s.;a kS;s oej W,a,x>kh lrk l%shdjka
i|yd ,nd fkdug wmkhklrejka ne isuhs' f i|yd fkdfn,a idu
;Hd.,dNS mqoa.,hka yd wdh;k .Kkdjla o f,dj mqrd rchhka 46 la o wkque;sh
m,lr we;s w;r, tlS ixLHdjka je fjka mj;S.64 rgj,a 160 la mqrd 800,000
wl msrsila ish PdhdrEm ta ioyd jk ,shkhla uqyqKq fm;aiu i|yd ,ndoS
we;. tu.ska rchhkag w i|yd g jvd oe md,khla we;s lsrSug n,mE
lrkq ,ef' tu fm;aiu 2006 cQks ui t.cd. iudf,dapk if,khg NdroSug
ksh;h. tu.ska 2001 if,kfha isg f olajd >d;kh jQ ,shkhla fokd
ieuug ksh;h.
u.ska wka;cd;sl w yqjudref yrhd;aul fmd wju m%;Ska ia:dmkhg
yd tu m%;Ska fhoug wjYH hdka;%K we;s lsrSug o W;aiql fjhs' fuhg wod<
w fj<|du ms<sn| f.da,Sh uQ,Ouhka my; oelaf'
ATT
uQ,Ouh 1 (
rdcH j.lSu - ish wka;cd;sl w .Kqfokq yd yqjudre

ms<s.;a rchla iska wkqu; l< hq;= w;r, cd;sl kS;sh yd
mmdkag wkql+,j ish hq;af;a, rdcHhka wka;cd;sl
kS;shg we;s ne|Suo ms<sUqq jk whqks.
uQ,Ouh 2 (
rchhka iska wdhqO meju wkqu; fkdl< hq;=h - tu.ska

wdhqO ms<sn| wka;cd;sl kS;shg we;s m%ldYs; ne|Su,
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a m%{ma;sh" rchhka ne|S we;s wfkl=;a
iuq;Ska yd tl.;djhka yd f.da,Sh jYfhka ms<s.;a
wka;cd;sl udkqIsl kS;sh we;= ne|S W,a,x>Kh f
k tu mej wjir fkd,;a .Khg jeug bv we;'
uQ,Ouh 3 (
Nd;h fyda Nd;d h yels wkaou ms<sn| iSudjka wka;cd;sl kS;sh tlai;a cd;Skaf.a m%{ma;sh yd n,h
ms<sn| ms<s.;a kS;s W,a,x>kh lsrSug fyda tfia W,a,x>kh
ug bv we;s wjia:dj,oS w yqjudrej wkqu; fkdl<
hq;=h. udkj ysl W,a,x>kh, wka;cd;sl udkj ysl
lv lsu" wka;cd;sl udkqIsl kS;sh W,a,x>Kh lsu ck
ixydrh yd wudkqIsl wmrdO j,g tu wdhqO Nd;d lrk
fyda Nd;d h yels wjia:d j, o rchhka iska wdhqO
meju wkqu; fkdl< hq;=h'
uQ,Ouh 4 (
ie<lsh hq;= lreKq - rchka iska ie<ls,a,g .; hq;=

lreKq w;r wdhqO Nd;hg .; yels wjia:d wdhqO ,nk
mdYjh ne ms<smk wdldrh" ksoNdjh yd wyrKh
ie<ls,a,g .; hq;=h' tu wdhqO Nd; lrkqfha fyda
fndfyda rg Nd;d lsug bv we;af;a idmrd l%shdjka

i|yd k tuska l,dmSh wdrCIdjg yd ia:djr;ajhg yd
;sridr ixjOkhg ndOdjka we;s lsug fya;= jkjd k
fyda Is; .kqfokq isug we;s bvlv ms<sn|j lreKq
i,ld ne,sh hq;=h'
uQ,Ouh 5 (
ksoNdjh - iEu rchlau w yqjudrej ms<sn| iia;r

jdIsl cd;sl jd;djka wka;cd;sl f,aLkdldhla fj;
bosrsm;a l< hq;=h.
uQ,Ouh 6 (
imQK md,kh - rchka iska w wdkhkh yd

wmkhkh, w ;e/ldrl, foaYhkays flfrk n,m;a
iys; ksIamdokh, w m%;ske.; lsrSu (transit & transhipment)
wdosh ioyd fmd iu;hka yd m%;Ska ia:dms; l< hq;=h.
ldhlaIu fufyhq lsh

% dud. we;sl
s u
iqq w iy ieye,a wdhqO yqjudrej fj<|du yd wjika Nd;h ldhlaIuj
md,kh lsug k" wksjdhfhkau mD:q, yd wkq,a,x>kSh f,i ls%hdud. cd;sl
ugfuka n,d;aul l< hq;=h' flfia jqj o iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO ksIamdokh yd
fj<|du cd;Hka;r ugfuka isjkakla ksid cd;sl ugfuka muKla l%shdud.
.ekSu fkdiEfya' ta i|yd l,dmSh yd cd;Hka;r jYfhka o md,khla wjYHh'
miq.sh jirj, rdcHhka iska cd;Ska w;r (transnational) jQ md,khl wjYH;dj
ykdf.k we;' WodyrKhla jYfhka wka;cd;sl .sks w jHdmdrh md,kh lsu
i|yd jQ wdoY kS;s ixjOkh yd iu;hka i|yd jQ wka; wefuldkq iuq;sh
(Inter American Convention) 1997 wefuldkq l,dmh ;=< w wdkhkh" wmkhkh"
m%jdykh" n,m;a ksl=;a lsu iy wjir u inkaOfhka md,k m%;sm;a;s rduqjla
ykajd fok ,' fuu iuq;sfhys iuyr fldgia" .sks w yd wu;r fldgia" Wmdx.
yd m;frd" kS;s frda ksIamdokh iy fj<|du g tfrys tlai;a cd;Skaf.a .sks w
ms<sn| m%{ma;sh (UN Firearms Protocol against the Illict Manufacturing and Trafficking in Firearms, Their
Parts and Components and Ammunition) u.ska miq ld,Skj wka;cd;sl ms<s.ekSug ,lalr
we;'
wka;cd;sl iq w md,k l%u m%;sM,odhl lr.ekSug k wksjdhfhkau w
mejrSu i|yd n,m;a ksl=;a lsf fmd m%;Ska iA:dms; l< hq;=hs' iq w yd
ieye,a wdhqO f;d. wkjir wjidk Nd;d lrkakka w;g m;au je<elaug;a"
kS;s frda fyda kqiqiq lghq;= i|yd Nd;d lsu je<elaug;a iy;sl u i|yd
rchlg my; i|yka uQ,sl lreKq Wmfhda.S lr .ekSug i,ld ne,sh yel'
M,odhS n,m;% md,khla yd l%shdud. we;s lsu i|yd ksfoaY
iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO mejf wdkhk" wmkhk" yqjudre we;= ish

lghq;= rdcHhkaf.a meye,s wjirhg (explicit authorisation) hg;a h hq;=hs'
w fj<|dfuys ksr; ishu rdcHhka ta ms<sn| f;dr;=re yqjudre lr.;
hq;=h' ke.; lrk ,o w f;d. ms<sn| iia;r jd;djla" wvx.= m%udKh"
w /f.k hdug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk ia:dkh" wjidk Nd;d lrkakdf.a
wkkH;dj" g we;=<;ah' ke.; lrk ,o iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO ms<sn|
l=;dkais yd ,m;a f;dr;=re o yqjudre lr.; hq;=h'
29
30
w wdkhkh yd wmkhkh lsf Bg wod, rdcH wld;ajfha iy;sl

ls wksjdh l< hq;=h' m%jdykfha o by; l%shdud.h wkq.ukh l<
hq;=h' wod< rdcH n,Odkaf.a wjirhlska f;drj NdKav ke.; lsug bv
fkdh hq;=h'
wmkhkh lrk rg iska iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO wdkhkh lrkq ,nk
rgg wod< w ,enqKq nj iy;sl lrk l%uhla ;sh hq;=h' wmkhkh lrk
rg iska wod< w ,nd ka miq tu w ,enqKq njg fN!;slj mCIdlr
ne,Sug kshuhla we;s l< hq;=h' ^my; igyk o n,kak&
wjidk Nd;d lrkakd iy;sl lsu iy wlaIKh lsu

wjidk Nd;d lrkakd iy;sl lsf yd wlaIKh lsf l%ufo wmkhk md,k
hdka;%KfhA wkkH;djhg b;d jeo.;a f' fuu wx. fol fkdue;sj iq w yd
ieye,a wdhqO fj<|df mdfNda.sl rdcH" wmkhk kshuhka W,a,x>kh fkdl<
nj" w kS;Hdkql+, fkdjQ mqoa.,hka w;g m;a fkdjQ nj wd lreKq rchg"
md,sfka;=jg yd uyck;djg oek.ekSug u.la ke;' iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO
wmkhkh lrk m%Odk rgj,a iska wjidk Nd;d lrkakd ia:dms; lsug yd
wlaIKh lsug oekg Nd;d lrk l%ufo fkdiEfya'
wjidk Nd;d lrkakd ms<sn| jHdc ,shlsh,s bm;a lr kS;s frda fj<|fmd,
fj; w" fYaIfhka iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO" fhduq lsu ks;r is jkakls'
tlai;a cd;Ska wekaf.da,df l< ksCIKhl fy<s jQfha wekaf.da,dkq ler,s
jHdmdrh (UNITA) wjidk Nd;d lrkakd ms<sn| jHdc iy;sl bm;a lsu u.ska
n,af.ahdfjka Yd, w m%udKhla f.kajdf.k we;s njh'65 wjidk Nd;d lrkakd
iy;sl lsf wdldr yd l%ufo rka rgg fjkia u ksid jxpdjkag we;s bvlv
jeh' jHdc m%ldYk u.ska ,nd.kakd wmkhk n,m;% u.ska <g .kakd w
f,aLkj, i|yka lr we;s ia:dkhg fkdhk w;r" i|yka lr we;s ldrKh
inkaOfhka Nd;d lrkq fkd,ef' ksjer ia:dkhg NdKav hkafka o hk
ldrKh fN!;slj fidhd n,kafka b;d iq rgj,a m%udKhla ksid tjeks wjia:dj,
jHdc f,aLk Nd;h wvq wjodkula iys; Wmdhls'
wjidk Nd;d lrkakd iy;sl lsu yd miqj ksCIKh lsu ksis m is fkdjk
fya;=fjka is jQ isoaka .Kkdjla is,a iudc .fIlhka yd udOHfka iska
fmkajd we;'
f;dr;=re igyk 11(

msk,
a ka; m;frd
1999 uehs udifha cd;Hka;r laIud ixOdkfha (Amnesty International) .fIl
lKavdhula bkakSishdjg iy kef.kysr ;sfudarhg .shy' kef.kysr ;sfudarfha
,s (Dili) m%foaYfha hqo yuqodj,g iudk tfy;a rdcH yuqodj fkdjk lKavdhula
(para-military) iska t,a, l< m%ydrhlska miq b;s jQ m;frd fldmq fuu lKavdhu
iska fidhd .kakd ,' miqj lrk ,o mCIKj, fy<s jQfha fuu m;frd
me%hd ,emqjd Ths (Patria Lapu Oy) keue;s mska,ka; iud.ula u.ska ksIamd; tajd
njhs' mska,ka; rch wmkhk n,m;% ,nd ;snqfKa tu m;frd bkakSishdkq
wdrCIl yuqodjg ,ndughs' tfiak tu m;frd yuqodj fkdjk msila w;g
m;ajQfha flfia o@
wjidk Nd;d lrkakd id:l f,i iy;sl lsug yd wlaIKh i|yd ksfoaY
jvd;a fyd| m%;sM,odhl" wjidk Nd;h md,k hdka;%Khla i|yd mdfNda.sl

iy;slh kS;suh neula we;sjk kshuhka we;=,;a .siqula njg m;al< hq;=hs'
udkj whs;sjdisl lvl<jqka jeks w Nd;h ;yk lrk ,o whjkaf.a
,ehsia;=jla fuys we;=,;a h hq;=h' wkjirfhka kej; wmkhkh lsu fyda
kej; meju ;yk l< hq;=h'
mdfNda.sl .siqf kshuhka ms<smeug fkdyelsjkakka f.A n,m;% wfydais
l<hq;= w;r" ;jrg;a NdKav iemhSu" wu;r fldgia iemhSu" kv;a;= lghq;=
lsu yd mqyqKqj ,ndu k;r l< hq;=h'
wjidk Nd;d lrkakd miq-mru i|yd mq,a l%ufohla wjYHh' wmkhkh
lrk ,o w jer Nd;hg fkd.kakd njg;a" .siqf i|yka mdfNda.slhd
yer wkalsisfjl=g;a fkdmjrk njg;a" kej; wmkhkh fkdlrk njg;a"
fldkafoais mdfNda.sl .siqug we;=<;a l< hq;=h' w wdkhkh lrk ,o rf
" wjYH gl" wmkhkh lrk ,o rfgys fldkaishq, (consular) fyda ;dkdm;s
ldhd,fha ks,Odkag mCId l< yels h hq;=h'
iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO i|yd jk is,a mqo.

a , whs;h
s md,kh
is,a mqoa.,hka i;= iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO fya;=fjka f,dj mqrd urK"
idyisll iy ;=jd, is f' rcfha md,kh hgf;a ;sfnk ;ru iq w yd
ieye,a wdhqO m%udKhla is,a mqoa.,hka i;=j mj;sk njg .Kka n,d we;'66 wh:d
iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO fj<|du yd fuu wdhqO Nd;h ms<sno .egj ksrdlrKh
lsug .;hq;= b;du;a jeo.;a l%shd ud.hla jkafka .Dyia: (domestic) w yslu
inkaOj b;d ;o kS;s l%shd mmdka l%shd;aul lsuhs'
fndfyduhla iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO kS;Hdkql+,j ksIamdokh lrk w;r rchhka
fyda mqrjeishka tajd w;am;a lr .kshs' iuyr iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO kS;s frda
wdldrhg ksIamdokh flfrk w;r u;a wjirhlska f;drj tajd mqrjeishka w;g
m;af' flfia jqj o fuu .egj f,dalfha fYaIs; l,dm j,g Yd, jYfhka iSud
fjhs' uOHu weuldj fyda ol=Kq wdishdj jeks l,dm fuhg we;=<;a f' wfkla
w;ska iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO mdfNda.slhkaf.a jHdc f;dr;=re bm;a lrka
kS;s frda f,i rg ;=<g wdkhkh lrhs' ;j;a iuyr iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO
kS;Hdkql+,j ,ndf.k kS;s frda whla njg mj;kh lr .kshs' WodyrKhla
f,i wO iajhxl%Sh .sks whla f.k th imQK iajhxl%Sh whla njg m;alr
31
32
.ekSu i|yka l< yelsh' tfukau is,a mqoa.,hka i;= iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO
kS;Hdkql+, whs;slre iska kS;s frda f,i w lsKSu yd jirlg ish oyia
.Kkla mqrjeishka i;= w wia:dk.;uo isf'67 rch iska w;am;a lr.kakd
wdhqO wdrCIdldj ;nd fkd.;fyd;a fyda kdY fkdl<fyd;a fyda kS;s frda
f,i tajd mqrjeishka w;g m;aug bv we;'
fndfyda l,dmSh yd wka;cd;sl .siq u.ska"68 iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO Nd;h
yd ysld;ajh ms<sn|j tu l,dmj, iy rgj,g ;ka isk f,ig kshu lr we;'
iqiq md,khla we;s lsu" i,l=Kq lsu" jd;d ;nd.ekSu" is,a mqoa., whs;sh
ms<sn|j Wjukdj yd wod,;ajh ms<sn| ksoNdjh" iy iqiq kS;s n,d;aul lsu
fuu .siq j,g we;=,;a lr we;' cd;Ska w;r ixOdkd;aul wmrdO iuq;sh
;=<ska (fuh tlai;a cd;Skaf.a .sks w flgqm; hkqfjka o ykajhs' Protocol to the UN
Convention on Transnational Organised Crime) w f.k hk ke ;u uqyq iSudjg we;= ug
fmr yd uqyq iSudj yryd .uka lsug fmr ta ta rgj,a ;u ;udf.a wjirh ,nd
.; hq;= njg kshu lr we;' tfukau tlai;a cd;Skaf.a .sks w flgqm; (Firearms
Protocol) u.ska iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO ykd .ekSu yd i<l=Kq lsu (marking)
inkaOfhka wju m%;Ska mkjd ;sf' fuu ish mshjr j,ska n,dfmdfrd;a;=
jkafka is,a mqrjeishkag kS;Hdkql+,j whs;s iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO kS;s frda
fj<|m,g udreu je<elauhs'
fuu .egj inkaOfhka wka;cd;sl wjOdkh je we;s kuq;a mqrjeishka i;=
iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO md,kh lsug we;s kS;sj, Yla;su;a Ndjh rka rgg
fjkia f' WodyrK jYfhka uyd %;dkHfha is,a jeishkag yslr .ekSug bv
fokafka iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO j. lsysmhla muKla jk kuq;a weuldkq rch
mqr jeishkag ,sg mkakfha m%ydrl rhs*,a j. mjd yslr .ekSug bv fohs'
iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO i|yd is,a mqoa., whs;sh md,kh lsu i|yd ksfoaY
mqrjeishka i;= wdhqO kS;sfrda f,i Nd;dlrkakka w;g m;af wjia:dj wvq
lsf wruqK we;sj" ishu rgj,a" iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO inkaO mqrjeis
ysld;ajh iy Nd;h inkaOfhka tl iudk wkq,a,x>kSh kS;s moaO;shla
wkq.ukh l< hq;=h' tu kS;s moaO;sfha my; ioyka lreKq wka;.; h hq;=h'
fYaIs; j.j, iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO mqrjeishkag yslr .ekSu ;yk

lsu' fYaIfhka ,sg mkakfha wdhqO iy w;a ;=jlal= ^msiaf;da,$ueIska
msiaf;da,&'
iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO .KqfoKq lrejka md,kh lsu yd Tjqka iska
yhdldrj jd;d mj;ajd .ekSug (record keeping) wjYH kS;s meku'
n,m;% ksl=;a lsu i|yd l%shd mmdhla wkq.ukh lsu' f wkqj wod,
rdcH wdh;kfha wjirh ke;sj iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO Nd;d lsug fyda
, ;nd .ekSug wjldYh fkd,ef' whmf;ys i;H;dj o .eUqka mlaId
l< hq;= w;r wjYH;djh o b;d fydka mlaId l< hq;=h' tfukau wh
lrkakkaf.a yeisu o ie,ls,a,g .; hq;=h'
mqrjeishka i;= iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO" ykd.ekSu" i,l=Kq fhu yd
jd;d ;nd.ekSu Wiia ;;a;ajfhka isjk njg iy;sl u'
mqrjeishka i;= iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO .nvd lsf oe kS;s fhu'
jd;dlrKh" ksoNdjh iy j.lSu ^md,sfka;= jd;dlrKh o we;=j&

iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO kS;s frda fj<|dug" iq,nug yd wksis Nd;hg
tfrysj f.k hk l%shdjka g wjysr;djhla we;af;a f ms<sn|j m%isoafha ,nd.;
yels f;dr;=rej, ysluhs' iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO ksIamdokh" f;d. ix;
mj;ajdf.k hEu" iy m%jdykh ms<sn| ks, f;dr;=re fkdue;s w;r iuyr
wjia:dj, fuu f;dr;=re wkdjrKh fkdlrk ryiH f;dr;=re f' fuu
ryiHNdjh rgj,aj, wdhqO ms<sn| j.lSu wj;lafiare lrhs' Bg wu;rj ksfhda;
wdh;k w;r mj;ajd .; hq;= inkaO;djhg;a" cd;Hka;rj mj;ajd.; hq;=
inkaO;djhkag;a fuu ryiH Ndjh ndOdjla f' fndfyda rchhka Tjqkaf.a cd;sl
wjYH;djhka i|ydj;a wjYH jk f;dr;=re tla/ia lsu" mj;ajdf.k hdu fyda
yqjudre lr.ekSu is lrkafka ke;'
j;udkfha wju jYfhka f,dalfha rgj,a 60la j;a kS;Hdkql+,j iq w yd
ieye,a wdhqO wmkhkh lrhs' tfukau ishu rgj,a kS;Hdkql+,j wdhqO wdkhkh
lsfuys fh isk w;r ka iuyr rgj,a l,d;=rlska w;sla; yd Nd;dl< w
wmkhkho lrhs' rgj,a 30la muK md,sfka;=jg bm;a lrk jd;djka u.ska
jdIslj l< w .Kqfokq ms<sn| f;dr;=re m%isoahg m;a lrhs' flfia kuq;a iq w
yd ieye,a wdhqO .Kqfokq ms<sn|j wf,l< rg" jkdlu yd m%udKh wd u;a
f;dr;=re we;=<;a m%isoaO jd;djka bm;a lrkafka weuldj" uyd %;dkHh yd
b;d,sh hk rgj,a ;=k muKs'
;u rgj, wdkhk wmkhk j;dj,g wu;rj" j;udkfhys rgj,a 33 la ;u iq
w yd ieye,a wdhqO wdkhk yd wmkhk lghq;= ms<sn| f;dr;=re "COMTRADE" o;a;
cd,hg ,nd fohs' fuh tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixLHdk wxYh u.ska mj;ajdf.k hk
wka;cd;sl f.= lghq;= ms<sn| o;a; cd,hls' flfia fj;;a n,af.ahdj" BY%dh,h
iy reishdj we;= iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO ksmojk rgj,a /ila g o;a;
imhkafka ke;'
ksoNdjh yd j.lSu jehqKq lr.ekSu i|yd ksfoaY
iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO ms<sn| f;dr;=re fy,slsu inkaO j oekg we;s

kS;s mmdka tlai;a cd;Skaf.a l%shdld jevigyk yd fjk;a l,dmSh .siq
wdYs%;j kej; uYkh l< hq;=h'
ksoNdjh yd j.lSu ms<sn| oekg mj;sk iafPd ne cd;sl" l,dmSh yd
f,dal ugfuka" bgq lsug rgj,a lghq;= l< hq;=hs'
ishu" w ksmojk yd wmkhkh lrk rgj,a" wdhqO ksIamdokh" wmkhk
n,m;%" m%jdykh ms<sn| jdIsl jd;djla bm;a l< hq;=h' thg m%udKh"
jkdlu yd wjidk Nd;d lrkakd ms<sn| f;dr;=re o we;=,;a h hq;=hs'
w wmkhkh lrk rgj, md,sfka;=j,g" n,m;% ms<sn| wh m;a ksl=;a
lsug fyda m%;slafIam lsug fmr" Tjqkaf.a rdcHhkag ta ms<sn|j Wmfoia
,ndoSug wjia:dj ,nd h hq;=h'
i,l=Kq lsu iy ykd .ekSu

uE; jirj, iq w ,l=Kq lsu iy ykd.ekSu ie,lsh hq;= wjOdkhlg yd
Wkkajlg Ndckh we;' .sks w iy m;frd j, jvd;a ir, i,l=Klska
NdKavfha j.h" NdKav wxlh" ksIamdolhd iy uq,a , .kakd ,l=Kq l< yelsh'
fuu wx. .sks w ,shdmx lsug;a myiqfjka ykd.ekSug;a u. mdohs' tla
fYaIs; whl j ld,h ;=, tys ysld;aj ud.h tl;= fldg imQK lsf
33
34
l%shdj,sh ykd.ekSu (tracing) f,i ykajhs' id:l ykd.ekSula m%udKj;a

i,l=Kq ls iy jd;d ;nd .ekS u; r|d mj;sk w;r th ie,ls,su;a rchka iy
ixOdk j,g wod< wdhqOfha ksIamdolhd iy O ;e/lrejka -WodyrKhla
jYfhka udkj whs;Ska lvlrkakka" wmrdO lKavdh fyda wnqo l,dmhka -ykd
.ekSug wjldY imhhs' kHdhd;aulj ykd .ekSu kS;s frda .sks w fj<|d
cd,h fy<slr kdY lsug yd cd;Hka;r w inkaO kS;s is;d u;du lv lsug
inkaO jQjkag o`~qj ,nd ug yelshdj ,ndfoa' m%dfhda.slj nefjd;a oekg
mj;akd i,l=Kq ls" jd;d ;e iy ykd .ekS jev ms<sfj,j,a mj;sk
;;ajhka md,kh lsug $ ue~,Sug lsisfia;a m%udKj;a fkdf'
i,l=Kq lsu iy ykd .ekSu i|yd ksfoaY
i,l=Kq lsu yd ykd.ekSu inkaOfhka oekg mj;akd tlai;a cd;Skaf.a

ixOdkfha l%shdj,sh" iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO i,l=Kq lsu iy ykd
.ekSu inkaOfhka cd;Hka;r ffk;sl neula we;s ,sh,a,la t<soelaug
wjYH ud.h lrd .uka l< hq;=h'
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ls%hdld jevigyfkys wvx.= ne" l%shdf fhoug yd je
hqKq lsug k" cd;sl i,l=Kq lsf moaO;sfha f;dr;=re yqjudre
lr.ekSf l%uhla ^rg ykd.ekSf i,l=Kq o we;=<;a jQ& ia:dms; l< hq;=h'
i,l=Kq lsu" jd;dlsu yd ykd .ekSu inkaOfhka .;yels fhda.H l%shd
ms<sfj;a yqjudre lr .ekSu i|yd jk wka;cd;sl jevigykla h;a lsf
wjYH;djhla we;' fuu.ska iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO ykd.ekSf
l%shdj,shg wju m%;shla yd YajdiodhS ;dCIK m%jOkhla yd ;lafiare
lsf l%shdj,shla ia:dms; l< hq;=h'
tla rdcHhl isg ;j;a rdcHhlg flfrk iDcq fj<|d md,kh lsu fukau"
kS;s frda f,i w .kqfoKq lsug ie,fik ud. jid oeug rchka
lghq;= l< hq;=h' g wod,j b;d jeo.;a jkafka ;e/ld;ajh iy wjir,;a
foaY ksIamdokh hs (Brokering and Licensed Production Overseas).
;e/ld;ajh iy ke.; lsf ksfhda;Ndjh

mdYaj folla fyda Bg je .Kkla w;r w lsKS ixOdkh lrk" fnddyda g
.kqfoKqjla is lsu i|yd , .kakka" l=Kq lrejka" m%jdylhka" uQ,H
imhkakka iy rCIlhka tla lrk w;ruehka f,i w ;e/lrejka (brokers)
ksjpkh l< yelsh' foaYmd,ksl fyda wd.l fm<U we;e .kqfoKq j,g
uq,aug yels jqj o Tjqka idudkHfhka fuu .kqfokq islrkafka uqo,a Wmhd
.ekSf mrud:fhks' fndfyda g tjeks ;e/lrejka w ksmojk rfj;a tajd
fnod yefrk rfj;a fyda tu w j, .ukdka;h jk rfj;a jdih lrkafkda
fkdfj;s' fuys m%;sM,hla f,i tjka ;=kajk mdYjfha w ;e/lrejka ms<sn|
f;dr;=re fidhd .ekSug kslaIKh lsu fyda md,kh lsu b;d wiSre ldhhla
f' w ;e/lrejka m%jdyk iy ke.; lsf ksfhda;hka iu. b;d imj
lghq;= lr;s' fuu ksfhda;hkaf.a ldhh jkafka w" uqyqfoka" .=jkska" fhka
fyda uyd ud.fhka m%jdykh lsug wjYH myiql ie,iSuhs'
mj;sk o;a; wkqj f,dalfha fndfyda wnqo j,ska buy;a ydkshg m;a l,dmj,g iy
udkj ysl wnqo mj;sk l,dmhka fj;g isjk fndfyda w l=Kq ixOdkh
lsu iy .kqfoKq lsu flfrkqfha fuu ;e/ldr iy m%jdyk ksfhda;hka
u.skah' j, wmCIdld cd;sl m%jdyk md,khla iys; rgj,a b,lal lr.kska
w;ruehka iy m%jdyk ksfhda;hka w iy wdrCIl WmlrK kS;s frda
wmrdOlrejka" ;%ia;jdka yd udkj ysl wmpdrlhkag lsKSug ixOdkh lrhs'
f;dr;=re igyk 12(

;yk ksfhda. k ;e/lrefjda
hqfrdamSh w ;e/lrefjda iy m%jdyk ksfhda;fhda tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wdhqO
indOl lvls fndfyda m%udKhlg inkaO is;s' Bg tla ksoiqkla jkqfha
Tjqka ishrd ,sfhdkays ma,jjdoS tlai;a fmruqKg (Revolutionary United Front) tfrysj
mkjd ;snQ indOl u yka lghq;= lsuhs' iuQy >d;k" ia;%S IK" jo ysxid
ls we;= uyd mudK udkj ysl wmpdr j,g fuu ma,jjd tlai;a
fmruqK j.lsj hq;=h'
jI 1999 ud;= 13 jk od fgdka 68 la n/;s hqlafk w ke NdKav f;d.hla
.sfn%d,agd (Gibraltar) ys iud.ula iska ixOdkh lrk ,o ke.; lsulska wdhqO
iy m;frd fm 700 lg jvd ixLHdjla Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso m%foaYhg
%;dkH iud.ula jk thd f*dhs,a (Air Foyle) iud.ug wh;a wekagfkd .=jka
hdkhlsska m%jdykh lrk ,' miqj fuu w ,hshdjg m%;s-ke.; lrk ,'
fuu w f;d. tajd mefKk ;=re fkdbjis,af,ka n,d isk ma,jjd tlai;a
fmruqK fj; ,hshdj yryd myiqfjka heh yelsh'69
w ;e/lrejka md,kh lsu i|yd ksfoaY
rchhka iska w ;e/ldrl md,kh lsu i|yd cd;sl m%;sm;a;shla

ykajdu wjYH f' fuh iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO m%jOkh" lsKSu iy
, .ekSug wod< h hq;=h' fuu ish ;e/ldr .kqfoKq rcfha wjirh yd
wkque;shg hg;ah hq;= w;r iDcq iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO wmkhk oe
ksKdhlhka u; ksYaph l< hq;=h'
jvd m%;sM, odhl ug tjka md,khka fld;ekl jdih l<;a ishu
iajfoaYslhkag" rf ,shdmx jQQ kEu iud.ulg fyda jdih lrk mqoa.,hkag
tl fia n,mE hq;=hs' fujka m%;sm;a;s rfgka mekf.dia kS;sfhka fug
;e;alrk ;e/lrejka fldgqlr .ekSug bjy,a f'
;jo rchka iska foaYSh w ;e/lrejkag ,shdmx jk f,ig;a w
.Kqfokq j,g inkaO .Kk m%ldY m%isoaO lrk f,ig;a b,a,d ish hq;=h'
iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO kS;s ;s lv lrk fyda Tjqkaf.a w .Kqfokq
ms<sn|j oekqj;aju idjoH f;dr;=re imhk ksfhda;hkag tfrysj kvq mejh
hq;= w;r ;j rg;a wdhqO ;e/ lsu ;yk l< hq;=h'
w ;e/lrejka iy fj<| ksfhda;hska" kS;s-;s oe rdcHhl isg
md,khlska f;dr rdcHhlg myiqfjka fhdug fkdyels ug j.n,d .kq
msKsi w ;e/lrejka md,kh lsug we;s l%shdoduhka$m%;sm;a;s iy ish kS;s
cd;Hka;rlrKh lsug lghq;= l< hq;=h'
wjir,;a foaY ksIm

a dok
iud.ula fjk;a rgl ;sfnk fojk iud.ulg n,m;%hla hgf;a ksIamdokh lsug
wjir yd yelshdj ,ndf l%uh foaY wjir,;a ksIamdokh f' tjka .siqula
hgf;a wjir,dNshdg wjirodhl iud.fuka wjYH fldgia" hka;% fuj," hdka;%sl
ie,iq fukau ksIamdokfha iy ;dCIKsl ie,iq j, mq,a iydhla ,ef'
bxfkarejka jeks ;dCIKsl ksmqK;djfhka hq;a mqoa.,hka iud.f fiajh i|yd
wkqhqla; l< yelsh' foaYsh wjir,;a ksIamdok iy iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO
ksIamdok ;dCIKh fufia wkqnoaO lsfuka g fmr w ksIamdokh fkdl< iud.
35
36
yd rgj,a j,g iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO ksIamdokh werug wjia:dj ie,fia'

kuq;a tjka foaY wjir,;a ksIamdokfha me;sug iudka;rj yd ta inkaO m%n,
md,khka jOkh ke;' tjka j, md,khl m%;sM, Nhdkl h yel'
f;dr;=re igyk 13(

fyla, iy fld (Heckler and Koch)
weka.af,da - cudkq iud.ula jk fyla, iy fld iud.u ;=ls rchg wh;a
w ksIamdok iud.ula jk MKEK iu. tlaj wjir,;a foaY ksIamdok .Kkdjl
ksr; h' WodyrK jYfhka 1998 fuu iud.u ;=lsfha we'fvd' ,shk 18 la
jkd HK '' 5'56 rhs*,a 200"000 l wjir,;a jir oyhl ksIamdok
fldka;%d;a;=jla i|yd ,nd.ekSug iu;a h' ;=lsfha isjqk nrm;, udkj
ysl wmpdr j,g m%;spdr jYfhka fndfyda rdcHhka ;=lshg iDcqj wdhqO
iemhSu m%;slafIam lroa fyla, iy fld iud.u fuu iq w ksIamdokh u.ska
;=ls yuqodjg iy wdrCIl n,ldhkag m%;smdok iemhSh'
wjir,;a ksIamdok u.ska ;=lshg ish fmd,Sishg iy yuqodjg wdhqO ,ndug
yelsu muKla fkdj MKEK iud.ug wmkhk fj<|fmdf,a ;u wmkhkhka
jelr .ekSug yels h' l=fgh" nqreka" ,shdj" mdlsia;dkh" hqkSishdj iy
bkakSishdj hk rgj,a o Tjqka f.a .kqfokq lrejka f'
jI 1999 foien ui 9 jk k uy %;dkfha ldYh jQ rEmjdyskS jd;d
jevigykg wkqj 1999 wf.daia;=$iema;en j, MKEK iud.u iska MP-5 i
ueIska ;=jlal= 500 la bkakSishdf fmd,Sishg ke u.ska hejQ njg tu iud.u
wkdjrKh lf<ah' fuh kef.kysr fudarfha ksoyig tfrys w;=re yuqod (para
military) lKvdh bkakSishd wdrlaIl yuqod yd tlaj udkj ysl lv lrka
;snQ hq.hls' fufia udkj ysl ;;a;ajh iS>%fhka oreKq w;g yefrka ;snQ
fyhska 1999 iema;en 16 jk k hqfrdamd ix.uh bkakSishdj u; ia;SKjQ
w ;ykula ia:dms; lrk ,'
fuu ;ykf woyi jQfha cuksfha fyda %;dkHfhAa fyla, iy fld iud.u
iska bkakSishdjg MP-5 wdhqO wmkhkh lsug fkdyels njhs' flfia jqj o
;=lsh" hqfrdamd ix.ufha idudlfhl= fkdu ksid tu ;ykka wdjrKh
fkdflreks' tneka fyla, iy fld n,m;%h hgf;a MKEK iud.u u.ska iq
w ksmou iy bkakSishdkq wdrCIl yuqodjg w iemhSu je<elaug yels jQfha
b;d iq jYfhks'
wjir,;a foaY ksIamdok md,kh i|yd ksfoaY
kqiqiq wjika wjika Nd; lrkAkl= w;g iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO m;a

f wjodkula mj;sk wjia:djl fyda ,enqldr rdcHhg wjika Nd;
lrkAkd md,kh ms<sn|j m%udKj;a j.lSula oeug fkdyels wjia:djl
rdcHhka wjir,;a ksIamdokh mejug wkque;sh fkdh hq;=h'
wjir,;a ksIamdok j, ksIamdok ug iy fldka;%d;a ld,h inkaOj oe
md,khla ;sh hq;= w;r uq,a rcfha wkque;sh fkdue;s k wmkhkh ;yk
l< hq;=h'
n,m;a ,dNshd fldka;%d;a;=j lvlr we;s njg idCIs we;sk fyda ksIamdok
udkj ysl lvls fyda fjk;a ;yk ldhhlg fhdod f.k we;s k
wjir ,;a ksIamdok .siqu wj,x.= l< hq;=h' f iu. hka;% fuj,"
fldgia" mqyqKqj iy ;dCIKhg inkaO ish m%;smdok keje;ah hq;=h'
4' iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO iq,n u yd wksis

Nd;h md,kh i|yd oekg ord we;s
m%h;akhka
fuu mfoh iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO iq,nu yd wksis Nd;h md,kh lsu
Wfoid f.k we;s uQ,sl W;aidyhka ms<sn|j wjOdkh fhduq flf' m<uqj wod<
cd;Hka;r .siq foi;a bka miqj l,dmSh jYfhka .;a W;aidyhka iy wjidkfha
wka; l,dmSh l%shdjka foi;a n,kq we;'
iq w m%Yakfha ixlSK iajNdjh fya;= fldgf.k cd;Hka;r fukau l,dmSh iy
cd;sl ug j,ska l%shdud.hka ia:dms; l, hq;= nj ms<sf.k we;' cd;Hka;r
talu;slNdjhg w;d,u ouk m%;s iy l%shdldrl jOkhg l,dmSh .siq iy
m%h;akhka b;d jeo.;a f' WodyrK jYfhka iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO i|yd
wjir ,nd f i,ld n,k fmd ksKdhl ud,djla f.dvke.Su ms<sn|j
j;udkfha cd;Hka;r ugf mj;sk idlPd hqfrdamd ix.ufha w fj<|du
ms<sn|j udf.damfoaY ud,dj (EU Code of Conduct) iy jdiafikd wjfndaO;dj (Wassenar
Arrangement& jeks l,dmSh m%h;akhka j,g wod<j oekg mj;sk ksKdhl fnfyka
m%fhdack f.k we;'
cd;Hka;r m%h;akhka
kS;s frda iq w fj<|du ms<n
s |j tlai;a cd;Skf
a .a iuqj
kS;s frda iq w fj<|du ms<sn|j tlai;a cd;Skaf.a iuqj fujka f;audjla u;
ixOdkh flreKq m%:u cd;Hka;r iuqj h' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixOdkfha ish
idudl rdcHhkag kS;s frda iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO fj<|du inkaOfhka
iy tys ish mdYajhka ms<sn|j idlPd lsug ,o m%:u wjia:dj fuh jQ w;r
.egjg ms<sh fhug ia;SK jevms<sfj,lg tl jQ ienE W;aidyhla f,i
fuu iuqj yekah yelsh' fuu iuqj u.ska kS;s frda iq w iy ieye,a
wdhqO fj<|df iajNdjh iy O rgj, iy Wm l,dm j, m%uqL;d iy .eg
ms<sn|j jvd fyd| wjfndaOhla ,nd ug odhl h'
iq w .egjg ms<sh fhoug l%shd lsf ,d is,a iudchg o fuu iuqj
jeo.;a h' fuu iuqj u.ska iq w .egj iar f,iu foaYmd,k kHdhm;%hg
fhduq lsug iu;a jQ w;r is,a iudchg wdKavqj,ska fjkila b,a,d isug
fldjla imhd ks' kS;s frda w fj<|dfuka we;s jQ fokd iy | iukh
lsu Wfoid l%shdldkaf.a y~g lkaug" fuu iuqj rdcHhkag wjia:dj ,nd ks'
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixOdkh fuu iuqj ixOdkh l< w;r 2001 cQ,s 9-20 k
olajd ksfhdala ys tlai;a cd;Skaf.a uQ,ia:dkfha meje;ajqks ' fuys b,lalh jQfha
cd;sl" l,dmSh iy f.da,Sh ugj, isg kS;s frda w .Kqfokq j,g ms<sh
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38
fiug mq,a l%shdld rduqjla f.dvke.Suhs' fuu rduqj fmdf ykajk ,oafoa
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a l%shdld jevigyk (UN PoA UN Programme of Action) jYfhks'
iuqjg fmr m%drNl ldrl iNd /ia (Prepratory Committee Meeting - PrepCom) ;=kla
meje;ajQ w;r" ka folla l%shdld jevigyfkys ie,iq (drafts) i,ld ne w;r"
fuhg iuqj iudma;sfha talu;sl tl;ajh ,eKs' f,dj mqrd is,a ixOdk
fuu m%drNl iuq ;=kg iy uyd iuqjg o inkaO h' Tjqka WmfoaYkh" udOH
iy m%;sm;a;s WmfoaY iemhSu isl< w;r m%cd ugka fukau m%;sm;a;s ixjOkh
iy mfhaIK j,g inkaO jQjka o ksfhdackh flKs' iq w ms<sn|j cd;Hka;r
l%shdld cd,h (IANSA)" rdcH fkdjk ixOdk fuu m%drNl iuq ;=kg iy uyd
iuqjg o inkaO h' Tjqka WmfoaYkh" udOH iy m%;sm;a;s WmfoaY iemhSu isl<
w;r m%cd ugka fukau m%;sm;a;s ixjOkh iy mfhaIK j,g inkaO jQjka o
ksfhdackh flKs' iq w ms<sn|j cd;Hka;r l%shdld cd,h" rdcH fkdjk
ixOdk iy is,a iudc lKavdh w;r inkalrKh isl< w;r f,dalfha ish
l,dm j, ksfhda;hkaf.a iyNd.s;ajh i|yd myiql ie,iSh'
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ls%hdld ie,eiau uq,a fldg f.k meje;a jQ fuu iuqj iy tys
m%;sM,hla jQ tlai;a cd;Skaf.a l%shdld jevigyk" kS;sfrda w fj<|du tys ish
wxYhkag ms<sh fhu i|yd iar l%shdud.hla .ekSug cd;Hka;r m%cdjg wys jQ
wjia:djla f,i fndfyda fofkl= Yajdi lr;s' fuu iuqf tl jQ l%shdld
jevigyk jeo.;a m%;Ska yd ne imhd kak o th fuu m%Yakfha we;e uQ,sl
wx. ksrdlrKh fkdlrhs' udkj ysl m%Yak" foaYSh w md,kh iy rdcH fkdjk
mqoa.,hkag yd ixOdk j,g w lsKSu ms<sn|j fuys meye,s igykla ke;'
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a l%shdld jevigyfka b;d j, wx. f,i w wmkhk md,kh
i|yd jk ksKdhl" kso Ndjh iy;sl lsf l%ufo iy w ;e/lrejkaf.a
l%shdld;ajh md,kh lsug cd;Hka;r ne yd iemhq ud. fidhd .ekSu
fmkajd fohs'
flfia kuq;a iuqfjka miqj tu idlPd Wmfhda.S lr .kska wdKavq iska Ndr.;a
Okd;aul wer ud,djla h' fuu jevlghq;= j, fndfyda g is,a iudc
ixOdk m%Odk yjq,alrejka f,i inkaO jQy'
ia;r igyk 14(

nhska o nq, (Biting the Bullet)
fi*j,a" bkagkeIk,a we," fisla (BASIC) iy n%e* Yaj oHd,h iska
nhska o nq, jHdmD;sh 2001 tlai;a cd;Skaf.a iq w if,kh b,lal fldg
ls%hd;aul h' tu jHdmD;sh f,dj mqrd is,a iudc fYaI{hka tl;= lr.kska kS;s
frda iq w fj<|du md,khg wod< O fCIa;%hka Tiafia idlPd m;s%ld 15 la
bosm;a lrk ,oS'
t'cd' if,khg miqj BTB jHdmdD;sh m%Odk Odrdjka ;=kla Tiafia jOkh h
m<uqj IANSA iu.ska tlai;a cd;Skaf.a l%shdld jevigyk wCIKh lsrSu" t.cd. iq
w ms<sno oa jdIsl if,kh (BMS) b,lal fldg ms<sfj,ska 2003 cQ,s iy 2005
cQ,s j, rchhka tlai;a cd;Skaf.a l%shdld jevigyk ls%hd;aul lrjk wkaou
ms<sn| .eUqre jrKhla lrk ,os. tu jd;d rgj,a 150 l f;dr;=re wdY%s;j flreKq
uq,au m%udKsl .%yhka f. ta ioyd BTB yd IANSA yjq,aldr wdh;khka ishhlg;a
wl .Kkla odhl jQy. tu jd;d u.ska wod< cd;sl, l,dmsh yd wka;cd;sl
ls%hdj,Ska Yaf,aIKh iy O rgj,a Odldrfhka iq w wksis Nd;h iy

me;srSu wduka;%Kh lrk wkaou iudf,dapkh lrhs.
fojkqj" iq w .egj ms<sno wu;a lKavdh WmfoaYk ls%hdj,shla (Consultative
u.ska tlai;a cd;Skaf.a l%shdld jevigykg wka;.; fkdjk
iq w .eg ms<sno wka;cd;sl wjfndaOh we;s lsug lghq;= lrhs. thg rdcH
fkdjk mdYjhka fj; (Non State Actors) w meju inkaO ndOl yd iq w
yqjudrejg wjir u inkaO ;SrK .ekSug cd;sl uq,Ou ie,iq lsu;a wvx.=
fjhs. CGP i|yd f,dj mqrd rdcHhka 30l muK ksfhda;hka tlai;a cd;Skaf.a
ixOdkh" l,dmSh ixOdk iy f;dard.;a is,a iudc fYaI{hka we;=<;a fjhs'
CGP 2003 - 2005 w;r ld,fha ih j;djla /ia we; .
Group Process -CGP)
f;jkqj iq w i|yd is,a mqoa., whs;sh md,kh yd cd;Hka;r w indOl

ls%hd;aul lsrSu jeks uQ,sl m%;sm;a;suh Ihhka wjfndaO lr .ekSu ioyd odhl
fjhs.
jer f;dr;=re i|yd BTB fj wvh n,kAk
(http://www.international-alert.org/our_work/themes/biting_the_bullet.php)
kS;s frda iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO ish mdYajhka j,ska ksjdrKh

lsug, tfrysj wr., lsug iy uq,k
s m
q g
q d oeug tlai;a cd;Skf
a .a l%h
s dldrS
jevigyk (The UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradiacte the
Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All its Aspects)
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a l%shdld jevigyk ish rdcHhka iska ms<smeh hq;= wju m%;Ska
iy ne ud,djla imhk fyhska th b;d jeo.;a f' th jvd wkq,a,x>kSh ne
iy ia;SK jevigyka ixjOkh lsug leue;s ish rdcHhka ;j;a l%shdud.
.ekSug os.kajhs' fuuska iq w w;sla; f;d. wvq lsu iy w;sla; wdhqO
kdY lsu inkaOj fydka meye,s lrhs' th meye,s cd;Hka;r kHdhka ia:dms;
lrk w;r f;d. /ia lsu yd l<ukdlrKh m%jOkh lsug jevigyka u;a
lrhs' tys ksrdhqOlrKh" fiajd uqla; lsu iy igkaldka h<s iudchg m%;s.%yKh
lsu inkaO m%;smdok o wvx.= f' th ishu rdcHhkag tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wdrCIl
uKav,fha indOl n,d;aul lsug iyfhda.h olajk fuka meye,sj b,a,d is'
wjidk jYfhka yd b;d jeo.;a jk wx.hla jkafka iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO
wmkhkfha rdcHhka wka;cd;sl kS;sh yd j.lS j,g wkql+,j ;u cd;sl
wmkhk ksKdhlhka ;ka wkq.ukh lsug j.n,d .ekSug b,a,d isuhs'
kuq;a fuu l%shdld jevigyfka fndfyda wx. iS;j yd mgqj ia;r jk w;r
wjika m%ldYkfha we;e .eg j,g flfiaj;a ms<sh imhd ke;' tfukau
wjir,;a foaYSh ksIamdok yd ine iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO ksmof n,m;%
inkaOfhka lreKq uiSug wfmdfydi;a u wfmalaIdNx. lrjk iq h'
ksoNdjh jOkh lsug .; yels ms<sh inkaOj ne wvx.= fkdlsu ;j;a
j,;djhls' l%shdld jevigyk fndfyda ;ekaj, is,a iudcfha uQ,sl;ajh yd
N+ldj ms<sn|j wvx.= jqj;a fuh ;ju;a fndfyda rg rdcH flakaSh f,aLkhls'
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40
wjidk ls%hdldrS ie,eiau fldgia 04 lg fnod we;
i jk fldgi( mQldj - fuh ls%hdldrS jevigyk tljQ ixoNh olajk w;r

iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO iq,nu ia;%Ska" <uqka yd jeyshkag kdYld
whqka n,mdk wdldrh tys i|yka f' ;jo th kS;s frda iq w yd
ieye,a wdhqO fj<|du je<elaug" Bg tfrysj ls%hd lsug iy th uq,skqmqgd
oeug rdcHhkag iydh ug is,a iudc N+ldf jeo.;alu ms<sn|j
meye,s .%yhla lr;s'
ii jk fldgi( kS;s frda iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO fj<|du tys ish
mdYjhka je<elau Bg tfrysj igka lsu iy uq,skqmqgd oeu - cd;sl"
l,dmSh iy f.da,Sh ugfuka l%shdl< hq;= wdldrh wvx.= ne o we;=<;a f'
fuu jHqyh ;rula rg nudflda m%ldYh jeks mQj m%h;akhka u; mok
we;'
iii jk fldgi( fuhg we;=<;a jkafka l%shdf fhou" cd;Hka;r
iyfhda.S;djh iy iydh o we;=j kS;s frda iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO
m%Yakhg ms<sh fhf inkalrKh" W!K mQrK iy iudka;rNdjh
iy;sl lsf,d fYaIs; j.lS l%shdf fhoug ;dCIKsl iy uQ,H iydh
iemhsuhs'
iv jk fldgi( kS;s frda w .kqfoKq ms<sn|j tlai;a cd;Skaf.a iuqjg
miq.d iudf,dapk - 2006 blau hdgu fmr ls%hdld jevigyk ls%hdjg
kexf m%.;sh wlaIKh lsug iuqjla le|ug ne isf jeo.;a lu;a"
iEu wjq( 2g jrlau cd;sl" l,dmSh yd f.da,Sh jYfhka jevigyk ls%hdjg
kxjk wdldrh uiSug iuqjla le|f jeo.;a lu;a wvx.= f' fuys
i|yka ;j;a jeo.;a neula jkafka iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO ykd.ekSu
yd ;e/ldrl lsu je,elau" Bg tfrysj ls%hd lsu yd uq,skqmqgd oeug
wka; cd;sl hdka;%Khla f.dv kexuhs'
f;dr;=re igyk 15(

tlai;a cd;Skf
a .a l%h
s dld jevigyk ms<n
s | wjfndaO;djh
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a l%shdld jevigyk my; i|yka fj wvh ;=<ska wrd" k"
bx.%Sis" m%xY" reishdkq fyda iamd[a[ NdId j,ska ,nd .; yelsh'
http://disarmament.un.org/cab/programmeofaction.html
tlai;a cd;Skf
a .a iq w iuqjg miq.dj l%h
s dld jevigyk l%h
s df
fhou - 2003 oa jdIsl rdcH iuqj (The 2003 Biennial Meeting of StatesUN BMS)
jevigyk l%shdf fhou i|yd hdka;%Khla ia:dms; lsf fhdackdj fuu
iuqf m%;slafIam h' fuys m%;sM,hla jYfhka tys l%shd;aul lsf j.lSu
jemqru rdcHhka fj; mejreKq w;r rdcHhka iafPdfjka tlai;a cd;skaf.a
wyrK lghq;= fomd;fka;=jg (UNDDA) m%.;sh jd;d l, hq;=j we;'
f ksid oajdIsl jevigyka ls%hdjg kxjk wdldrh uiSug iuqjla le|u;a"
l%shdld jevigyk ls%hd;aul lsf m%.;sh wlaIKh lsug" iuqjla le|ug
tl u b;d jeo.;a f' fuu.ska l%shdld jevigyk ls%hdjg kexug .= ld,Sk
yd ldHlaIu mshjr .ekSug we;s wjYH;djh fmkajd ug yd l%shdld jevigyk
ls%hdjg kexf m%.;sh wlaIKh lsug;a is,a iudchg wjia:djla ,ef'
^ls%hdld jevigyk ls%hdjg kexf is,a iudcfha odhl;ajh .ek je ia;r

IANSA fj wvfhka ,nd.; yel www.iansa.org)
f;dr;=re igyk 16(

tlai;a cd;Skf
a .a l%h
s dld jevigyk l%h
s d;aul lsu yd is,a iudc l%h
s dld;ajh
l%shdld jevigyk l%shd;aul lsf is,a iudcfha ldhNdrh" tlai;a
cd;Skaf.a l%shdld jevigyfka wka;.; lreKq j,ska fyd|ska meyeos,sh' 2001 cQ,s
udifha isg O jQ is,a iudc .sks w tla/ia lsu" uyck;dj oekqj;a lsu wd
jQ O m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlj,ska fukau kj jHjia:djka flgqm;a lsug
iyhoSu wd jQ lghq;=j, o kshef,ka b;d jeo.;a ldh Ndrhla bgqlrka is'
l%shdld jevigyk l%shd;aul lsu wCIKh lsu i|yd f,dj iEu l,dmhlu
is,a iudch tla lghq;= lrhs' iq w ms<sn| cd;Hka;r l%shdld cd,h (IANSA)
iEu oajdIsl /iaulgu ^2003 iy 2005& fmr iy 2006 g fmr" miq mr
if,khg (2006 Review Conference) fmr mQj tlai;a cd;Skaf.a l%shdld
jevigyk h;alsf jd;djla t<soelaug lghq;= ie,iq lr we;' fuu
.Kfha m<uq jd;dj nhska o nq, jHdmD;sh hgf;a ^fia*j,a" n%e* Yaj
oHd,h iy bkagkeIk,a we,& yd ;j;a is,a iudc ixOdk ishhlg;a je
ixLHdjl odhl;ajfhka hq;=j t<s oelajqks' l%shdld jevigyk imQKfhka yd
ldhlaIhuj ls%hdf fhoug rdcHhkag n,mE lsug fuu jd;dj ;=<ska
wfmalaId flks'
fuu jd;dj 2003 t<s oelajqkq w;r tu.ska rchka fj;g Yla;su;a jQ
mKsjqvhla hejqKs' tk iq w j,ska isjk ydks wju lsug;a ta i|yd
l%shdud. .ekSu i|yd lghq;= lsf is,a iudch tluq;=j .=ld,Sk fjkial
mrud: fldgf.k lghq;= lrk njhs'
nyq-cd;sl ixOdkd;aul wmrdO j,g tfrys .siqu iy thg W!K mQrl jk

kS;s frda .sks w ksIm
a dokh iy l+Gkh" tajdfhys fldgia iy wu;r
WmlrK iy WKav j,g tfrys flgqm; (Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition, supplementing the Convention against Trans-national Organised Crime)
kS;s frda .sks w ksIamdokh iy l+Gkh" tajdfhys fldgia iy wu;r WmlrK
iy WKav j,g tfrys flgqm; iy tu.ska W!k mQrKh jk nyq-cd;sl
ixOdkd;aul wmrdO j,g tfrys .siqu 2001 uehs 31 k meje;s tlai;a cd;Skaf.a
iuq jdrfha iu; h' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a .sks w flgqm; (UN Firearms Protocol)
kka fyda hdkd .siqu (Vienna Protocol) f,iska je fokd w;r fuu .siqu
m%p,s;h' fuu .siqu jI 3 l ld,hla ;siafia wOHhkh lrka ieliQ w;r ta
i|yd hdkd ys tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wdl yd wmrdO je<elaf iy wmrdO ksYaph
ms<sn| iudc uxv,fha (UN Economic and Social Council - ECOSOC) wdYsjdoh ,e ;snqKs'
fuu .siqf uQ,sl wNsm%dh jQfha wmrdO je<elau yd kS;sh l%shd;aul lsuhs'
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a l%shdld jevigykg idfmaCIj nefjd;a fuys Ih m:h mgqh'
tfukau fuu .siqug rglska ;j rglg jk yqjudre yd rdcH wdrlaIdj hgf;a
rgla lrk yqjudre wod, fkdf' th rgj,a w;r (transnational) jk wmrdO b,lal
fldg we;s w;r fYaIfhkau ixOdkd;aul wmrdO lKavdh ms<sn|j wjOdkh
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fhduq lr we;' fuu .siqf ish,qu wx. yrsye ls%hdjg kexjqjfyd;a kS;Hdkql+,
fkdjk w ksIamdok yd cdjdru md,kh lsug jeo.;a mshjr lsysmhla ielfia'
tfukau iyfhda.S;dj jOkh" f;dr;=re yqjudrej yd kso Ndjh jOkh lsugo
jeo.;a f'
2005 cQ,s 03 jk od rgj,a 42l wkque;sfhka fuu .siqu l%shdjg kexks' tlai;a
cd;Ska f.a idudl rgj,a 192 ka rgj,a 49la f jkg fuu .siqug w;aika ;nd
we;' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a .sks w flgqm;g wkqj Bg ine ish mdYaj .siqug
wod, Odkhka l%shd;aul lsu i|yd kS;suh jYfhka ne we;' fuh tlai;a
cd;Skaf.a iq w ms<sn| tlai;a cd;Skaf.a l%shdld jevigykg iu.dj we;s
foaYmd,kuh neuhs' tuksid fuu .siqu imQKfhkau ls%hdjg kexfuka bgqjk
ldhNdrh b;d jeo.;a f' tfukau fuu.ska kS;Hdkql+, fkdjk iq w ksIamdok
cdjdru fukau tys wfkl=;a wxY yd fj WKav we;= mqmqrK jH u; ldhlaIu
wka;cd;sl md,khla we;s lsug fnfyka odhl f'
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a .sks w flgqmf;ys jeo.;a ,laIK(
wkjir .sks w ksIamdokh iy m%jdykh yd .sks w i,l=Kq ls fjkia

lsu fyda uld oeu wmrdO .Khg wh;a fjk m kS;s ;s imdokh lsu'
kS;s frda f,i ksIamdokh jQ fyda cdjdr l< .sks w rdc ika;l lsu"
w;awvx.=jg .ekSu yd kdY lsu fyda bj;a lsug wjYH mshjr ykajd u'
.sks w i,l=Kq lsu yd cd;Hka;r .sks w .Kqfokq yqjudre ms<sn|j wju
jYfhka jir 10 l j;a jd;d ;nd .ekSu'
.sks w ksIamdokfha myiqfjka ykd.; yelsjk f,i i,l=Kq fhu yd tajd
wdkhkfha yd tajd is,a jeishka w;g m;a f ksIamd; rg ksis m
ykd.; yels jk m i,l=Kq lsu'
wdkhk wmkhk l%shdj,sfha meye,s n,m;% ksl=;a lsu yd wjir ,ndu
ykajdu iy cd;Hka;rj ms<s.;a w wdhqO yqjudre lsf m%;sm;a;s
ykajdu'
oekg wl%sh lr we;s" mj;sk .sks w kS;s frda f,i il%sh lsu md,kh
msKsi wjYH m%;smdok ie,iSu'
wkjir .sks w ksIamdokh" cdjdru" ke;su" fidrl lsu fyda fkdu.
heu je<elau i|yd wjYH l%shdud. .ekSu'
.kqfoKqj,g inkaO ;e/lrejka mmd,kh lsu Wfoid kshuhka ieliSu
iy Tjqka ,shdmxh iy ta i|yd n,m;% ksl=;a lsu'
fuu ldhh idlaId;a lr.ekSu i|yd wjYHh f;dr;=re ksis m yqjudrej
iy ta i|yd mQK iydh ,nd u'
jdiafikd wjfndaO;dj (The Wassenaar Arrangement)

im%odhsl w iy oa;aj Nd; ;dlaIK yqjudref ksoNdjhla yd je
j.lSula oeu wruqKq lr.kska" idm%odhsl w iy oa;aj Nd; WmlrK yd
;dlaIKh wmkhk md,kh i|yd 1996 cQ,s udifha jdiafikd wjfndaO;dj msysgqjd
.kakd ,'
fuu .siqug rgj,a 33la oekg w;aika lr we;s w;r f,dalfha w ksIamdokh yd
wmkhkh lrk rgj,a je .Kkla fuhg wh;a f' weuld tlai;a ckmoh"
hqfrdamd ix.ufha rgj,a" merKs fidah iuQydKavqjg wh;a kef.kysr hqfrdamdkq
rgj,a" wdckakdj" cmdkh" kjiS,ka;h" ol=Kq fldhdj iy ;=lsh fuhg wh;a
f' md,kh lrk ,o iuyr NdKav" m%jdykfha wjirh ,nd u fyda wjir ,nd
fkdu ms<sn|j rgj,a w;r iafPdfjka f;dr;=re yqjudre lsug .si .ekSu f
wjfndaO;df m%Odk wx.hls'
jdiafikd wjfndaO;df uQ,sl wruqKq uyd mudKfha im%odhsl w yd oa;aj
Nd; ;dlaIKh yd inkaO jQj;a" jir 2000 meje;s idudl rgj, /iaf iq
w yd ieye,a wdhqO wmkhkfha j.lSula iys; wmkhk m%;sm;a;s yd wmkhk
md,k l%u we;slsu u.ska w wu;a f,i tl;= u je,elaf jeo.;alu kej;
fmkajd fok ,' iq w ieye,a wdhqO wmkhkfha Nd;d l< hq;= fhda.H l%shd
ms<sfj;a yd ksKdhlhka iuQyhla i|yd jdiafikd rgj,a tl jQy' ta w;ka
my; lreKq jeo.;a f'
rgl ia:djr;djh ke;sjk wkaoug w wdhqO tla /ia lsu je<elau#

wka;cd;sl ne yd j.lS i|yd ,nd.kakd rf wkque;s jd;dj#
hqoafOdamlrK i|yd udkj yd wdl im;a wju jYfhka fhdod .ekSu#
;ksj fyda iduQyslj ;u wdrlaIdj i|yd ls%hdlsug rgj,aj,g we;s whs;sh#
w ,nd.kakd rf ksia whs;sjdisl yd uQ,sl ksoyig we;s .re lsu#
;%ia;jd ls%hd i|yd Wmldr fyda wkqn, u i|yd w wdhqO fhdod .ekSug
we;s wjodku#
mj;akd hqO .egqula > ug fyda jOkh lsug w wdhqO fhdod .ekSug
we;s wjodku#
w wdhqO msg u. heu fyda fhda.H fkdjk wdldrhg wmkhkh lsu'
iuyr rgj,a fndfyda m%h;ak oerej;a Yd, mudKfha idm%odhsl w ms<sn|j

isjkakdla fuka iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO i|yd f;dr;=re yqjudre lr .ekSf
l%uhla y\qkajd ug" ;ju fuu wjfndaO;d .siqug yels fkdue;' .siqf
f;dr;=re yqjudre hdka;%Kh ;=<g iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO we;=,;a lsug
n,dfmdfrd;a;= f'
flfia jqj;a" wjika Nd; iy;sl j,g we;=<;a lsug we;s f;dr;=rej, ^neulska
f;dr& zzm%ldY ,ehsia;=jlaZZ (indicative list) jdiafikd rgj,a fhdod .ks;s' fuh iyNd.S
jk rgj,a j,g Tjqkaf.a wNsu;h m fhdod .; yelsh' fjk;a lreKq w;r my;
tajd b;d jeo.;a f'
yqjudrejg inkaO ish mdYajhkaf.a wkkH;dj

NdKav yd tajdfha wjika Nd;h inkaO imQK ia;rhla
uQ,slj wmkhkh fyda m%jdykh lrk ,o rdcHfhA wkque;shla fkdue;sj
kej; tu NdKav wmkhkh fyda m%jdykh fkdlsug fmdfrdka u'
M,odhSj kS;sh l%shd;aul lsu (effective enforcement) i|yd fhda.H ls%hdms<sfj;a (best
practices) jdiafikd rgj,a iska y\qkd f.k we;' wmkhk ia:dkfha NdKav yd
tajdfha ,shlsh,s mlaId lsu" iellghq;= ke.; ls r|jd .ekSu" wkjir fyda
kS;s frda wmkhk ;yk lsu yd wjidk ia:dkhg mefKk NdKav mlaId
lsu fuhg wh;a f'
rgj,a j, w wdhqO ;e/ldr lghq;= u;a lsu i|yd w wdhqO ;e/lrejka
inkaO wjfndaO;dj hk m%ldYhlg 2002 tl h' f i|yd ls%hdud. f,i
w wdhqO ;e/lrejka ,shdmx lsu fyda ;e/ldr lghq;= i|yd n,m;%hla fyda
iy;slhla ksl=;a lsug fuu .siqug wod, rgj,a iska wjOdkhg fhduq l< hq;=h'
jdiafikd jevms<sfj, wvx.= imqK f,aLkhla my; i|yka fj wv j,ska
,nd.; yel' www.wassenaar.org fyda http://projects.sipri.se/expcon/Wassenaar_documents.html
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44
l,dmSh m%fYhka (Regional Initiatives)

iq w yd ieye,a wdhqOj, kS;s frda iq,n u" ixirKh yd l=gkh
ms<n
s | wm%l
s dkq fmd u;h ms<n
s | nudflda m%ldYh (Bamako Declaration)
ys mj;ajk ,o 35 jk wm%sldkq iyfhda.S;d ixOdk
iuqf iq w Nd;h" m%jdykh yd kS;s frda
ksIamdokhg wod, m%Yakj,g i fif wruqKska yd 2001 kS;s frda iq w
fj<|du ms<sn|j tlai;a cd;Skaf.a iuqj wruqKq lr .kska wm%sldkq fmd
m%fYhla ZZ m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,'
1999 cQ,s ui we,acSh
Âlgiers&
(Orgnisation of African Unity - OAU)
iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO ms<sn| wm%sldkq fYaI{hskaf.a m<uq ieisjdrh 2000 jif

uehs udifha b;sfhdamshdf wia wndnd Âddis Ababa) kqjr wm%sldkq iyfhda.S;d
ixOdkh (OAU) iska meje;ah' iq w iq,nu" ixirKh yd l=Gkh wduka;%Kh
i|yd m%;sm;a;s" wdh;ksl ieliS yd ls%hdud. ykajdug wod, Wmfoia ud,djla
yd wm%sldkq fmd m%fYhZZ ms<s.ekSug fuu /iaf ;SrKh lrk ,'
2000 foien ui mj;ajk ,o OAU wud;H /iaf" cd;sl" l,dmSh yd
wka;cd;sl jYfhka iq w jHdma;sh md,kh lsug iyfhda.S;d ls%hdud.hla
.ekSu i|yd nudflda m%ldYh ksl=;a lrk ,' wm%sldkq iyfhda.S;d ixOdkh" OAU ys
ôeka wm%sldkq ix.uh f,i yekaf& ish idudlhkaf.ka iuka; jQ fuu
m%ldYhgh u.ska md,khla fkdue;sj iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO jHdma;sh ksid
wm%sldkq uydoamfha we;s we;s Odldr yd kdYld n,mE meye,sj lshf'
cd;sl" l,dmSh yd wka;cd;slj ;u j.lS olajk nudflda m%ldYh" 2001 meje;ajQ
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a iq w iuqf idlPd boshg hdug jeo.;a n,mEula yd
w;aje,la h'
nudflda m%ldYh f.dv kexug is,a iudch $ ixOdk fnfyka odhl h'
nudflda m%ldYfha iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO j,g tfrysj is,a iudch $ ixOdk
bgq lrk ldhhka yd odhl;ajh i|yka f' nudflda m%ldYhg wod< jeo.;a wx.
my; oelaf(
cd;sl ugfuka rgj,a my; lreKq i|yd ne is;s(
iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO yd WKav kS;sfrda f,i ksmou" m%jdykh"

<;nd .ekSu yd Nd;h je<elaug kS;suh mshjr fyda fr.=,dis
ykajdu;a je hqKq lsu yd wka;cd;sl w fj<|df indOl lv
fkdlsu'
ksmojkakka" iemhqlrejka" fjf<kaoka iy ;e?lrejka ^fn%daljre& fukau
ke yd w;rue tacka;jreka inkAOj w m%jdyk fyda wmkhk lghq;=
md,kh lsug iqiq ls%hdud. ykajd u'
iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO iq,nu yd l=Gkh ms<sn| m%Yakh inkaOj
uyck;dj kqj;a lsf jevigyka je hqKq lsu yd m%YaKh i|d.ekSug
cd;sl ls%hdld ie,eiaula we;s lsug is,a iudch iu. imj lghq;= lsu'
kS;sfrda iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO iafPdfjka Ndr u ffOhhu;a lsu
yd w;sla;" h,a mek .sh fyda rdcika;l lrk ,o w wdhqO kdY lsu'
l,dmSh ugfuka rgj,a my; lreKq i|yd ne is;s(
igyka lsu" jd;d lsu" wdkhk wmkhk yd h:d fj<|du (licit trade)
inkaO md,kh iy kS;s l%udkql+,j inkalrKh lsu'
fmd,sish" f.=j iy foaYiSud md,k ks,Odka w;r woyia yqjudrej iy
l,dmSh yd uyoamsl iyfhda.S;dj je lsu'
wka;cd;slj rgj,a my; lreKq i|yd ne is;s(
iq w fj<|du wdKavq yd ksis m n,h we;s fjf<kaoka w;rg iSud lsug

w imhk rgj,a Wkka lsu'
ksIamdolhskaf.a" iemhqlrejkaf.a" fjf<kaokaf.a" ;e?lrejkaf.a iy ke
yd w;rue tacka;jrekaf.a ish w yqjudre ksis whqka bgq lsug;a"
w;sla; w f;d. wm%sldkq rgj,g wmkhkh lsf;a md,khla we;s lsug
ish ls%hdud. fhou'
iq w ms<sn| lghq;= wm%sldj mqrd ukd inkalrKhlska islsu iy;sl lsu"

nudflda m%ldYfhka n,dfmdfrd;a;= f' Wm l,dmSh ugf ksud lrk ,o wfkla
m%Odk wm%sldkq .siq ls%hd;aul lsf wdrNl ls%hdj,sfha zznudflda .siquZZ
wms%ldkq rgj,a i|yd jeo.;a Wmfoia yd f;dr;=re ,ndfohs' iq w wdkhkh"
wmkhkh" ksIamdok ;djld,sl w;aysgqu (ECOWAS Moratorium) f.%a f,ala ûyd ,a&
l,dmfha yd fydaka T*a wm%sld l,dmfha (wm%sldf w-Horn of Africa) wkjir iq w
yd ieye,a wdhqO jHdma;u ms<sn| khsfrda m%ldYh iy .sks w" WKav yd ta yd
inkaO wfkla WmlrK md,kh ms<sn| ol=Kq wm%sldkq ixjOk ljqkais, (SADC)
flgqm; f i|yd WodyrK f' fuu Wm l,dmSh .siqj, we;=<;a j.lS
nudflda m%ldYfha fndfyda j.lSj,g iudkf' ienekau iuyr wjia:dj, fuu
Wm l,dmSh .siq" nudflda .siqf nej,g jvd bfhka is'
fuu Wml,dmSh .siq j, wx. ls%hdjg kexug wdrN lr we;' kuq;a tu
ls%hdj,sh fndfyda wjia:dj, ukao.d we;' flfia jqj;a" iq w ms<sn| m%Yakh
iu b;d ixlSK" .=ld,Sk tlls' iq w iq,nu id:lj wduka;%Kh u.ska
we;sjk iduh yd iarNdjfha m%;sM, N=la;s ug ld,hla .; jkq we;' nudflda
m%ldYh yd wfkla Wm l,dmSh .siq blaukska yd id:lj ls%hdf fhoug
iduQyslj W;aidy .ekSu jeo.;af' fuu ls%hdj,sfha is,a iudchg b;d jeo.;a
ldhNdrhla mejf'
nudflda m%ldYfha imQK f,aLKh i|yd
wvh n,kak'
www.small-arms.co.za/BamakodecoI.html
fj
.sks w" WKav yd ta yd inkaO wfkla WmlrK md,kh ms<n

s | ol=Kq wmsl
% dkq
ixjOk m%cdf flgqm; (SADC Protocol on the Control of Firearms, Ammunition Other Related Materials)
md,khg hg;a fkdue;s iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO iq,nfuys n,mEu 1990 oYlfha
b;d fydka iah' fuuska wdrlaIdjg" ia:djr;ajhg yd ;sridr ixjOkhg
we;sjk n,mE ms<sn| wka;cd;sl wjOdkh fhduqug mgka .eKsks' iq w
jix.;h ksid uy;a mSvdjg m;a jQ yd vdjg m;afjka ;snQ ol=Kq wm%sldkq foaYhka"
fuu jix.;fha n,mEu uev,Sug tlaj ls%hd;aul u w;HdjYH nj ;SrKh l< y'
45
46
iq w yd wkjir m%jdykh ms<sn| ol=Kq wms%ldkq l,dmSh ls%hdld jevigyk

(A Southern African Regional Action Programme on Light Arms and Illicit Trafficking) 1998 jif uehs
ui wkqu; jQ w;r ol=Kq wm%sldkq ixjOk iNdj yd hqfrdamd ix.ufha foaY
wud;Hjreka w;ska fuu jevigyk tu jifu fkdjen udifha ks< jYfhka
;yjqre lrk ,' m%Yakh ms<sn| mq,a yd imQK laula l,dmSh l%shdld
jevigyk i;=f' jevigyk m%Odk wx. 4la wdjrKh lrhs
wkjir l=Gkh je,elau

/ia lsf yd ;j;a ia:dkhlg hef flfrk md,khka iy kS;s Yla;su;a
lsu
iudcfhka w bj;a lsu jOkh lsu yd w;sla; w kdY lsu iy
ksoNdjh" f;dr;=re yqjudrej yd Wmfoia .ekSu jehqKq lsu'
.sks w WKav yd ta inkaO wfkla WmlrK ms<sn| ie,ls,su;a jk wm%sldkq
ixjOk ljqkais, m%ldYh (Declartion Concerning Firearms, Ammunition and other Related
Materials in the SADC (March 2001) and the SADC Protocol on th Control of Firearms, Ammunition
and other Related Materials) ms<sn| .siqu ^2001 ud;=& iy iq w" WKav yd ta
inkaO wfkla WmlrK md,kh ms<sn| ol=Kq wm%sldkq ixjOk ljqkais,

flgqm; 2001 wf.daia;= ui wkqu; lrk ,' fuh ol=Kq wm%sldkq
.sksw flgqm; f,i o y\qkajk w;r fuh l,dmSh ls%hdld jevigyk
i|yd w;a;sjdru ouk ,'
(SADC)
wm%sldkq ixjOk ljqkais, (SADC) flgqm; u.ska m%Odk jevms<sfj,j,a y\qkajd fok
w;r tajd imQK lsug rgj,a 14la w;aika lr ne is;s'
flgqmf;a m%Odk wx. fufia h'
.sks w md,kh ms<sn|j kS;s kej; i,ld ne,Su yd tu lghq;= taldnoaOj is
lsu
kS;s ls%hd;aul lrk wdh;kj, ls%hdld;ajh je hqKq lsu
.sks w tl;= lsu" kdY lsu yd bj;a lsu
.sks wj,ska iudchg jk n,mEu ms<sn| kqu jOkh lsu yd uyck;dj
kqj;a lsu
rch i;= .sks w ms<sn| md,kh kej; wOHhkh lsu
.sks w i,l=Kq lsu yd fidhd .ekSu ms<sn| l%shdj,sh kej; wOHhkh lsu
yd je hqKq lsu iy
wfkHdkH kS;s Wmldr i|yd bv ,ndu'
ol=Kq wm%sldkq ixjOk ljqkais,h (SADC) ol=Kq wm%sldkq ixjOk l,dmh ;=< lghq;=
inkAlrKh i|yd iq w i|yd jQ ol=Kq wm%sldkq ixjOk ljqkais, lgqj
wdrN lf<ah' ;jo l,dmfha iq w m%Yakh ms<sn| lghq;= l%shdjg kexf
wdh;kh f,i ol=Kq wms%ldkq l,dmSh fmd,sia m%OdkSkaf.a iyfhda.S;d ixOdkh
(South African Police Chiefs Co-operation Orgnisation-SARPCCO) m;a lf<ah' g wu;rj" iq w
ms<sn| wm%sldkq ixjOk ljqkais,-hqfrdamd yjq, (SADC EU) ls%hdld lKavdhu iq w
m%Yakh ms<sn| l,dm w;r woyia yqjudre lsug ksrka;rfhka uqK .efi;s'
flgqm; ls%hd;aul lsf ie,lsh hq;= m%.;shla ,nd.ekSug iuyr ol=Kq
wm%sldkq rgj,a iu;aj is' (SADC) iq w flgqm; ls%hd;aul lsf wjOdkh la
jQ uQ,sl lreKq my; laf'
(SADC)
cd;sl flakash uOHia:dk ( National Focal Points- NFPs) msysgqu - ol=Kq wm%sldj"
fudiela" fndiajdkd yd gekaidkshdj hk rgj, cd;sl flakash
uOHia:dk msysgqjd we;
SADC
cd;sl bf,lafg%dksl o;a; .nvdjka msysgqu- fudIia iy ol=Kq wm%sldj'

oekg fjd wrUd we;s (SADC) rgj,a f
cd;sl .sks w kS;s imdokh kej; wOHhkh lsu yd tajd taldnoaO lsu.sks w ms<sn| w;a kS;s flgq m;lg ol=Kq wms%ldj tl we;s w;r
gekaidkshdj;a" fndiajdkdj;a ish kS;s kej; jrKh lrhs'
uyck;dj kqj;a lsu - f inkaO lghq;= rdYshla zzwj,ska f;dr ol=Kq
wm%sldjZZ ^Gun Free South Africa& hk kka ykajk ls%hdj,shla ol=Kq wm%sldkq
rdcH fkdjk ixOdk iska is lrf.k hkq ,nhs' fudiela l%sia;shdks
ljqkais,h iska tys wdhqO /ialsf jHdmD;sh hgf;a wOHdmksl jevigyka
h;a lrk ,'
taldnoaO fufyhq meje;au - f i|yd lu ksoiqkla f,i ol=Kq wm%sldf
yd fudiela ys wdhqO tl;= lsug yd kdY lsrSug wdrN l, zz/I,a
fufyhquZZ (Operation Rachel) fmkajd osh yelsh'
.sks w flgqmf;ys imQK f,aLKh i|yd www.sadc.int/ fyda
fj wv n,kak'
www.smallarmssurvey.org/RegionalDocs.html
f.%
a -f,ali
a a ûyd ,a& l,dmfha yd fydak-a T*a-we*sl
% d ^wm%l
s df w&
l,dmfha wkjir iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO iq,n f m%YK
a h ms<n
s |
khsfrda m%ldYh'
nqreka" fldxf.da m%cd;dka;%sl ckrch" nq" b;sfhdamshdj" t;%shdj" flkahdj"
rejkavdj" iQvdkh" gekaidkshdj iy W.kavd hk rgj, rdcH ksfhda;fhda 2000
jif ud;= 15 jk k khsfrda m%ldYh w;aika lrk ,'
ol=Kq wm%sldf fuka l,dmfha mj;sk iq w iq,nu ms<sn| wNsfhda.hg mq,a
m%fYhla" ,nd ug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk khsfrda m%ldYh my; lreKq i|yd je
wjOdkh fhduq lrhs'
iq w md,kh lsug wjYH kS;s imdokh Yla;su;a lsu yd taldnoaO lsu'

kS;s l%shd;aul lrk wdh;kj, ls%hdld yelshdj Yla;su;a lsu"
kS;s ls%hd;aul lrk wdh;kj, foaYiSud w;r iyfhda.S;dj je lsu'
wdhqO tl;= lsu yd kdY lsu'
fmr-igkalrejka kej; igka i|yd le|u je,elau yd Tjqka kej;
iudchg m%;s.%yKh u mq,a lsu
iudch yd fmd,Sish w;r inkaO;dj jOkh lsu iy ck;d wOHdmkh
yd kqj;a ls mq,a lsu'
khsfrda m%ldYh ls%hdjg kexug iyfhda.fhka lghq;= lsug yd f;dr;=re

yqjudrej i|yd Wm l,dmSh wxYhla msysgqjd we;' l=vd fiajl msilf.ka ie,;a
fuu Wm l,dmSh wxYh khsfrda f,al ldhd,h (Nairobi Secretariat) f,i
flkahdf w.kqjr msysgqjd we;' fuu l=vd fiajl msi f;dr;=re m%p,s; lsu"
lghq;= ixOdkh" iy Wml,dmfha rgj,a w;r iyfhda.S;dj mq,a lsu i|yd
j.lshkq we;'
khsfrda m%ldYh ls%hd;aul lsu i|yd wjYH iyfhda.s;d ls%hdld jevigykla yd
thg wod, ls%hdld ie,eiaula 2000 jIfha fkdjen udifha ilid ksu lrk ,'
tu m%ldYh ls%hd;aul lsug wod, lreKq fuys meyeos,sj fmkajd fohs' khsfrda
m%ldYfha weu;sjrekaf.a m<uq iudf,dapk iuqj 2002 jif wf.daia;= ui
meje;ah' fuys ilia lrk ,o ls%hd;aul lsf ie,eiau imQK l< w;r" tu
ldhhka i|yd ld,igykla o ksudKh lrk ,' g wu;rj" m%ldYh ls%hdjg
47
48
kexu i|yd iyh ,ndf woyiska wdOdr ,ndfok wdh;k tl;= khsfrda
;=rkaZZ (Friends of Nairobi) f,i lKavdhula msysgqjd .kakd ,'
ta jk g ukao.dj ls%hd;aul jQ khsfrda m%ldYh ldhlaIuj ls%hd;aul lsug
iy" kej; m%dKj;a lsug weu;sjrekaf.a iudf,dapk iuqj lghq;= lf<ah'
l%shd;aul lsug wjYH iuyrla m%Odk wx. ;=,ska ;ju;a m%.;shla wjYH flfrk
wxY ukdj ms<nq f' tajd w;r
cd;sl flakaSh uOHia:dk (National Focal Points -NFPs) msysgqu

khsfrda f,al ldhd,fha ldhh Yaf,aIKh iy khsfrda m%ldYfhka
n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk l%shdld;ajh tu.ska bgqlr.ekSug j.n,d .ekSu
l,dmfha iq w m%YaKh ms<sn| ilaIK is lsu
cd;sl flakaSh uOHia:dk yd wfkla mdYajhka w;r f;dr;=re yqjudrej
.sksw ms<sn| cd;sl o;a; f,aLkhla msysgqu
cd;sl ls%hdld ie,eiaula we;s lsu" oekg gekaidkshdj" W.kavdj yd
flkahdj cd;sl ls%hdld ie,iq ilia lr we;'
khsfrda m%ldYfha jOkh mqrdu is,a iudcfha iyNd.S;ajh olakg ,ef' kg

m%ldYfha j.ka;s l%shd;aul lsug is,a iudch odhl f' WodyrKhla f,i foaYSh
is,a iudc ixOdk rdYshla ;ukaf.a cd;sl flakaSh uOHia:dkj, iudlfhda
fj;s' .egq ksrdlrKh lsf uOHia:dkh (Centre for Conflict Resolution)" uyd %;dkHfha
Tlia*e (Oxfam GB) iy W.kavdf fmd ls%ia;shdks ljqkais,h (Joint Christian Council) yd
mSm,a ;a i,s wdh;kh ^wdndO iys; mqoa.,hka-People with Disability& hk
W.kavdf cd;sl flakaSh uOHia:dkfha idudlfhda fj;s'
khsfrda m%ldYfha imQK msgm; i|yd www.globalpolicy.org/security/smallarms/regional/
nairobi.htm fyda www.smallarmssurvey.org/RegionalDocs.html fj wv n,kak'
ngysr wm%l
s df iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO wdkhkh, wmkhkh yd ksmou
inkaOfhka, ngysr wm%l
s dkq rgj, wdl iyfhda.;
S dj iska mkjd we;s
;djld,sl w;a ysg
q u (ECOWAS Moratorium)
ngysr wm%sldkq rgj, wdl iyfhda.S;djhg wh;a idudl rgj,a 16l rdcH
kdhlhska iska 1998 jIfha Tlaf;dan udifhaoS" ngysr wm%sldf iq w iy
ieye,a wdhqO wdkhkh" wmkhkh yd ksmou inkaOfhka jQ ECOWAS ixOdkh
iska mkjd we;s ;djld,slj w;aysgqf tl;djh (Moratorium) w;aika ;nk ,'
wjqre ;=klg jrla w;a l< hq;= fuu ;djld,slj w;aysgqf tl;djh 2001
jif ;j;a wjqre 3la i|yd > lrk ,' fuh" fujeks lghq;a;la i|yd fhdod
.;a m<uq tl;djh jk w;r iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO inkaOfhka ;djld,slj
w;aysgqf tl;djhla we;s lr.;a m<uq l,dmh ngysr wm%sldj f,io yekah
yelsh' iq w iy ieye,a wdhqO iq,nu inkaOj m,uqj wdrlaIdj (security first)
hk f;audj uq,a fldg f.k .si.;a m,uq .siqu yehg ECOWAS .siqu yekah
yelsh' fuhska .= ld,sk iduhla yd ;sridr ixjOkhla i|yd iq w md,khg
wjYH ls%hdud. .ekSu jeo.;a mQj fldkafoaishla f,i fmkajd fohs'
iq w ixirKh jeu keje;au i|yd .;a fuu foaYmd,ksl m%ldYh l,dmSh
jYfhka isl< b;d jeo.;a m<uq mshjrls' th cd;Hka;r jYfhka wkqu; lr we;s
w;r ^WodyrKhla f,i& Bg jdiafikd wjfndaO;df idudlfhda fldkafoais
rys;j iyfhda.h ,nd ug ;SrKh l<y' ;jo cd;sl wmkhk md,kh ;=< fuu
tl;djfha fldkafoais j,g .re lsug;a" ;djld,slj keje;af tl;djh
ls%hd;aul lsug Wmfoia yd$fyda ;dlaIKsl iydh ,nd ug;a tl we;'

fuu tl;djh ls%hd;aul lsug ECOWAS idudlfhda 1998 ls%hdld ie,eiaula
bm;a l<y' f wkqj m<uqj wjqre myl ld,iSudjla i|yd ;dlaIKsl iydh
,ndug tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixjOk jevigyk (UNDP) iska wdrlaIdj yd ixjOkh
i|yd iyfhda.S;d jevigyk (Programme for Coordination and Assistance for Security and
Development -PCASED) msysgqh' tu wdh;kh iydh ,ndug wjYH uQ,sl wjYH;d f,i
my; lreKq ykdf.k we;'
.=jkaf;dgqm, jrdh iy foaYiSudj, md,kh jelsu

l,dmSh mqyqKq jevigyka ;=<ska yuqod" wdrlaIl yd fmd,sia n,ldhka
m%;sixialrKh
wdhqO /ia lsu yd kdY lsu
is,a iudc ixOdk iu. iyfhda.h
wdhqO ksmojkakka yd ixjdoh
ngysr wm%sldf f;dr;=re nexl=jla yd iq w f,aLKhla ilia lsu'
1999 meje;s ECOWAS iuqf" l,dmSh" w f,aLKh ms<sn| m%;sm;a;sh rdcH

kdhlfhda iy;sl l<y' ;jo th ls%hd;aul lsug wjYH ud.h mdoka tl;djh
jvd M,odhsug rdcHhka yd ECOWAS f,al ldhd,h (secretariat) wkq.ukh l< hq;=
mshjr i|yka lrka kS;s ix.%yhla y\qkajd ka y' cd;sl fldi yd l,dmSh
flakaSh uOHia:dk we;s lsu" fuu tl;djfha ls%hdld l,ukdlrKh fydka
f.k hdug ECOWAS ;=,ska iyfhda.h ,ndu" fuu kS;s ix.%yhg wh;a f'
tl;djfha cd;sl wjYH;d ykajdu rchkag iyfhda.h ,ndug iy .siqu
l<ukdlrKhg yd > lsug ECOWAS .siqu Yla;su;a lsug fuu kS;s ix.%yh
ie,iq imdokh lr we;' tl;djh we;s lsu i|yd idudl rgj,a .;hq;= iar
ls%hdud. yd tl;djfha wruqKq i|yd wkql+,ug ECOWAS ys rgj,a i|yd
jevrduqjla iemhSu o fuu kS;s ix.%yh u.ska ,nd foa'
tl;djh i|yd
fj wv n,kak'
ECOWAS
www.nisat.org/
fyda
www.smallarmssurevey.org/Regional/Docs.html
.sks w" WKav" mqmr

q K jH iy ta yd inkaO wksl;
= a jH kS;
s frda f,i
ksmoug yd l=gkhg tfrys wka; weuldkq ix.uh yd .sks w" tajdfha
fldgia yd wka;.;h yd WKav wka;cd;sl m%jdykh md,kh i|yd wdoY
kshuhka (Inter-American Covention Against the Illict Manufacturing of and
Trafficking in Firearms, Ammunition, Explosives and Other Related Materials and
the Model Regulations for the Control of the International Movement of Firearms,
Their Parts and Components, and Ammunition)
kS;s ls%hd;aul lsu yd wmrdO md,kh inkaOfhka .sks w iq,nu ms<sn|j
kS;sfhka ne isk tlu l,dmSh m%{ma;sh wka; weuldkq ix.uhhs (Organization of
American States-OAS)' fvdksldj yer wefuldkq rgj, ixOdkfha wfkla ish
rgj,a f tl;djhg w;aika l<y' f wjia:dj jk g rgj,a 19la fuu
tl;djh iu; lr ;sf'70
49
50
fuu m%{ma;sh my; i|yka wdldrhg .sks w ksjpkh lrhs' WKavhla heug
ksudKh lr we;s fyda WKavhla heug myiqfjka yrjd .; yels" msmsul .sks
ula ish yels" kEu ner,hla iys; wdhqOhla fyda fjk;a kEu wdhqOhla fyda
kdYld mqmqrK jHhla" .sks .ekah yels WmlrKhla" .Eia fndan" w;a fndan
^f.%fka&" frdl k" ihs," ihs, moaO;shla fyda fndan f .Khg jef'
wka; weuldkq ix.ufha m%Odk ih fuu yekaf .eUqre njhs' fndfyda
iuqj, .sks w yekau i|yd wh;a jk w j. iSudiys; jQj;a" ngysr
wOf.da,fha urK" ;=jd, iy lmkhka i|yd j.lsjhq;= O j.fha iq w
yd ieye,a wdhqO i|yd wka; weursldkq m%{ma;sh yd w:l:kh fhoh yels h'
m%{ma;sfha b,lal jkqfhA"
kS;s frda ksIamdokh iy m%jdykh idmrdlrKh lsu'

ksmof w i,l=Kq lsu yd wmkhkh'
wdkhk" wmkhk" w;rue ia:dk i|yd n,m;% ksl=;a lsf l%uhla ykajd
u
wmkhk uOHia:dk md,kh Yla;su;a lsu
kS;sfrda m%jdykh yd inkaO ksmojkakka" .kqfokqlrejka" wdkhk yd
wmkhklrejka" kS;s frda ud. iy l%ufohka ms<sn| f;dr;=re yqjudrej
iy
ykd .ekSu" <;nd .ekSu" fidhd .ekSu iy f;dr;=re tla/ia lsu ms<sn|
w;aoelS yd mqyqKqj yqjudre lsu'
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a iuqjg fmr 2001 jif uehs ui wka; weuldkq iuqf
WmfoaYl lgqj fjdIskagka kqjr tla/ia jQy' /iaug fya;= ldrKh jQfha 20012002 jir i|yd jevigyk wkqu; lr.ekSu" iuqf iar ls kej; i,ld
ne,Su" fulaisflda rch bm;a l< isoa wOHhkh ms<sn| i,ld ne,Su" iEu rchlu
inkalrK ia:dk (Focal Point) we;s lsu iy iu;lsu" ykajdu" l%shd;aul
lsug wjYH kS;s yd kS;suh lghq;= i|yd j.lsj hq;= m%Odk ks,Odka y\qkd.ekSu
hkdhhs' jir 2001-2002 i|yd jevigykg my; i|yka m%Odk lreKq wh;a f'
m%{ma;sfha m<uq /iaug iyNd.S jQ mdYj iska wkqu; lrk ,o m%Yakdj,shg

iyNd.Sug m%{ma;shg w;aika lrk ,o ish mdYjhka Wkka lru'
ks,ugfuka" ;dlaIKsl ugfuka" iy foaYmd,k ugfuka kslaIKh yd
wjOdkh i|yd bv ,ndfok fuu m%Yakdj,shg 2001 cQks 15 jkod jk g
ms<s;=re ,nd ;snqfKa m%{ma;shg w;aika lrk ,o rgj,a 33 ka rgj,a 16 la
muKs'
by; i|yka jevigyfkys we;=<;a jk m rgj,a iska wkq.ukh lrk
ms<sfj;a i|yd ,ehsia;=j hdj;a ld,Sk lsu'
rdcH wxY yd m%uqL j.lsj hq;= wxY w;r f;dr;=re yqjudrej i|yd fm!oa.,sl
B- f,a ,ehsia;= ms<sfh, lsu'
weuldkq rgj,a ixOdkhg wh;a l,dmfha w imhkakkaf.a ,shdmx
f,aLkhla iEu'
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixOdkh" hqfrdamd yjq, iy nyqmdYal iyfhda.S;djhg
leue;a;la olajk wka; cd;sl ixOdk iu. inkaO;d we;slr .ekSu'
O ugj,ska fm!oa.,sl yd fmdf Nd;d l< yels m%{ma;s fj wvhla
ksudKh lsu'
fulaisflda rch iska 2001 uehs ui bosm;a lrk ,o isoa wOHhkh fuka"
wkjir w m%jdykh iy m%{ma;sh iu; lsf iy l%shdjg kexf
;;a;ajhka ms<sn| isoa wOHhkhka ksudKhlr" bm;a lsug rgj,g
wdrdOkd lsu'
u;ajH j,g weneys u md,kh lsf wka; weuldkq fldif (CICAD)

wdoY kshuhka ys i,ld fkdn,k ,o m%{ma;sh wdrN lsug wjYH wdoY
kS;s f.dv ke.Su f.j;a lsu' ^my; i|yka ia;r n,kak&
CICAD wdoY kshuhka (Inter American Drug Abuse Control Commission)

m%{ma;sh ldhlaIuj l%shdjg kexu i|yd wka; weuldkq m%{ma;sfha idlPdj,g
iu.dj" weuldkq rgj,a i|yd m%dfhda.sl Wmfoia ud,djla bm;a lrk ,'
u;ajHj,g weneysu md,kh lsf wka; weuldkq fldif (CICAD) wkq.%yh
hgf;a ksudKh lr we;s fuu wdoY kshuhka o 1997 fkdjen ui t<solajk
,' fuu kshuhka wdfoaY lr .kakd ,o rgj,a w;r jdKscj wf, jk .sks w yd
tajdfha fldgia" wka;cd;sl m%jdykfha mlaIKhg ,lau iy md,kh i|yd
wjYH ms<sfj;a yd ls%hdud. j, tl;=jlska fuu wdoY kshuhka ilia ;sf' ta
iu.u talrdYS n,m;% i|yd wjYH wju m%;Ska i|yd kshuhka o thg wh;a f'
.sks wj, m%udKh" j.h" ldKav wxl iys;j wdkhk yd wmkhk ms<sn|
f;dr;=re yqjudrej yd jd;dlrKh ms<sn| fhdackd o fuhska bm;a lrk ,'
fuu kshuhka f.A we;s m%Odk j,;d ;=kla ksid iq w wkjir fj<|fmd<j,a
fj; we;=ug imQKfhka keje;au wiSre we;' m,uqj" fuu wdoY kshuhka
iDcqj wka; weuldkq m%{ma;sh yd inkaO fkdu yd fuh tajd fhdod .kakd
weuldkq rgj, ixOdkfha (OAS) idudl rgj,a i|yd muKla wod, f' OAS
idudl rgl ksIamdolfhla fyda ;e/lrefjla fuu .siqug tl fkdjQ fjk;a
OAS rgl ;e/lrefjl=g fyda < .kafkl=g fyda ,sys,a md,khla yd kshuhka
mj;sk idudl fkdjk rglg wf, l< g" fuu wf," wkjir fj<|m,g
we;= f ;ckhla mj;S'
fojkqj" jdKscj wf, jk .sksw i|yd muKla m%{ma;sh yd wdoY kshuhka
iSudjk w;r fuu ksid rglska ;j;a rglg m%jdykh jk iq w inkaO yuqod"
wdrlaIl wxY yd fmd,Sish jeks O jQ wjidk Nd;d lrkakkag wod< kshuhka
m%udKj;a fkdu'
rchka iska .sks w rdcH fkdjk mqoa.,hska fj; ,nd f n,mj;ajk md,kfha
we;s j,;d ;j;a lreKls' rcfha wjir ,;a m%jdyk i|yd weuldkq rgj,
ixOdkh ;=< yd msg; by; lreKq fol ms<sn|j ;ka ls%hdud. .ekSu i|yd
foaYmd,ksl Wkkaj ;ju;a w,am nj tlai;a cd;skaf.a iuq wjika jd;dj
fmkakq lrhs'
f;jkqj" IKh msgqoelSu i|yd b,lal lr.;a wdoY kshuhka fuka" fuu wdoY
kshuhka fhdod .ekSu yd tajd l%shdjg kexu" wfkl=;a wka; wefuldkq tl;d
yd ls%hd;aul lrk wdh;k iu. kshu wdldrfhka inkalrKh fkdf
j,;djhls' f ksid iqiq l,dmSh m%fYhka iu. iuld,SkNdjhka f.a jdish
fuu wdoY kshuhkag fkd,ef'
weuldkq rgj, ixOdkfha
(OAS)
m%{ma;sfha imQK f,aLKh i|yd

fj wvh n,kak'
www.oas.org/juridico/english/treaties/a-63.html
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52
hqfrdamfha wdrlaIdj yd iyfhda.;

S dj ms<n
s | ixOdkfha iq w yd ieye,a
wdhqO ms<n
s | f,aLKh (Organisation for Security and Co-operation in EuropeOSCE)
iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO iq,nf m%Yakh ksrdlrKh i|yd wjYH jk Wmdhka"
m%;sm;a;Ska yd ms<sh iys; f,aLkhla" 2000 jif fkdjen ui 24 jeksod
hqfrdamfha wdrlaIdj yd iyfhda.S;dj ms<sn| ixOdkh (OSCE) y\qkajd kafka h'
md,kh l< fkdyels f,i me;sreKq iq wj, wl yd ia:djr;ajhg ydkslr ix;
u fuuska ykd .kS' hqfrdamh" uOHu wdishdj iy W;=re weuldjg wh;a
iyNd.S jk rgj,a 55la71 w;r l,dmSh wdrlaIdj jOkh lsu fuuska
wfmalaIs;hs' (OSCE idudcsl rgj,a j, imQK ,ehsia;=j i|yd wjika igyka
n,kak& iq w ksmou yd inkaO cd;sl md,khka iq w i<l=Kq lsu fidhd
.ekS iy ksjer jd;dlrKh" cd;sl igyka ;ef l%u yd inkaO ms<shj,
ksoNdjh iy iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO wdkhkh yd wmkhkh md,kh hk
lreKq fuu.ska wfmalaIs;hs' .egq je,elau yd m%cd;ka;%jdoh f.dvke.Su inkaO
l%shdj,sfha iq w j, n,mEu o fuuska ms<sUq f'72
f,aLKfha i|yka ms<shj,ska ,efnk m%;sM, Odldrjkafka tys Yla;Ska yd
j,;d ms<sUq lrkss' WodyrKhla f,i iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO wkjir
fj<|du keje;au i|yd jk kS;suh ls%hdj,sh i|yd wdkhk md,kh b;d jeo.;a
nj f,aLKh mqrdu ms<sf.k ;sf' rdcHhka iska tljQ fmd m%;ska wkqnoaO lr
.ekSu ksid iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO mejre ,shdmxfha ,shdmx wmkhk
b,a m;%hla ms<s.ekSu fyda neyer lsu ;SrKh lsug fmr rdcH mdYjhka
ksKdhl rdYshla i<ld ne,sh hq;= f ^fuu m%;Ska" 1993 fkdjen 25 jk k
wdrlaIl iyfhda.S;d yuqf (Forum for Security Cooperation) fhdod.kakd ,o w
m%jdykfha n,mj;akd m%;sm;a;Ska u; mok f)'73 udkj yslj,g .re lsu"
rg ;=< yd l,dmfha ;;a;ajh iy wka;cd;sl nej,g hg;a u fuu m%;Skag
wh;a f' f wkqj udkj ysl fyda uQ,sl ksoyiaNdjhka hgm;a lsu fyda lv
lsu fyda wfkla rgj, cd;sl wdrlaIdjg ;ckhla jk whqka iq w yd ieye,a
wdhqO fhdod .ekSu islrhs 74 k rdcH mdYajhka wmkhk ,shdmx bj;a
lrkq we;' flfia jqj;a" imQK m%;sm;a;s ud,djla fuu ksKdhlhka ksfhdackh
l<;a ^w wmkhkh ms<sn| hqfrdamd yjqf,a phd Ou moaO;sfha ksKdhl u;
msysgqjka&" Nd;d lr we;s jpk j, fkdmeye,s nj ksid fjk;a ksjpkhka i|yd
o bv ,nd fok w;r l%shdjg kexu Odldr ug bv we;'
f,aLKh yd iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO ms<sn| tlai;a cd;skaf.a ls%hdj,sh
ls%hd;aul lsu mlaId lsug" 2003 fmnrjd ui frdfkshdf nqlfria kqjr
wka;cd;sl iuqjla meje;aks' rgj,a w;r fmd m%;shla je hqKq lsu i|yd
iq w m%;sm;a;sj, O me;slv Tiafia iqiqu l%uh y\qkd .ekSug;a" je hqKq
lsug;a tajd cd;sl ;,fha ls%hd;aul lsug;a" fuys rgj,a tl;djhlg
meKshy' w ;e/ldr lghq;=j, md,kh" ix; l<ukdlrKh yd wdrlaIdj
i|yd fhda.H ms<sfj;a iy wdkhk yd wmkhk m%;sm;a;Ska fuu me;slvj,g wh;a
f'
OSCE
OSCE
f,aLKh lsysm wdldrhlska iSudf' tk"
wdfoaY lsu yd fhdod .ekSu iafPdfjka f' tu ksid kS;suh nej,g jvd
foaYmd,ksl ne u; jQ j.lS f
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j.lS meju wod< fkdf
iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO kS;Hdkql+, fkdjQ wjika Nd;d lrkakka w;g

m;af wjodku ksid wdkhk" wmkhk yd w;rue ls%hdud. i|yd fmd
ms<sh we;slsu" rch iska laIKslj ls%hd;aul l< hq;= ldhhka f,i
fmfkkakg ;sf
m%;Ska fjk;a ksjpkhka i|yd jD;hs' ta ksid ls%hd;aul ls ta wkqj
Odldr ug bv we;
iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO is,a mqoa., whs;sh u;a lsu i|yd m%;smdok
fkdue;'
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Code of Conduct on Arms Exports)
m%xYh yd tlai;a rdcOdksfha uQ,sl fhdackdfjka ys jQ hqfrdamd yjqf,a phdOu
moaO;shg 1998 cQks ui oS tl;djhg t<Ks' iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO we;+ w
wmkhkh lsu i|yd jvd j.lS we;s m%fYhla ,ndfok f,i ke=kq y~g
m%;sl%shdjla f,i tla w;lskq;a hqfrdamd yjqf,a rgj,a 15la w;r w m%jdyKh i|yd
jvd iyfhda.fhka hqla; jQ m%fYhla ,ndu ;j;a w;lskq;a" wruqKq lr .kska
fuu phd Ou moaO;sh ykajd ;sf'
fuu phd Ou moaO;sfha b,lal jkqfha l,ukdlrKh i|yd wju f,i ie,lsh
hq;= Wiia fmd m%;Ska yd hqfrdamd yjqf,a ish idudl rgj,a w;r idm%odhsl w
mejre wju lsuhs wkd.; hqfrdamd yjqf,a w mejre i|yd fyd| mokula ,nd
h yels kso Ndjh yd j.lSu jeks uQ,sl m%;sm;a;Ska fuuska m%ldY flf' phd
Ou moaO;sfha ixl,amh je hqKq lsug yd thg tljQ wdldrfha iqiq
foaYmd,ksl mirhla f.dv ke.Sug hqfrdamd yjq, mqrd is,a iudc ixOdk b;d
jeo.;a fufyhla bgq lrhs'
ksKdhl yd l%shd;aul lsf m%;smdok

,sianka yd ,lain.a kqjr 1991 iy 1992 tl jQ idm%odhsl w m%jdykfha
ksKdhl wgla hgf;a fmr ixlaIsma; lrk ,o Wmfoia" fuu moaO;shg we;=,;a f'
tu.ska my; i|yka ie,lsh hq;= lreKq flfrys wjOdkh fhduq flf
indOl" .siq yd md,k wldka (control regimes) jeks lreKq hgf;a hqfrdamd
yjqf,a idudl rgj,aj, cd;Hka;r ne j,g .re lsu
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;%ia;jdoh yd wka;cd;sl kS;s i|yd .re lsu inkaOfhka , .kakd
rf yeiSu yd wdl,am
, .kakd rg ;=,ska WmlrK fjk;a ;eklg fhduqlsu fyda kej;
wmkhkh ms<sn|j we;s wjodku iy
,nd.kakd rf ;dlaIKsl yd wdl Yla;sh
w wmkhk wkql=,;djh yd ls%hdld m%;smdokhla o hqfrdamd ix.ufha m%{ma;shg

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wkqu; fkdjQ b,a m;% ms<sn| f;dr;=re yqjudrej yd hl+gq jev ^tk tla
rglska wkqu;a fkdjQ b,a m;%hla ;j;a rglska wkqu; lsu& wffOhu;a lsu
53
54
i|yd iSudld WmfoaYkhla f' m%{ma;sh ykajd u ms<sn| jdIsl uYkhla

i|yd o bvlv i,ihs'
hqfrdamd ix.ufha m%{ma;sh ldrKd lsysmhla ksid jeo.;a f' hqfrdamd ix.ufha
wdKavq w;r ikaksfokh hqKqlsf wjia:dj ie,iSug fuhg yelsKs' f
m%{ma;shg tl;dj m<lr jir myla .;fuka miq fuu m%{ma;s l%u fohka
m%;slafIams; ksfok u.ska woyia yqjudrej ksid hqfrdamd ix.ufha fndfyda idudl
rgj,g fuu ldrKh inkaOj fyd| wjfndaOhla ,e we;' hqfrdamd ix.ufhka
msg; rgj,a /il iyfhda.h id:lj wdlIKh lr .ekSug fuu md,k wldh
iu;a we;s w;r th lekvdj iy hqfrdamd ix.ufha iy- idudl (associate states)
rgj,a we;= cd;Ska /ila iska ms<sf.k we;' hqfrdamd ix.ufha idudl;ajh 2576
olajd by< kxjka jir 2004 ;j;a rgj,a 10 la thg tl;= fuka fuu m%{ma;sh
jvd jeo.;a ikaia:dkhlg <dh' ôekg idudl;ajh ork rgj, imQK
,ehsia;=jla i|yd miq igyk n,kak&
iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO yqjudrej inkaOfhka fYaI i|ykla lrka weuld
tlai;a ckmoh fuu m%{ma;sh wkqu; lr we;'
m%{ma;sh idlPdjg Ndckh lsf ,nd we;s w;aoelS jkafka wdhqO md,kh
ms<sn| kS;s ;s j, we;e me;slv ms<sn| kej; uYkh lsug hqfrdamd ix.ufha
wdKavq iska fm<Uh' fuu m%{ma;sh u.ska uid n,d ke;s m%Yak .Kkdjla
inkaOfhka hqfrdamd ix.ufha idudl rgj,a iska mj;ajk ,nkq m%{ma;sfha
jdIsl uYk l%shdj,sfhaoS i fiug W;aiy ord we;' hqfrdamd ix.ufha
m%{ma;sfha l%shd;aulNdjh yd tys ldhNdrh fuu phd Ou moaO;sfha mKduhg
odhl jkq we;ehs n,dfmdfrd;a;= f' WodyrKhla jYfhka hqfrdamd ix.ufha
idudl rgj,a my; i|yka foa islr we;
wNHka;l lghq;= i|yd Nd;d l< yels yuqoduh fkdjk WmlrK

wmkhkh md,kh lsu i|yd hdka;%Khla fhdackd lrk ,' ^2002&
wdhqO ;e/lrejka md,khg md,k Wmfoia ud,djlg tl jQ w;r" wdhqO
;e/ldr lghq;= inkaOfhka fmd tl;djhla u; msysgd idlcd wdrN
flKs' ^2002&
n,m;% u; foaYhkays yuqoduh ksIamdok .egj ms<sn| i fiu we/Ks'
^2002& wjidk jrg <dfjk ia:dkh ms<sn| iy;slfha ;sh hq;= lreKq
ms<sn|j fmd tl;djhlg meKSu' iy
hqfrdamd ix.ufha iy tys iy-idudl;ajh ork rgj,a iu. f;dr;=re
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^2002&
m%{ma;sfha l%shd;aulNdjh wlaIKh lsu yd tys jmih mq,a lsu i|yd

wdKavqj,g n,mE lsu wxYh jkafka is,a iudc ixOdkhkah' hqfrdamd ix.uh
;=< 2003 oS h;a lrk ,o m%pdrl jevigyk is,a iudc ixOdk fufyhjk ,o
jeo.;a jevigykls' fuuska idudl rgj,g m%{ma;sfha wvx.= m%;smdokhka ish
cd;sl kS;s moaO;shg tla flfrkakehs b,a,d isk ,' tfukau wdhqO ;e/
lrejkaf.a lghq;= oej md,kh lsf l%uhla oshqKq lsugo tys b,a,S flrsKs'
hqfrdamd yjqf,a w wmkhkh i|yd jQ phd Ou moaO;sfha imQK f,aLkh i|yd
fj wvh n,kak'
http://projects.sipri.se /expcon/eucode.htm
iq w ms<n
s | hqfrdamh
S yjqf,a iuQy l%h
s dld;ajh (European Union Joint Action
on Small Arms)
iq w m%Yakhg iq,nf m%Yakhg ms<s;=re fif f.da,Sh m%h;akhg odhl;ajhla
f,i iq w yd ieye,a wdhqO md,khla ke;sj iq,nu iy me;su je,elau
i|yd hqfrdamd yjqf,a odhl;ajfhka iuQy l%shdld;ajhla 1998 foien ui"
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wmkhkh ms<sn| hqfrdamd yjqf,a phdOu moaO;sh (EU Code of Conduct on Arms Exports)
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Speech to the Humanitarian Coalition conference, November 2001, by Isaac Lappia.

Statement by UN Secretary General, Kofi Annan, to the UN Conference on the Illicit
Trade is Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects, 9 July 2001.
Small Arms Survey 2002, Oxford University Press.
Forecast International, 2002, cited in Small Arms Survey 2002, Oxford University
Press, p.14.
Ibid.
wka;.;h
1.
1997 Report of the UN Panel of Governmental Experts on Small Arms, United

Nations, A/52/298, 27 August 1997.
2. Counting the Human cost, Small Arms Survey 2002, A Project of the Graduate
Institute of International Studies, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. This section has been compiled using the following sources: Profiling the Problem,
Small Arms Survey 2001, A Project of the Graduate Institute of International Studies,
Oxford: Press; Counting the Human Cost, Small Arms Survey 2002, A Project of the
Graduate Institute of International Studies, Oxford: Oxford University Press;
Combating the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons: enhancing controls on
legal transfers, Biting the Bullet Briefing 6, BASIC, Saferworld, and International
Alert, 2001; What is Legal? What is Illegal? Emanuela Gillard, Lauterpacht Research
Centre for International Law, Cambridge; available on-line at www.internationalalert.org/publications.htm
6. Report of the UN Disarmament Commission, Guidelines for International Arms
Transfers in the Context of General Assembly Resolution 46/36 of 6th December
1991, UN Doc. A/51/42, 22 May 1996, Annex I para.6.
7. Extracted and summarised from a Working Paper to the UN Sub Commission on the
Promotion and Protection of Human Rights by Barbara Frey. E/CN.4/Sub.2/2002/39,
30 May 2002.
8. 1997 Report of the UN Panel of Governmental Experts on Small Arms op. cit., para
14.
9. Ibid., para. 17.
10. See, for example, B. Pirseyedi, The Small Arms Problem in Central Asia: Features
and Implications, UNIDIR May 2000; United Nations, The Machel Review 1996-2000:
A Critical Analysis of Progress Made and Obstacles Encountered in Increasing
Protection for War-Affected Children, United Nations, 2000, p.34 (hereinafter, The
Machel Review).
11. Robert Muggah and Eric Berman, Humanitarianism Under Threat: the Humanitarian
Impacts of Small Arms and Light Weapons (Small Arms Survey, 2001), pp. 3-4. In
this study, commissioned by the Reference Group on Small Arms of the United
Nations Inter-Agency Standing committee, the researchers found that in the cases of
Colombia, East Timor, and Kenya, forced displacement is influenced by even a
subjective perception of firearms-related violence.
12. Kathi Austin, Armed Refugee Camps as a Microcosm of the Link between Arms
Availability and Insecurity, 2002, p.1. Unpublished paper available from the author: a
case study of arms flows, availability, and impacts associated with the Dadaab
refugee camps in north-eastern Kenya.
57
58
13. Arms Availability and the Situation of Civilians in Armed Conflict, International
Committee of the Red Cross, Geneva 1999. p.16 (citing Kuzman study) (hereinafter
ICRC Arms Availability Report).
14. Ibid.
15. Robin M.Coupland and David R. Meddings, Mortality associated with use of weapons
in armed conflicts, and civilian mass shootings: literature review, British Medical
Journal, 1999 , Vol.319, pp.407-10
16. Peter Salama, Bruce Laurence, and Monica Nolan, Health and Human rights in
contemporary humanitarian crises: is Kosovo more important than Sierra Leone,
British Medical Journal, 1999, Vol. 319, pp.1569-71.
17. United Nations, Report of the Secretary-General on the Protection of Civilians in
Armed Conflict (S/1999/957), para 16.
18. The Machel Review, op. cit., p. 5.
19. Ibid., p. 33. An RPG is an anti-tank grenade launcher.
20. Robert Muggah, Caught in the crosshairs: the humanitarian impact of small arms,
draft chapter for Small Arms Survey, 2002, p.9.
21. Robert Muggah and Eric Berman, Humanitarianism under threat, Small Arms
Survey, 2001, pp.4-5. The UN does not collect statistics on injuries directly resulting
from armed violence.
22. Amnesty International, Human Rights Abuses with Small Arms, Illustrative cases
from Amnesty International reports 2000-2001.
23. Arms Sales Monitor, August 2002, Federation of American Scientists.
24. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2000, US State Department, released
by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, February 2001.
25. See, for example, The Terror Trade Times 2002, Amnesty International.
26. Ibid.
27. Michael Freeman, Small arms in Africa: counting the cost of gun violence, Africa
Recovery, Vol.15 No.4, December 2001, p.I.
28. Virginia Gamba, Quoted in Carolyn Dempster: Guns, gangs and culture of violence,
BBC News, 10 April 2002.
29. Wendy Cukier, Combating the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons:
Strengthening Domestic Regulations, Biting the Bullet Briefing 7, BASIC, Saferworld,
and International Alert, p.7,2001. Available on-line at www.internaional-alert.org/
publications.htm
30. Paul Eavis, The hidden security threat: transnational organised crime activity, RUSI
Journal, December 2001, Vol. 146, No. 6.
31. World Health Organisation, Small Arms ad Global Health, Geneva, 2001, http:///
www5.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/download.cfm?id=0000000158
32. Wendy Cukier, op. cit., p.6.
33. Eavis, p.cit.,
34. Government response to gun crime in the UK needs to go further, press release,
Saferworld, 9 January 2003.
35. For more detail, see D. Darchiasvili: Georgia: a hostage to arms in The Caucasus:
Armed and Defended Safeworld, 2003.
36. Luke Downing Child Combatants in Organised Armed Violence, ISER and Viva Rio,
www.desarme.org/
37. Michael Fleshman, Small arms in Africa: counting the cost of gun violence, Africa
Recovery, December 2001, Vol.15, NO 4, p.1.
38. S. Gautam and T. Koirala (eds.), Women and Children in the Periphery of Peoples
War, Institute of Human Rights communication in Nepal, December 2001.
39. International Committee if the Red Cross, Small Arms Survey, 2002.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
Human Rights Watch, World Report 2002.

Findings of a report by Working Group for Weapons Reduction in Cambodia, 1994.
Human Rights Watch, World Report 1996.
See, for example, Report of UN Panel of Governmental Exerts on Small Arms, UN
Document Reference A/52/298, 1997.
K. Mkutu, Pastoralism and Conflict in he Horn of Africa, Saferworld/University of
Bradford, December 2001.
D. Bannerjee and R. Muggah (eds.), Small Arms and Human Insecurity, RCSS/SAS,
Colombo, 2002.
Arms Availability and the Situation of Civilians in Armed Conflict, ICRC, Geneva
1999.
United Nations, International Study on Firearms Regulation, UN, New York, 1998.
P. Cook and J. Ludwig, Guns in America: National Survey on Private Ownership and
Use of Firearms, National Institute of Justice Research Brief, US Department of
Justice, Washington DC, 1997.
M. Buvinic and A. Morrison, Violence as an Obstacle to Development, InterAmerican Development Bank Washington DC 1999, quoted in E. Krug, L. Dahlberg,
J. Mercy, A Zwi and R. Lozano (eds.), World Report on Violence and Health, World
Health Organisation, Geneva, 2002.
Elizabeth Clegg, Sami Faltas, Glenn McDonald and Camilla Waszink, Reducing the
Stock of the Illicit Trade: Promoting Best Practice in Weapons Collection
Programmes, Biting the Bullet Briefing 12, BASIC, Saferworld and International Alert,
p.6, 2001. Available on-line at www.inernational-alert.org/publications.htm
Ibid., p.7.
See, for example, UNIDIR Disarmament and Conflict Resolution Project series on
Managing Arms in Peace Processes, UNIDIR, Geneva, 1995-1998
Wulf Paes, Weapons Collection Programmes: Different Approaches and Lessons in
Practical Disarmament, conference paper, given at Enhancing Security in the
Balkans: Enacting the Stability Pact Regional Implementation Plan on Small Arms,
24-25 June 2002, Belgrade.
Henny J. van der Graaf and Sami Faltas (2001) Weapons in exchange for
development: an innovative approach to the collection of weapons in Albania, in Sami
Faltas and Joseph Di Chiaro III (eds.), Managing the Remnants of War: Microdisarmament as an Element of Peacebuilding, pp. 159-82.
Amnesty International, Brazil Country Report, Annual Report 2001, available on-line
at www.amnesty.org
Owen Greene, Stockpiling Security and Reducing Surplus Weapons, Biting the Bullet
Briefing 3, p.6, 2001. Available on-line at www.international-alert.org/publications.htm
Ibid.
Ibid., p.7.
Ibid., p.10.
UN Disarmament Commission, op. cit., para. 17.
Section, Paragraph ii of the programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate
the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All its Aspects.
Amnesty International, The American Friends Service Committee, The Arias
Foundation for Peace and Human Progress, BASIC, the Federation of American
Scientists, the Friends Committee on National Legislation, Oxfam, Project
Ploughshares, and Saferworld.
The complete text of the proposed agreement is a available at www.armslaw.org.
American Friends Service Committee, Amnesty International, Oscar Arias, Norman
Borlaug, His Holiness the Dalai Lama, John Hume, International Physicians for the
Prevention of Nuclear War, Mairead Maguire, Rigoberta Menchu, Adolfo Perez
59
60
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
Esquivel, Jose Ramos Horta, Joseph Rotblat, Aung San Suu Kyi, the Reverend
Desmond Tutu, Lech Walesa, Elie Wiesel, Betty Williams, and Jody Williams.
Report of the Panel of Experts on Violations of Security Council Sanctions against
UNITA. UN Document S/2000/203, annex 1.10 March 2000. Final Report of the
Monitoring Mechanism on Angola Sanctions, UN document S/2000/1225, Annex. 21
December 2000.
Wendy Cukier, op.cit., p.2.
Ibid.
1996 Inter-American Convention Against the Illicit Manufacturing of ad Traffickig in
Firearms, Ammunition, Explosives, and Other Related Materials (OAS Convention);
1991 Firearms Directive, Council Directive 91/477/EEC of 18 June 1991 on the control
of the acquisition and possession of weapons; UN Convention on Transnational
Organised Crime of 2001; resolution 1209 of the UN Security Council, November
1998; UN General Assembly Declaration of December 1999; UN Commission on
Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Resolution of 1997.
Se Human Rights Watch open letter to the President of Burkina Faso, 28 March
2000, at www.hrw.org/press/2000/03/burkinao330letter.htm.
Those States that have ratified so far are Antigua and Barbuda (2003), Argentina
(2001), Bahamas (1998), Belize (1997), Bolivia (1999), Brazil (1999), Colombia
(2003), Costa Rica (2000), Ecuador (1999), El Salvador (1999), Grenada (2002),
Guatemala (2003), Mexico (1998), Nicaragua (1999), Panama (1999), Paraguay
(2000), Peru (1999), Uruguay (2001), and Venezuela (2002).
OSCE Member States are Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus,
Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Holy See,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Moanaco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, San Marino, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovak
Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, The former Yugoslav
Republic of Macedonia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United
States of America, and Uzbekistan.
Elizabeth Clegg, Owen Greenes, Sarah Meek, and Geraldine OCallaghan, Regional
Initiatives and the 2001 UN Conference: Building Mutual Support and complemetarity,
Biting the Bullet Briefing 2, BASIC, Saferworld, and International Alert, p.39, 2001.
Available on-line at www.international-alert.org/publications.htm
The principles include, inter alia, that the participating States reaffirm, for example,
the need to ensure that arms transferred are not used in violation of the purposes
and principles of the Charter of the United Nations. Also, each participating State
will, in considering proposed transfers, take into account, for instance: (i) the respect
for human rights and fundamental freedoms in the recipient country; (ii) the internal
and regional situation in and around the recipient country, i the light of existing
tensions or armed conflics.
OSCE Document on Small Arms and Light Weapons, 24 November 2000.
Michael Crowley, Roy Isbister, and Sarah Meek, Building Comprehensive Controls on
Small Arms Manufacturing, Transfer and End-Use, Biting the Bullet Briefing 13,
BASIC, Saferworld, and International Alert, p.15,2001. Available on-line at
www.internationalaler.org/publications.htm
Existing EU members: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Poland, Portugal , Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, The
Netherlands, United Kingdom
South Asia Partnership Sri Lanka

No 16, Rosmead Place
Colombo 7
Sri Lanka
Tel.: +94 11 535 3478
Fax: +94 11 535 3478
E-mail: sapsri@slt.lk
Saferworld
The Grayston Centre
28 Charles Square
London N1 6HT
UK
Tel.: +44 (0) 20 7324 4646
Fax: +44 (0) 20 7324 4647
Email: general@saferworld.org.uk
Web: www.saferworld.org.uk
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62

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Centre for Democratic Empowerment

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Disarmament, Demobilisation, and Reintegration

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Economic and Social Council

Economic Community of West African States

Forumi I Iniciatives Qytetare

Foundation for Security and Development in Africa

Interntional Action Network on Small Arms

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Kibera Youth Programme for Peace and Development

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Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers

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Pastoralist Peace and Development Community

Southern African Development Community

small arms and light weapons

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Security Sector Reform Programme

Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats

United Kingdom Working Group on Arms

United Nations Department of Disarmament Affairs

United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research

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