‘Advanced Testing and Characterization of Bituminous Materials ~ Loizos, Partl, Scarpas & Al-adi (eds) © 2009 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-415-55854-9. Moisture damage on bituminous stabilized materials using a MIST device ME. Twagira & KJ. Jenkins University of Stellenbosch, South Africa ABSTRACT: Several laboratory procedures for the determination of moisture sensitivity of pavement materials are used globally. However, current methods of saturation followed by mechanical evaluation after conditioning, yield both variable and unreliable residual strength ratios when compared with retained stiffness test results. This paper presents a new developed simple device, called moisture induction simulation test (MIST) to assess moisture-induced damage based upon cyclic pulsing of water, at pressure, into a triaxial specimen. The study investigates different saturation levels with experimental determination of stiffness ratio (Mr) and shear parameters (¢ and ) of bitumen stabilized materials (BSMs) ie. with foamed bitumen or emulsion binder. Mix compositions of aggregate blends with and without RAP, with different bitumen binder types and the influence of additional active filler (cement or lime) are investigated. The rating of moisture induced damage by MIST device on BSMs is discussed. Test results are validated with the known laboratory model mobile load simulator (MMLS3) device. The study found that the accelerated moisture induction process using the MIST device has potential for use as a tool to condition BSMs specimens. The use of static triaxial mechanical testing to determine moisture damage in terms of the residual cohesion at maximum saturation levels shows better ranking of mixture in term of moisture damage than, for example, a tensile strength retained (TSR) test. The validation of MIST device test results with laboratory MMLS3 device shows agreeable ranking of BSMs, 1 INTRODUCTION Durability of BSMs depends on, amongst other factors, resistance to moisture-induced dam- age. This is due to thin film of bitumen binder dispersed in BSMs with only partial coating of large aggregates, lower binder content in the mix relative to HMA, the presence of moisture in the mix and high air void contents. The consequences of moisture damage on BSMs in the field have been reported. Chen et al. (2006) reports failure on full-depth recycling (FDR) foamed asphalt in Highway 82 Texas, Ramanujan and Jones (2007) failure of FDR foamed asphalt in Cunningham Highway in Australia, and Fu et al. (2007) reported failure of FDR foamed asphalt in California. According to Fu eal. all reported failures resulted from poor drainage and infiltration/suction of subgrade moisture to the BSMs layer. Similar distress due to suction of seepage ditch water, patched water table and unpaved shoulder has been modelled by Birgisson and Bryon (2003). The saturated condition of BSMs layer slightly above optimum moisture content (OMC) resulted to severe alligator cracking and rutting of the surfacing layer. Several laboratory procedures have been applied for the identification of BSMs with unacceptably high moisture sensitivity (Birgisson et al. 2003, De Beer 1989, Jenkins 2000 & Long et al. 2003). Generally, these procedures stem from early findings of the Asphalt Institute (1992), where the moisture conditioning for mix assessment was carried out using vacuum saturation of the compacted and cured specimen, in order to accelerate any possible moisture damage. The conditioned and unconditioned specimens are then com- pared in terms of retained strength, e.g. TSR obtained after Indirect Tensile strength (ITS), or from Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) or Indirect Tension Test (ITT). Although 283this approach provides an empirical measure of moisture damage, it yields both variable and unreliable ratio in comparison with retained stiffness test results The new laboratory-based testing procedure and analysis protocol for the evaluation of moisture damage, considered more representatives of field conditions, was developed at Stel- Ienbosch University. Although the laboratory simulation cannot be an exact replication of mechanisms that manifest in service, it should represent the fundamental or key failure mech- anism for the BSMs, unlike previous, over-simplified procedures At the same time, a simpli- fied, reliable, and cost effective procedure is required for both research and classification testing of moisture susceptibility. In this study a testing and evaluation framework was based on the new MIST device that was developed, The moisture conditioning and mechanical test- ing (short dynamic and static tests) were applied for determining the level of moisture damage in the BSMs, The influence of saturation levels on stiffiness ratio (Mr) and shear parameters (cand 9) were investigated. These parameters are critical for the performance prediction of the BSMs. Several types of aggregate blends, with and without RAP, with foamed bitumen or bitumen emulsion binders, were investigated. The rating of the severity of moisture related damage on the selected mixes, using the MIST test is discussed and validation of MIST test results with a laboratory MMLS3 (APT) device is presented. The influence and effect of the addition of active filler (cement or lime) in the selected mixes was also investigated 2 EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM 2.1 Materials ‘Two selected materials types were used in this study, i.e. reclaimed asphalt pavement, Hornfels- RAP, and crushed virgin Quartzites (G4)'. The grading of the aggregates has maximum aggregate size of 19 mm and percent passing 0.075 mm of 10% and 6% respectively: Selected materials were stabilized in the laboratory with either foamed bitumen or bitumen emulsion binder. Two percent (2”4) net bitumen content was applied on both Hornfels-RAP and Quartz~ ite materials. The addition of 0% or 1% active filler (i.e. cement or lime) was also applied on the selected materials. The constitution of tested mixes led into 12 mixes. Table 3 shows the matrix of the tested mixes, 2.2. MIST device conditioning and testing MIST device was developed to evaluate the effect of moisture damage in the BSMs, while simulating the field pulsing conditions applied due to load repetitions. The essence of developing MIST conditioning procedure is to ensure repeatability and reproducibility of moisture damage for testing. Similar test procedures can be adopted for screening mois- ture susceptibility of other pavement materials such as hot mix asphalt (HMA) and cement treated materials (CTM), however testing parameters for fluid saturation would require Table 1. Constituted mix type and testing matrix. Aggregates type Binder type Homnfels-RAP + 2% net bitumen* Quartzite + 2% net bitumen* A—Enmulsion Mix 1: 0% active filler Mix 7: 0% active filler Mix 2: 1% cement Mix 8: 1% cement Mix 3: 1% lime Mix 9: 1% lime B—Foamed bitumen Mix 4: 0% active filler Mix 10: 0% active filler Mix 5: 1% cement Mix 11: 1% cement Mix 6: 1% lime Mix 12: 1% lime *Net bitumen is residual binder after evaporation of water on foamed bitumen and bitumen emulsion, 'G4 is South African classification system of crushed or natural gravel (TRHI4, 1985), 284re-evaluation. The MIST testing procedure has the following major subsystems: 1) fluid saturation subsystem by pulsing moisture into triaxial specimen. 2) loading sub-system using material testing system (MTS) 2.2.1 Fluid conditioning Six triaxial specimens (250 mm x 150 mm) were prepared for each mix. Preparation of tri- axial specimens is done by compacting 50 mm layers in a mould of 150 mm diameter, using BOSCH® vibratory hammer. Compacted specimens are cured in draft oven at 30°C for 20 hours followed by 40°C sealed in a thin plastic bag for 72 hours (Jenkins et al. 2008). After compaction and curing, the specimens are grouped into a set of two, with approximately equal void content (P.). The void contents are calculated after determining the specimen bulk relative density (BRD) and mix maximum theoretical relative density (Rice). The first set comprises three specimens for wet conditioning and static (monotonic) test, and the second set comprise three for dry (un-conditioning) static (monotonic) test. The test variables of the MIST device are set at 0.54 sec load time, and 1.40 sec rest period. ‘The pulsing water pressure is set at 140 kPa. The study on hydrodynamic force on seal sur- face conducted in New Zealand (2005) indicates that a vehicle travelling at 80 km/h can create hydraulic pressure under the seal with a magnitude of 140 kPa. Fluid conditioning for the MIST is done in triaxial cell after placing and assembling the specimen as shown in Figure 1,The conditioning variables were selected and related to the test setting of the ‘MMLS3 scaled accelerated pavement tester (APT) device, where BSMs were tested further. After MMLS3 trials the test variables appeared to be agreeable as the ranking of the BMSs concurred with that of the MIST device, this validating the latter’s procedure After MIST conditioning, the following specimen volumetric properties are determined. Volume of air voids (7) in specimen [em', BXE y, 1 100 o ‘Volume of water absorbed (V,) in specimen [cm'], V,=B-A @ Degree of saturation (S,) in specimen (%], G3) bowed Figure 1, MIST device features and conditioning set-up. 285where B= weight of saturated-surface dry specimen [g]; A= weight of dry specimen in air [2]; P, = air void content in specimen [%]; E = volume of specimen [cm']. The degree of saturation should be at least 80% for accurate screening of the BSMs. 2.2.2 Determination of retained cohesion and residual stiffness ratio ‘Mechanical testing follows the MIST conditioning. Mechanical triaxial testing is performed using the MTS, see Figure 2, to determine the shear parameters (c and @) and stiffness prop- erties (Mr). The detailed testing procedure is performed in accordance with the procedure developed by Stellenbosch University (2005). One set of three specimens with predetermined height and approximately equal void content is tested using static (monotonic) loading at 50 kPa, 100 kPa, and 200 kPa confining pressures. Another sct of three specimens is tested unconditioned at 50 kPa, 100 kPa, and 200 kPa confinements. The applied rate of loading is 2.1 mm/min. Retained cohesion ratio is calculated as follows: Cohesion of wet mix, (CoW) Retained Cohesion, (RC) Cohesion of dry mix, (CoD) (4) where, cohesion of wet and dry mix calculated from Mohr Coulomb cycle as per Equation 5 1+ 26. sing, 2C.cos Ising *” I-sing oy 6 where, ¢,, = Maximum principal stress at failure [kPa], ¢,= confining pressure [kPa], = internal angle of friction of the mix [deg], C = cohesion of the mix (kPal. One set on six specimens grouped in section 2.2.2 above arc tested using short dynamic (resilient) loading. The short dynamic test is non-destructive test. Therefore, it is performed on specimens prior to monotonic testing. The short dynamic (resilient) test is performed in accordance with the procedure developed in Stellenbosch University (2005). Conditioned and unconditioned sets of specimens are tested at a Stress Ratio of 10% and confinement pressure of 50 kPa at ambient temperature (25°C). The lower values of stress ratio and con- finement pressure were selected to minimize the effect of pore water pressure in the condi- tioned specimens. Three external LVDTs are mounted on the triaxial cell to measure recovered displacement ‘Alter the application of 5000 load cycles, the specimen is conditioned in the MIST device at different saturation levels, ic, 50%, 80% and 100% then the Resilient Modulus determined. For un-conditioned specimens, the dry Resilient Modulus is determined after application of 5000 load cycles. After Resilient Modulus tests, static (monotonic) tests are carried out ‘on the same specimen at a confining pressure of 100 kPa to determine the shear properties (c and @) of the conditioned and unconditioned sets of specimens. Residual Modulus ratio is calculated as follows: Resilient Modulus at S,(Q00%) , 199 Residual Modulus,(RM) sidual Modulus, Resilient Modulus of dry mix (6) where, S, = Degree of saturation [%4], Dry mix = Mix at equilibrium moisture content. Ranking of mixtures in term of moisture damage severity is determined from the calcu- lated ratios. The BSMs with high ratio show good resistance to moisture damage and BSMs with lower ratio shows poor resistance to moisture damage, A ratio in between can be ranked as medium to good or medium to poor. These ranking results on BSMs are then validated with laboratory MMLS3 which is setup at corresponding variables of 1.4 KN axial load, 420 kPa tyre pressure and full speed of 7200 wheel loads/hr. These variables are equivalent to light truck, hence minimal damage on BSMs and possible extended test duration. In addition to these variables a thin vinite layer was introduced at the interface of tyre and BSMs surface for the same purpose of minimizing tyre damage during wet trafficking. Ilustrative MMLS3 test set-up is indicated in Figure 3 below. 286Figure 3. Ilustration of MMLS$ test set-up including details of vinte installation. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The particle inter-lock, particle type, and binder content determine the steady state saturation level of the BSMs. The mixes with high void contents show higher damage due to access of moisture during pulsing time, Table 2 shows the pulsing time and void content to achieve steady saturation level. The saturation level can be related to the OMC of the mixes. From the results in Table 2, it is evident that moisture susceptible mixes show early damage dur- ing saturation. BSMs produced from Quartzites had lower moisture contents at saturation before damage occurred. The causes of damage are; firstly higher void content and secondly, low cohesion and adhesion of binder to mix. These factors contribute significantly to the serious erosion during pulsing of water pressure into specimen ‘The steady state of saturation in this study was determined by checking that there is no change in bulk mass on specimen on consecutive numbers of pulsing cycles (ie. prohibit- ing more moisture ingress in a specimen) or where severe damage occurred on specimen. Aggregate type also contributes to the saturation level. Quartzitic aggregate particles show less ability to retain moisture, Although some of the Quartzites mixes are less moisture sus- ceptible, but their steady saturation level is less than the OMC, see Table 2 and Figure 3. This is attributed to the glassy type of particles, which are resistant to moisture absorption. For the Hornfels-RAP aggregate types, the retention of moisture was approximately at OMC for both moisture susceptible mixes and less moisture susceptible mixes. OMC of BSMs is estimate to be 80% steady saturation level. 287Table 2. MIST conditioning time and related retained cohesion and residual stiffaess on different BSMs, Bulk Pulsing Rice relative Voids Saturation Steady Retained Residual BSM-foam and time density density content level relative saturation cohesion modulus BSM-emulsion [min] [Kg/m'] [Kg/m'] [%6] to%OMC level [%] ratio %] ratio [%] Hi0CF 11 2590-2177, 160 3 B * HACF 36 2593233213102 90 ea HALE 32 2592-2241 140109 99 100 QWCF 13 2572-249 6S 8 48 30.7 32 QUCE 16 2573-2196 14662 2 66.0 68 QHLE 16 2561-2198 14S ol 68.4 90 HACE 97 2577 2s, 40 100 741 9 Hell 6S 2694223713012 100 2.2 16 QuCE 13 2540-2139 «15860 60 - 3 QUCE 97 2516 2201.12, 8 ns 76 QHLE SS 2584-22731 87 87 818 m *(2) Incomplete results, H = Hornfels; Q = Quartzite; L = Lime; C = Cement; F = Foam; E = Emulsion. ° 2 4 6 3 10 2 Maximum saturation level as %OMC. s MIST pulsing time [min] SCF SHICr WILE Se Qc Se Qucr QF Heck mice HALE QWCE —B-QHCE k-Q-ILe Figure 4. Saturation level after MIST conditioning on different BSMs. From Figure 3, it is certain that most BSMs will attain steady state moisture saturation after 3.2 minutes of pulsing time or 100 pulsing cycles. Although saturation graphs begin to plateau after 2 minutes of pulsing time, this could be regarded as threshold for the highly moisture susceptible mixes, because high spalling from specimen occurs and signs of severe damage is observed. However to ensure reliable screening of BSM moisture susceptibility a threshold of 3.2 minutes of pulsing time or 100 pulsing cycles was identified. BSMs that can- not withstand the threshold are regarded highly susceptible to moisture damage. Therefore, their selection in the mix design needs proper consideration; while BSMs, which can with- stand the threshold value, justify selection in the mix design. 288The difference in MIST pulsing cycles (time) on BSMs, relates well with the residual cohesion determined by static and dynamic triaxial tests, see Table 2 & Figure 4. The BSMs that withstand higher number of pulsing cycles show high residual cohesion. While the BSM- mixes that withstand lower pulsing cycles show lower cohesion values. The influence and effect of the addition of active filler (cement or lime) is apparent in Figure 4. BSMs with the addition of active filler show higher moisture resistance, compared to mixes without addi- tional of active filler. By using the MIST threshold values, the following ranking criteria Table 3 are proposed for the BSMs mix design in relation to moisture damage. The classification of three differ- ent types of Bitumen Stabilized Materials is consistent with the new guidelines currently being developed in South Africa, where BSM1 will be able to withstand the highest levels of traffic. Figure 5 shows the comparison of BSM-foam and BSM-emulsion stiffness reduction due to ingress of moisture in the mix. The ingress of moisture in BSM-foam has more effect on stiffness reduction than BSM-emulsion. However, the addition of active filler in the BSM- emulsion has significant contribution to its stiffness retention even after the ingress of water. Some interesting behaviour is noted with addition of lime to the BSM-foam and BSM- emulsion. The anti-stripping behaviour of lime causes an increase in Resilient Modulus as saturation levels of the mixes increase, However, the effect on stiffness reduction occurs at high saturation levels, above the OMC of the mixes. Although this does not apply to all of the mixes with lime, it is a phenomenon that needs to be recognised, when either cement or lime is selected for the BSM mix design. The use of MIST devices has provided some insight on the failure behaviour of BSM with the ingress of water. The residual cohesion and retained modulus determined after MIST saturation yield results that are consistent with mechanical performance of BSM mixes under different moisture conditions. Table 3, Recommended retain cohesion after MIST conditioning. MIST pulsing MIST pulsing Equivalent residual Possible equivalent cycle [no] time [min] cohesion percentage [%] design material 100 32 275 BSM 1 260 BSM2 >s0 BSM3 90 80 7” BSM1 60+ BSM2 50 BSM3 40 30 20 10 ol Residual cohesion [%] Tested BSMs Figure 5. Retained cohesion of different BSMs and proposed limits 289eevee ener ener Hemicr Sowa erawer Sane gest = meee gcmice Bt 1600 F seao}.BSM-foam. 1200 _BSM-emulsion MP: Lime behaviour Bs ua 100. 800 600 400 200 Resilient modulus sr5im% Saturation level [%] Saturation level [? Figure 6. Resilient modulus versus saturation level of BSM-foam and BSM-emulsion. eti0c-x0t SeH0CHs HOC EO | Se @r0c Eon orcs eos GIO HOH AVERAGE Raveling-depth [mm] Cumulative number of load application Figure 7. Cumulative ravelling-depth of BSM-emulsion (Quartzite & Hornfels) with no active filler, tested at 25°C, 1.8 KN, 420 kPa and 7200 wih. ‘The representivity of the performance of BSMs conditioned in the MIST device could not be verified without a correlation test. The selection of MMSL3 scaled accelerated pavement testing device, for correlation tests, takes into account its known performance and ability to simulate field conditions. A similar testing matrix to Table for BSMs was prepared for the MMLS$ testing. Sample preparation and testing protocol for MMLS3 test is adequately reported elsewhere (Fbels et al. 2004). Wet and dry trafficking was carried-out to determine the residual tensile strength. The residual tensile stiength was determined by carrying out ITS tests. However, ITS tests provide inconsistent results. In order to find more meaningful relationships, ravelling depth (RvD) determined during MMLS3 wet trafficking was correlated to MIST Residual Cohesion (RC) ratio. Figure 6 presents the cumulative ravelling depth of the BSM-emulsion (Quartzites and Hornfels) without addi- tion of active filler. The mixes were trafficked in wet conditions at 25°C with MMLS3 axle loads of 1.8 KN, tyre pressures of 420 kPa and traflicking speed of 7200 wheel loads per hour. ‘The average cumulative ravelling depth was 13 mm after 2500 load applications. These results show that BSM-emulsion without active filler is susceptible to moisture damage. Similar 290Sa as ee Some GES SENN SE. a = € E* go. = s. % Zs é 2 : ae ee Cumulative number of load application Figure 8. Cumulative ravelling-depth of BSM-emulsion (Hornfels) with 1% cement or lime, tested at 25°C, 1.8 KN, 420 kPa and 7200 w/b. Tensile Strength Retain -d [TSR] @ Ravelling-Depth [RvD] @ Retained Cohesion [RC] Retained ratio [%] H+1C-G2+0C-G2+1C-G2+0C-H+0C- QHOC- HHIC- HHL EO] E02 FO! FOl E01 04 02 02 (long cured) BSM-mixes Figure 9. The correlation between TSR, RC and RvD on moisture susceptibility of BSMs conclusions were drawn from the residual cohesion ratios determined on MIST saturation, and static dynamic test. ‘The effect of moisture damage during MMLS3 wet trafficking resulted in ravelling (loss of aggregates). No significant edge-heaving occurs in the wheel path, instead, the moisture ingress destroys the cohesion properties of the mixes, and hence aggregate particles become loose, ‘The loss of cohesion and adhesion on the mixes causes spalling of coarse and fine aggregates during traffic loading. The negative values recorded in one briquette Figure 7 shows a sign of initial heaving prior to ravelling of the materials, though this is not a predominant chara- cteristic with other briquettes. 291The BSMs with known moisture susceptibility were trafficked first, followed by less moisture susceptible BSMs, Figure 8 presents the cumulative ravelling depth of the BSM- emulsion (Hornfels) with addition of 1% cement or lime. The MMLS3 wet trafficking on BSM-cmulsion (Hornfels) with active filler, used test conditions similar to those applied on BSM-emulsion without active filler stated above. The average cumulative ravelling depth of 0.6 mm after 45000 load applications occurred on cement mix; whilst, an average of 10 mm ravelling depth after 45000 load applications occurred on lime mix. These results show that BSM-emulsion with the addition of cement is less susceptible to moisture damage relative to similar mix with addition of lime. Similar conclusions were drawn for the residual cohesion ratios determined on MIST saturation and static dynamic test. In conclusion, the MMLS3 ravelling depth on wet trafficking of the BSM-emulsion shows good correlation with MIST and short dynamic tests. More testing is underway to be able to correlate ravelling with retained cohesion for each mix in the test matrix. The comparison in Figure 9 superimposes TSR values, ravelling depths (RvD) from MMLS$ tests as well as Retained Cohesion (RC) ratios. Ranking of BSMs using these test results highlights the empirical nature of the TSR in measuring moisture related resistance of BSMs. TSR ranking criteria show inconsistencies with the other results. Reasonable com- parison is obtained from MMLSS tests and triaxial tests in terms of moisture sensitivity of BSMs. However, only limited results are available at present although more research is in progress. 4 CONCLUSIONS The performance and fundamental characteristics of BSMs associated with moisture dam- age have been studied using the MIST device conditioning method, and validated using a known laboratory scaled APT device (MMLS3). Based on the data of the study, the follow- ing conclusions are drawn — The determined inter-particle voids in the BSM-foam and BSM-emulsion show a range of values of 12% to 17%. BSM-foam shows relatively higher inter-particle voids than BSM- emulsion for the aggregates in question and the same compaction energy. — The aggregate type, in this case either Hornfels or Quartzites, has no particular affect on differences in voids content of BSMs. However, there is clear increase in the voids con- tent of BSMs without active filler compared to BSMs with the addition of active filler (ie. lime or cement) The MIST conditioning correlated well to moisture susceptibility of the BSMs. It is evi- dent from the results that moisture susceptible mixes show severe damage upon saturation. BSMs with Quartzite aggregates had lower saturation moisture contents before damage occurred. The causes of severe damage are: firstly higher void content and secondly, low cohesion and adhesion of binder to mix. These factors contribute significantly to the seri- ous damage during pulsing of water pressure into the specimen. — The difference in MIST pulsing cycles (time) on BSMs, relates well to the residual cohe- sion determined by static dynamic triaxial test. The BSMs that withstand higher number of pulsing cycles show high residual cohesion, While the BSM-mixes that withstand lower pulsing cycles show less cohesion strength. From MIST conditioning, it can be seen that most BSMs attain steady-state saturation after 3.2 minutes pulsing time (100 pulsing cycles). Therefore, 3.2 minutes pulsing time or 100 pulsing cycles is threshold to screening of the BSMs, BSMs which can’t with- stand the threshold are regarded as highly susceptible to moisture damage. Therefore, the selection of such a BSM in the mix design requires proper consideration. While BSMs, which can withstand the threshold value, justify acceptable selection in the mix design — The MMLS3 ravelling depth on wet trafficking of the BSM-emulsion shows good correla- tion with MIST and short dynamic tests. More testing is underway to be able to correlate ravelling versus retained cohesion on each mix on the test matrix. 292ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Author, wish to acknowledge SABITA and Gauteng Department of Transport and Public works South Africa, for sponsoring this research work. REFERENCES Asphalt Institute, 1992, A basic asphalt emulsion manual. Manual Series No 19: 87Second Edition Lexington, USA, Birgisson, B., Roque, R. & Page, G.C. 2003. Evaluation of the water damage using Hot Mix Asphalt fracture mechanics. Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists AAPT Volume 72, Kentucky Birgisson, B, & Byron E.R. 2003. Improving performance through consideration of terrain conditions (Soils, Drainage, and Climate). Transport Rescarch Record 1819: 369-377. Chen, D.H. 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