Professional Documents
Culture Documents
VISHAP, PALL,MBBS
Govert~rnentMedical Cc~llegc,Chandigarh. India, C h w nf 1996
Serirs Editol; U , of Texar, gal vest or^. Resident i11 Internal Medicine &c
Preven live %ledicine
TAO LE, MD
Universiry Califcirnia, San Francisco, Class of 1996
PARAG MATEFUR, MD
Mayo Schotll oT Medicine, Class nf 2001
JOSE M. ITERRO,
La Sallc I;nivrrsitv. hRlcxicn City
HOANG NGUYEN, MD, MBA
Northwestern U n i v e ~ ~ i tClash
v, of 2001
Blackwell
Science
CONTRIBUTORS
Fadi Abu Shahin. MD
Svl-ia. CF:ws of 19W
tv or Da~r~a*cr~u,
l~i~ivei-si
Aarchan Joshi, MD
lrCI.AJi~lesS ~ r i T;.vc
i ~ Knsti~~ite
Vipal Soni,
Ir(:L4 School nf \frrlirinc. C:la<snT 1 qI10
Diego R~uix,MD
F'CSF Schrml 01 Mcclirinc, [;law o f 1909
Notice
The :~urho~-s of 111ih tulumc IIAVP ~ ~ i 111artlir inthrm;~ric~n
t ; ~ k 13r.t' cunlair~ccl11crci11i q arcumrr and compui-
Ijlc wilt1 tlie \tnnrlartE~ge-rnrl.al11arrrptt-rl at the ~ i i n c of p~lhlicnrion.Y~vrrthrlesh~ it i?dim<rdt 10 C I I S U ~ C
that all thr ~nfnrmation~ v e r is r r r ~ tclv
i ~ accllrate I'or a17 crrrtImsrancc<. The p ~ ~ l , l i ~ h c r a~lthnrs,do nut
anrl
Fiamntee Lht- rtlntents of thih I>c~r)k and disciaim arlv liahilite 10%. o r rfanlagc iflcllI'red ac ii mTIVCqUeIlCe,
(lirt*cll\ ar intlircctlv, nf t l l r Il\r and hppliration o f any o f tllc con1cnL.u ol' l h t f vnltln~?.
CONTENTS
Acknowledgments
Preface t o the 3rd Edition
How t o Use This Book
Abbreviations
Hip Fracture C- i
Knee-Combined Knee Injury 1- ,$
Knee-Osgood-Schlatter's Disease r A +t
~eg-compartment Syndrome
Pelvic Fracture
F"
, -- 1
* A
3
" - 8
Shoulder Dislocation I I
r.-- 4
Shoulder Separation
Spine-Prolapsed Intervestebral Disk
Temporomandibular Joint Dislocation r+''f
Thorax-Cervical Rb I
F
Wrist-Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Wrist-Scaphoid Fracture I
,"
.1
<o
Wrist-Slash Injury i
Lung Cancer-Lymphatic Metastasis r -1
Lung Cancer-Pancoast's Syndrome -z,q
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
T l i r ~ ~ ~ the
g h production
o~~ of this book, we have had the s u p
port of marly friends and colleagz~es.Special thanks to our sup-
port team including rZnu Gupta, Andrea Fellows, Anastasia
Anderson, Srishti Giipta, Mona Pal1,Jonathan Kirsch and Chirag
Amin. For prior con tril>t~tiotis
we thank Giarlrli LC N,pyen,
Tan111Mathur, Alex Grimm, Sonia S ~ I I ~ Cand
I S Elizabeth
Sand~rs.
-
Rlackwell Scierice I,td, 1999. Fig~ll-es12.3, 18.3, 1P.Sh.
EIliott 1': Hastings M nD e s s ~ r l x r g ~U.r I , P T ~ ~ I , ~ on
PN O~P.T
~Mprlirnl
Mirrohiolngy 3" Il,Jitiou~.Osney Mead: 5lackwell Science Ltd.
1997. Kgurcs 2, 5. 7 , 8. 9. 11. 12. 1.1. 15. 16. 17. 19, 20, 25, 26.
c - q
2 f , A, :<o,94, 35, 32.
Mchta AB, FJoEFbmnd AV. Ho'oprnnroln~nf a C l ~ n r r .Osnev
.
Mead: Blackwell Science Ltd, 2000. Figures 22.1, 2?.2,22.5.
And most important of all, the 111ird edition sets now include
two brand new COLOR A T W suppIcmena, one for each
Clinical Vignette scries.
step I Book Codes are: 2 = .2natomv Step 2 Book Eoden are: FR = Fmergeilcv hlerllc~nc
nS = H r h a v ~ na!~ Srlrnre IM 1 = Inremail \ft.rI~clr~e.
t'ol. 1
BC = I5tr1c11cnll\lrv 1M:! = lntri nal CIrdirir~e.\bl. 11
M1 = M ~ c m h ~ n l nYol. p. 1 SlCU = Nrrimln~?;
M'1 = M ~ c r n h m l nVnl. ~ ~ T~I nn = OH/(:W
PI = Pa~hopliwitrlc~gy. 1'111 T PEn = Pedistnrs
P2 = I ' a ~ l ~ t r p l ~ c ~ ~Xh1.
n l o p[I . SLIR = surge^ v
P.7 = I'a~hcrph~ctnln~. Vnl. TI1 SW = Pavchint~1
PT 1 = P h a r n ~ a r n l o q \lC = MinrGa~t.
T1--u
\/ A M-P3-032A
Case hlumber
/
Indicates Type of Image: I I = Hrrn,unlr,gv
M = MICI u~hinlncg
PL = C:I o s c Pdrhnlnp
7 Indicates UCVl ar UCV2 Series
PM = hllrrnwnprr I ' a r h o l o ~
- ( i . ~ . Srep
, 1 Casc with h e Rasic S c i ~ n Step
c ~ f Atlas link).
* Each current ancl Cuture crlition of our popular Ant Aid for
IJlr 1!SMfJ<S'lri, J (AppIeton Pr L;lrige/ McGra1t7-f1ill) and Firs[
Air1 Jrjr t f i p ILCZIIZ St? 2 (AppleLon k lAange/McGraw-Hill)
book ~villhe lir~kedLO I he cnrscspoilding UCX' case.
Wu eljxrlinated UCV + First Aid links a.i the? Frequently
b e c o r ~o1~1t~nf date, as thc Fir.r/ Aid 13ooks a r r revised yearly.
The CoIor Atlas i s also speciallv designed for qui~zing-
captions are descriptive anrf rlo not give away t1lc caw name
directlv.
IJikcas Bhushrrn
I/i.qhnl PnM
Tan 12
October 2001
This series was originalIv clevelopcd tu address the increasing
number of clinical ~-i;ignctteque5tions nn medical examinations,
including the USMLE Step I and Stcp 2. It is also drsihmed LO
supplcm t n t ancl conydempnt the popalas Fir~l,4i/f.[m! l i p
IJS,WIJ:'SIP/)I (Applernn XE Lange/McC;raw Will) and Fjrst Aid
/br 191r1i,Ti2111.Sf+ 2 (Applrtnr~k Lange/McCmW Hill).
.PT j~igularT-enouspreqsurr
RUE Iti~lneys/i~r~ter/t~IacLrler
1,DM Iariale deh~rlrr~genasr
LES lower tsophagewl splliilcler
LIT5 li\.er- li~tlctiontests
LP lumhar p~lnrizll-e
I ,I' left vetr tr-icular
LW-l Icft 'tvenfric(tl;tr hyperi rt)phy
1,l't PS electl-nlytey
R.IC:IIc mean cr>rplisct~f;lr hpnjt~glol>in
rnncrntration
MCW meail CCEI-~IISCZI~:II- ~ml~~rnt'
MEN rnilltiple endocrinc ncolslxia
MHC
Nl1
h,lOPP
pracarbazine Jprc-dnisone
hlK tnagnelic rcsonancc (imaging)
t\TfIl, norl-Modgkin's 1~mphorn:i
NIDDM non-in5uTin-clcpc11dent cliabetev mell i t u s
NPO nil per os (norhirlg h? ~ 1 1 ~ 1 u t h )
NSATD nonste~oiclalanti-inflan~mato~v dri ~g
PA poqteroantei-ior
PIP proximal in t erp halangeal
PBS peripheral I~loorlsnie;w
PE
PFTF
PMI
PMN
PT pr-othrombin time
PTCA percliiaileotis transIuminal angioplasy
l'TH pat-athyt-<)idliorn~o~lu
TTT partial t h rorn boplalirl ~ i m c
PUD peptic ulcer disexre
KHC: r r d blood cell
Rl'R
RR r-espiralnry rare
RS Rced-Sternbet~ (cell)
R17 right vcntricrilar
RXW ~ hypertropll!~
right v e n t ] - i r 11ar
S BFT s ~ r ~ abowrl
ll follow-through
SIiZDH sy~ldrorneof inappropriate secret ion 01' ,AnH
SLE systemic 111p1isei~tYlemat~sus
STT) srx~raI1yt~~i-lsrnitted disease
TITS tliyroirl lrlnctien tesw
P.4 tissrie pln5minc~genactir*;lzor
TSEI thyroirl-stim ~rlacingyhormone
TIIIC: rota1 ir-on-binding capacity
TIPS transjugular intrah epa tic pr>rtos).stumicshunt
TPO ~hyroiclpcroxiclase
*rsH 1hyrr3icl-stimulating hormone
-rrP t h r o ~ hatic
n thrornhr>cytopei~icpurpr~ra
LTA urinalysix
LTCl upper G1
LTS
VDRL Venereal Disease Researth Lahnratot?
VS vital si%gns
TJT yen I 1-icular tachpcal-clia
WXC: while blond cell
MT'M' Mbl IF-Parkinson-Whitc (.wndrome)
SR s-rav
ID/CC A 29-year-old male cornes to the medical clirljc beca~iseof
palpitations, wexkne~s,atid fatigue that dr~esno( allow hirn
to 19-alk more than five blocks, togethrt- wit11 coldness of his
right foot.
G ~ S Pathology
S Ahnurmal communic;itiun between artcry ar~clvcirl. iri this case
as a result or a penctrating injury.
ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA
ID/CC th prr,gi.essive shortness of
,4 I2-ycai.uld furnalc pl-csrnts ~vi
breath on exertion artd palpitations.
Gross Pathology The iiiost cniiirliclil (r $r.nl iq i t ) fie midseptum, in the area of the
I tllosr in tllc Tower scptlinl
Soramen omle (OSI 1 1 . h S~ I ~ . I , C I U DIM):
((n\nrlu P K I M I I Z ~ ) are associatc,d with AV valve iincsnl;~lieu(rnosr
cclrnnlurl in D o M ~ ' "11ir1sr ~ ; ill he 11ppts srpltlin ( s r ~ r l sv i . ~ t l s ~ s )
arc. awx-ixterl wirh anomaln~lspulmot~aryvenous return.
A T R I A L SEPTAL DEFECT
ID/CC A 25-vearuld male postal worker whn waq stabbed in the chest
a n~tygingis brought to the cmer-getlcy room in a semi-
rh~rit~g-
conscious shte, gasping for air (DWPKEA).
Gross Pathology BIood rrom sitrs of injury fills pericardial sac, causing conlpres-
sion of all l ~ e a rrhamlwrs
t anct pl-ruenting vennns i-etril-11,heart
filling, and artcrial Q I I ~ ~ O ~ V .
Discussion Unlike this case, the ma-jnrir), oi"pat irrits ~ vt h i penetrating cltest
11-aumawill have a pnrumothorax or hetnothorax. The triad nf
Ecck (hypotension,distant heart sounds, and increased venom
pressure) is c h a r a c t w i ~ f i cnT cardiac tampolrade.
7 C A R D I A C TAMPONADE
IO/CC A 57-year-oid male is seen l3y the resident on call hecausr hc
complains of pain in the p i n area and coldness in the right
foot.
Labs CBC: low hematocrit. Prolonged clotting. time, PT, and MT.
fl
^ : I
FEMORAL HEMATOMA
ID/CC /In S-yeal--old femalr with a history of recurrent pneumonia and
low exercise tolerance i s referred to a pediatric carlrtliolo~stfor
evaluation.
HPI The child was horn prcrnaturely and has a history of recur-rent
her mother had rubella during her
rerpiratory tract infcctio~~s;
P'eP='cY -
PE Delayed growth and development (fdth percentile); wide pulse
premure: prominent carotid pl~lsation;increased JGT;
continuous "ma&eryU murmur with systolic accentuation and
thrill at second intercostal space at left pwaq~ernalho~-der:
increastd intensill: of apical impiilw.
Gross Pathology Pa ten1 rl~lcrusarturiosus (PIIA) connects the aorta and left
pzhonary artery just distal to the origin of the left subclavian
artery.
I
Aorta
Clmbilrcal arteries
Figure A-007A Narrrnvrrl puln~onar!ar.leiy, ve~~lrici~lat. septa! delrrt. aorta overlying !>oh
rigti1 ant1 left vt~11tr.i~
Icr. :I nd h v p ~ ~lnptiic
r rig11t vrn trirlc.
TETRALOGY O F FALLOT
Imaging CXR: concalitv in region nf main pulnit>r~ar). artei-~:rigllt
veu~ricularenlargement (13ocr1-sri.zvtoI I LZRT); diminished
pulmonary vascularity. Echo: shows all Fimr gross li~~dings.
cA,II:cl~accathett=rizariouconlirmatorv.
HPI Thc cllild had pneumonia when she was 7 days old. at which
~ i m c11er parLen&
we]-e informed of a c*otlgenital heart tnurtnur-.
Atlas Link
Discussion The parahyeid glands are the rmhrvnlogic rlerira lives or the
dorsal endodem of the third and folrrth brachial pouches.
T l ~ eglands may bc found anywhere Crom thc sl~periormecli-
a s r i n t ~ r nto thc carotid hifi~rcatinnbut arc usually located on
he posterior aspect and in close proximity in or embedded in
the thyroid gland. L~suallvtl~crearr turn superior and two
i~lFc:r.iol-glands. but superrliirnerary and absent gla1-td3arc not
uncommon.
HYPOPARATHYROIDISM-IATROGENIC
ID/CC (1newborn male is evaluated Ibv a neonatologist brcause of
~ o s i 5 .
Discussion Newborns are obligate nose breathers. so pat ientq nit11 chnanal
atresia cannot inhale cnough air and thus become cyanntic.
\$'hen the child cries, air i s breathed into his lungs via the
inouth, correcting the qanosis. ,4 normal choana allows cam-
munication hehveen the nasal fossa and the nawpharynx.
CHOANAL ATRESIA
IDJCC An IS-y=ar-old college freshman suddenly collapses in the
middle of a dinner a t 11is fri-itert~iyhouse: shortlv thereafter
s ) he qtruggles cle~pcratclyto
his face turns blue ( c u ~ ~ o s rand
I>reathe.
MPI He had hecn drinking heavily most of the dtcrnoon while cele-
hratin~his school's football victory (and thus was less able to
chew his food properly, had decruased sensation in his mouth,
exel-cised less caution, and had impairment of tile cough
reflex). He W ~ also
C laughing hcartilv while eating.
CHOKING
ID/CC A S4vear-old male complains of acute pain on the left side of
his Face whenever he eats accompanied by swelling of the same
siclt of his face (ducl to trapping of saliva in the parotid duct);
he also complains of l-tavingeexpullud "saridy*'milterial with h i s
saliva.
Iliscussion All the salivarv gland4 and tl~ictsnrav present wiih stnrtp rnrma-
tinn (SIAIX)~.I I 1 tl,e<~s):the condition is Creqnentlv associated wit11
r t>ronicinrection of the glands. Apprnximately 80% of salivary
gIand stones are rorincl in the submandibular gland (Mrhal-ton's
duct).
ID/CC A 19-year-old woman presents with a painless sweUig just
beneath her hyoid bone.
HPI The swelliag has been getting larger over the past several weeks
but has not been p a i n f ~ ~ l .
Imaging XR, lateral neck: may see mass compo~edof soft tissue with n o
calcification. Nuc: ratlioactive iodine may localize in cyst if cyst
corltains Cunrtionin~;thyroid tissue.
His mother statcs that the b q has had recurrent bouts of sore
throat several times a year Col-the past 5 F r s . crzch lime trearerl
r f f r c t i v r l y w i ~ hant ihiolics.
Atlas Link
IDJCC A 35-vear-nld woman i s kr-nllght to the enlergency room by
amhutance because of the suddcn appearance of'severe
retrosternal pain with radiation to the hack and ahrtornen along
~vihdvspnea; the pain i~ppearedafter vigorous vomiting.
Gross Pathology All layers or the esophaps arc tori1 completely in posterior
lateral wall of esophagus on left side (vs. Mallory-ZI7c"iss tear of
otlll; superficial esophageal lavers; presents as pnstetnetic m+
hl~eding} . %
-+
n
0
Treatment RI-<)ad-spcclrumantibiotics, chest tube and surgical repair. z
rn
7
A
Discussjon Postemetic rupture of the esophageal wall (BOFRJZMKES' 0
r
SYNDROMF:) i~ lisl~allvqeen f ~ l l n ~ ~protracted
ing and forceful 0
G
I
vomiting of snlid fond; it is common in alcoholics, bulimics, and -<
pmcpantwomen and in any cvndi tion that increases in tra-
ahd(~mini1presstire. The esophaps has three anatomic
constrictions:the cardiac (the most common site of rupture},
t h r aortic arch, ancl the cricopharyng-eal.
* BOERHAAVE'S SYNDROME
A ft~ll-term,3-week-old male is ht-ol~glit to his family physician
for his second welIkabv visit, at which time the physician notices
lhat the in fan^ is jaundiced (jaundice clid not start i~nmediately
aCter I~irth,as is the case wit11 physiologic jaund ice).
DUMPING SYNDROME
ID/CC A 57-vear-old white male complains of deep, burning retraster-
R N ) worsens when he lies down,
nd pain (I I ~ . L ~ W ~ B L ~that
Discussion Most hiatal hernias are sliding (the srnii-racli herniate5 intn the
thorax ~ogetl~el-
w i ~ hthe g a s t t ~ e s ~ p l l a g ejunction,
a! producing
Figure A-018 Protrusinn of thc stomach above the rliaphmpn, causiilg l~~ll-shaped
supraphrtnir dilatation.
r- HIATAL H E R N I A
reflux), but they may also he paraesophageal (the gastm-
esopha~eal. junction remains fixed below t11r diaphragm with no
reflux; symptoms are due lo pressure). Complica~ionsaworiated
with pataesophagcal hiatal hernias arc s~nngltlation, ohstr~tc-
tion. incarceratior~.and hrmorrhk~gr.Chronic untreated
pstroesophageal reflux disease secondary tr, a sliding l l i a ~ ~ l
hernia mav lead to Barren's esophagus (columna~metaplasia of'
the distal esophagus), which i s associated with an increased risk
of esophageal adenocarcinoma.
H I A T A L MEFNIP,
lD/CC A Mav-old male is brought to the emergency room with bilious
vomiting, ahdomind distention, and failure ta pass stools.
HPI The full-term hahy faiIed to pass rneconium in the first 24 hours
afier birth hut did so i~nmediatelyfollowing a rectal exam.
Imaging XR, ahclomen: massively dilated colon with gas and feces; rectal
air nurmally tisible in presacral area is ahsent on lateral erect
~ I Ecaliber between gxnglienic and
view, BE: a h r ~ ~ cI~ar~ges
pt
a911glinnic segments: fail t~l-eto evacuate barium.
fi HIRSCHSPRUNG'S D I S E A S E
TD/CC X 45-ycar-oIcI female prcscnts with pain and compiaitls of
heaviness and a "twnar" in her abdomen; she also has a fever.
HPI Eight wreliq ago rhe harl heen I~ospitaIizedfor epigastric pain,
nauwa, and rnmiring due to acr~tepancreatitis.
Imaging CT/US: large cystlike fluid cnllect ion in close proximity to pos-
terior wall OF stomach, origi-inatit~gin pancreas.
I - I PANCREATIC PSEUDOCYST
ID/CC A 56-year-old male bus driver is rnsl~edto the emergency room
with generalized, excruciating abdominal pain that began in the
epigastric area aftcr he atc a large meal; 11e also cr>inplainsof
nausea and vomiting.
HPI I-le is a heavy smoker. For the past 3 years he Ilas suffcscd frorn
chronic. episodic, burning epigastric pain that was diagnosed
as a p s i r i c dcer and treated with antacids and H2 receptor
blockers.
Atlas Links
PEPTIC ULCER-PERFORATED
ID/CC A 47-yeasoId male is brought by ambulance to t h cmergcncy
~
roorn vomiting copious amounts of blood ( x ~ : w s nH~E U ~ ~ M E S I S. )
Discussion The portal vein i5 formecl hv the joining of the mesenreric vein
and the splenic vein; tributaries include the left and right gastric
veins. On occasion the inferior meseriteric vein drains into the
superior mesente~icvein rather than in to the splenic vein.
Atlas l i n k
PORTAL HYPERTENSION
ID/CC A newborn rnalc. haky prchents with inahilily to accept food:
he chokes, coughs, and vomits with each attempt to feed him.
F- TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA
Imaging CXR: coiled feeding catheter in upper esophageal pouch;
gastric air bubbIe present.
? A B D O M I N A L AORTIC ANEURYSM-RUPTURED
ID/CC A iT5vear-old woman prese~irswith groin pain, vomiting, and
abdominal distention Tor R honrs.
HPI Shc has also noticed "a Ilunp" in the Ieft groin.
Labs normal.
CRT;/LVI~S:
Imaging KLrB: dilated small 'bowel loops with multiple air-fluid levels;
rounded area of intesi inal gaq over3ving left groin area.
FEMORAL HERNIA-STRANGULATED
I DJCC 11 58-year-cllrl ollese Inan presents 10s an evaluation ol"a "lump"
in the anal area of 3 davq>dt~ratinn,ra11qingacute, mnstant pain
t t ~ a rinrrcascs d1ir.irlg defecation.
PE Patient r17alksvery slowly with both ?ear apart anrl sits down in
r'liair .;irlewavr; extert~alr ~ c l aex;lm
l r.pvp;~lsprewnce d ' a
rounded.3c-111, purple mass in thr anal verge i l ~tais tense and
extremely painfill to the touch: ititeri~aldigital rectal exam
P acllte pain: maw Ir)caIi7~rIto nuter anal
impcr~cibleC ~ I I tcl
region.
Discussion Exlernal hcrnorrllc~idsa r r dilatations of' the ;in;ll veins fmtw the
inii.rior hemnr~rhoidal~jlexlcs,which drains it110 thr internal
pudur~dalveins. Intcrnal hemorrhoids lie a l ~ o v rthe mucocura-
nerlus junction (pectinate line) ancl helong to [lie wperior
hemol-1hoitlal plexus, wliich dt;linr inro the pol-tal vein through
rhc inferior rncsrntcric vein. Intcrnal hcmerrhoids arc painless
(\.iscel-al in t~erratiotl)anrl are covererl hy Inucosa. Extcrnal
hcmorrhoirls arc piiinfr~l(somatic innrr-ralir,r~)arlcl nl-e covered
1~ skin.
Attas Link 1
' 1 1 '1 I SUR-028
* I N G U I N A L HERNIA-DIRECT
ID/CC .% P,%eal--nEd male weight liftel- come5 to the emergency room
I~ecauseof a painful lump in the right scmtal area that began
cal-licr in the morning.
Imaging KLTR: dilated sm;lll bowel locjpv will1 air-fluirl levels in steplarlrlcr
pattern; mass in right scrotum.
I N G U I N A L HERNIA-INDIRECT
lD/CC \t2-yearald boy is ! , m ~ i ~t lo
h the en-lergencyroom I>? his par-
ents l~ecausrof a n increase in the size o f his beIIy and persi5tent
vomiting.
HPI Two weeks ago the hnv had bright red blood in his stools For
4 davs.
Imaging KLlB: air-fluid Icvcls with small howcl Inop rlistenrion. Nuc:
prvsencc of ectopic gasltric mucosa confirmed.
Micro Pathology Con tai 11s ectopic acid-secrehg gastric mucosa irrlrl pancreatic
tiswe.
Treatment S~rl-gicalexcisio~l.
MECKEL'S DIVERTICULUM
IDJCC A 73-vca~oldmail is hruughl lo the E:K Frnm his nursing hnme
because of thc sutldcn developmpnt r)C intcnse abdominal pain.
HPI T h e p a t i c n t s t a t c s ~ l ~t11epainissevere;tndevenworsethan
at
his prior MI. He Ilas a history of similar hut less severe rrrampy
abdominal pain aftw meals (inrestinal angina); he is a Iieaw
smoker.
fl MESENTERIC I S C H E M I A
IQ/CC A '1-~ueek-nlrlmale i s hrougt~tto the f;amilv cloc;tnl-brcause his
parent5 t~nticrrla "lump near the child's buttocks'" the lump
son~urimcsdisappears hut invariahlp reappears when rEle chiIcI
cries.
Treatment Sm-gical.
isc cuss ion Petit's tri:~nglei s for-merl h v the iliac crest iihferiorlv, thr. poste-
rior border or the external ohliqlzc anteriorly, :;ntl the an ierior
bnrrler or I h e latissimus ctnrsi rnuqclc pc>stcriorly.Petit's triangle
hernias arc srcr~irl all age groltps ancI are more common in
males, arising morp frequwtIy on the left side.
PETIT'S TRIANGLE H E R N I A
lD/CC A 33-year-old gas station attencIant is brought to the emergency
room after sustaining a bulIet wound on the back o f his leg.
Discussion Richter's hernia refers to a type nf hernia in which only one wall
l y antimcsentcric border) is trapped
of the intestine ( u s ~ ~ dthe
by the constriction ring of the hernia; ia can occur with l'emoral,
inguinal. or timbilical hernias (more common in the femoral
type hecause of the narrow orifice). Since gas and feces may still
pass through thr. nonconstricted area, s i p s of olwtruction are
usualIy ahsen t. Femora1 (crunl) hel-nias, found medial to the
Femoral vein in the femoral canal. arc more common on the
right side, more cotrimon in w o m m , and prone to strangulate
early. The Femoral ring is formed by thc inguinal ligament, the
lacunar (GIMRERVAT'S) ligament, the Femoral vein (easily darn-
aged during repair). and the pelvic border.
RICHTER'S HERNIA
ID/CC R T%year-olrl Temalc corneq ro the emerge~encyroom cornplaitling
of acute abdominal pain that is colicky in naturc, d u n g with
pain in between contractiorw and inability to pass f l a w .
Gross Pathology Sigmoid excessively mobile and twisted over its own mesentery
with massive distention and thinning (paperlike qualitv) of
intestinal wall.
9 SIGMOID VOLVULVS
ID/CC A 2Syear-old tnale is hrougl~tto the ernergen7 room i11 a con-
fused state after being iilvolvccl in a high-speed rlorvnhill skiing
accident.
SPLENIC RUPTURE
ID/CC A 13-year-old boy: is hrmigh t to the ernergcncy rorm ljr? his par-
ents a r c r a n accident at school: hc was walking along n $[eel
d whcn he slipped and fell, straddling the rail.
~ ~ ' n i -rail
HPI H e was in extreme pain initially. 1121 home the pain subsided
'iotneWt~at.Upor1 2 wination, a few dmps of bloody urine wcrc
pi-utlilcucl. T l t e child also nolicerl qwelling 01- his scrontrn.
7 STRADDLE INJURY
ID/CC A 42-year-olcl fcrr~alron the p n e c o l o e ward cumplains OF a
dull, aching pain on her left Bank as well a3 riausea and vomiting
on lier t tiirrl postoperative clxy; [the in tern notices that the
palient has alsn heen olipric o~ernight.
* URETERAL INJURY-IATROGENIC
IDJCC A 43-vuar-ald female complains of numhness and swelling of the
legs; qhe also ha5 muscIe fati-gue in the afturnuvt~qwi~lia feeling
of heaviness in t h r Inwei. exrt-emi ties aswcia~erlwirli cutaneous
lumps and humps.
PE Ohese: rliffiri~lryI>reart~ir~g
after clinlhing a flight nT stairs; facial
pletliorn; examination of lo~vcrextremities rrvrals swelling with
dilatation of veins in territory n l greater saphenous vein.
7 VARICOSE VEINS
I DJCC A 3 1-yearilld white female comes to her- Fatnilv physician for a
routine physical examination.
Micro Pathology Simple. cyst wilh serous fluid, lincd with a single layer of col~tm-
nar epitl~eliun~.
HPT She has given birth to five children, all by vaginal delivery. She
co nlplairl s nS urine leakage while coughing, sneezing, or running
(STIZFSS I N ( : O ~ I I M F V I:F.). Her menses are irregular. hut she has
Treatment L%laddrsrew~spensionsllrgery.
Labs
Ernaging
Micro Pathology
Atlas Links
MPI The in t ~ r nhas been tl-ving [to reassure t h p chilrl's mnther that
he]. rhilrl's rot~ditiot~
i'; benign, Imt hi< re:issurnrlce5 hirvc bren
LO nu avail. Thc rlclivcrv was unrvcntful except fnr a pmlongrrl
expulsive perind.
Treatment Observation.
* CAPUT SUCCEDANEUM
ID/CC A neonatologist is ca!led into the nursery for an emergency; a
newborn hahv girl has hecome dyspndc and turned blue
(cymo~rr.)upon her arrival from the delivery room.
S p ~ n a cord
l
Vertebra
Rib
Aorta
pleuroperttoneal Mesentery of
oesophagus
Cef t
pleuroperitoneal
lnferror vena.. membrane
Contr~bution
from body wall
traosversum
Oesophagus
7 CONGENITAL DIAPHRAGMATIC H E R N I A
BOCHU,ULIC), leading to protrr~sionof [he abdomina! viscera
into the chest; it is usually located on the left side. Parasternal
or- retrosternal (FORLIEN OF MOR~;AC;NI) hernias are also congen-
ital bur usrlally do not produce symptoms so early and are
located antcriorlv (11s. Roclida~ek'spostcrolateral location).
Pulmonary hypoplasia is the tnort common cause o f death in
infants w i ~ hdiaphragmaric hernia.
ID/CC A l-day-old male infant pvIoric sirnr~sis.which i q xsqociated
(i7.s.
Treatment Sl~rgicalrepair.
DUODENAL ATRESIA
ID/CC A 3-week-old male is hrcmght to the pediatricia~ifor projectile,
nonhilious vomiting t I ~ h1 e ~ p ntotl,w s11or.rlv afl'rur feerlin~.
HPX Orfcsa pcriod of a frw hour<. the pain migrated toward his
p i n . I t lasrerl for 30 minutes anrl then stoppcd for anothur
30 minutes before n~ddenlvrecurring (due to periodic
pesiqtal~ic111r )tion nf' 1.1re~er).
Discussion Renal ir-act stones may produce one or the most severe forms of
pain known duc to obstruction arid s ~ n o o t hmtiscle contraction.
Ihlculi inav he bornirrl of calcium oxalate, inagnesium
arnmoraium phnspl~ate,cvstitle, or uric acid. Approximately 85%
of renal calculi ai-e radiopaque calcium oxdate stones. Uric acid
stoncs arc radioluccnt.
NEPH R O L I T H I A S I S
ID/CC A 4.5-year-old man. ~tlefarher of swen children, comes to a ram-
ily planning clinic fnr acl~-iceregarding birth control.
HPE She nlsa rornplnins of intermittent vertigo and ringing in the ear
(TINNITI!S). She has no history of earachc, car clisclaitrge, or
eri~ptionaver the pinna.
Treatment S l ~ r ~ i crmn~ov;tl.
i~l
ACOUSTIC SCHWANNOMA
ID/CC A 42-year-old man presents ro his fararnilv doctor rnrnpjaining tof
pain and stiffness on one side of his neck that precIudes normal
moi~pmpllts.
HPI Tlir patient is obese and sedenlarv and never exercises. His paill
startccl after h e wenk outside and shovelet-I rhe firqt m o w withor~t
ws~rmingup (sudden, ~ i g o r o l ~plysiral
s rserrise).
PE I-Iead tilted t o one side: par ieut callnut straighten hear1 without
rnnsiderahlc pain: accornpn ied by considerable muscle s p m
in left drle or neck.
ACUTE TORTICOLLIS
ID/CC A -57-year-nlcl rig11t-handerl male is Ix-ought to the emergcncv
I-OOHI 13v his relatives hccause t l ~ noticed
y that altl~oughhe
speaks flt~rrltly.he has beg1111ro use inappropriate words and
phrases to rprer to ol-dii~al-yn l j e c t ~a n d event? in his daily lifc
HPX I Ic suflers fi-om chronic hypertension that has been treated with
calcium channel hlnckerr.
1:
, A ,
':
A ,
A
,
, , , , , , , ,<
,
A,
fifih cligii Tor 2 s ~ c o i ~ d s .
k.:;>,,--,,,< ;, :, ; " , , , , ,
", , , ,, , ,,,
., ..
8
, A , ,
(n-Srru~isky'ssign).
blCq
c - APHASIA-WERNICKE'S
lD/CC A 7-year-olrl girl is hl-oiqht hy her parents to the pcdiatric umer-
gencv drpartrnen t hecarl~eor a severe headache t11:t~does not
respo~ldto treatment wit11 analgesics.
Gross Pathology Grayish cystic mass; zones af necrosis, hemorrhage, and calcifi-
cation; cerebral edema.
HFI The pi-evinuq night, Elis wi€e 1101 iced thac he was sleeping with
his right eye open and l h a t the righi sirle nT t i i q race was droop-
ing. That morning, the patient couId not cop drooling on the
right side of his ~nouth.He has no1 c l o s u l ~monitored
~ his blood
Sllrdr for sr\,cral months.
* BELL'S PALSY
Figure A-053A Drnlnnstmtion
01' ~~rurnlogic
drficit secol~dary
I
tr, a cr;tnial nervr lesion-
.. t dur in
unable to close r i ~ l l ryc
m .
ol-himlaris nclllns muscle palsy.
my
-
& \
'I
>
,
+
I
. ,
,,<,A
, A
; " ^ ", +
+ A ,
, ", ,
,, <;">
, ,
, ,,
<*<< ', , ' '
, A,
,+ ,
,,,,,
, , ,,,
- , ,,,, ,, , I
,,
< ,,
' g ., , Figure A-053C Denio~~strittion
! deficir secondi~ry
ol~ilcl~rolagic
i' toacr~~~ialner~~elcsion-loss
OF liarisverse f r o n d wrinkling
on l~pwal-rlRue due to right
ri.011 talis rn uscle palsy.
ID/CC A 45-pear-old man i s broughl by ambulance lo the emergency
department of rhe local cortlrn unity hospital cotnplaining of
hbility to move his left leg.
HPI H e was stabbed in the back 2 houl-s ago while defending his wife
frotn a nlligger.
PE Modcrdtr bleeding; stab wtlund at Irvcl of the positlrior cervical
spinous prominence (C"7) on leIi sicle; loss of position sense of
lefi leg; weakness of finger- flexinn: extet~sionor left finger: in-
ability to sense vibration o f nming fork along left lower limb;
loss of pain and temperature sense in con~alaterallower limb.
A B C
Sensory deficit
9 BROWN-SEQUARD SYNDROME
and trmpcrature sense helow the Iwel of thr lesion (spi11otha1i1-
mic tract). It is risually clue to a pench-ating injr~syto the spine,
resuli ing in functional hemisection of the spinal cord.
Sensory deficit D E
Figure A-054B Loss u f pain. pi~lprick.ard tennpe~;ilure sensation or1 the
srtle couualareial to the spinal lesion (describer1 in coniunctin~~ will1 F i p ~ r
.
A-034.4, ;tq rlissnciatcd ar~rsthesia)
ID/CC .4 45-vear-nld hov-scour ins~ructnrI- turns fi-om a 2-wrpk c a m p
ing trip with a high Fever. a sewre headarhe, and a pus-rded
boil on his right cheek that appcar~dafter he cut himsclf on a
tree branch.
HPI The patienr has a long hiqtory o f diabetes mellitus that has been
11-ea~edwith irtsulin. H e also complairls of in tertnittent vomiting,
nau5ea, and episorlec o l deliri iim. His hearlaclie i 5 particularlv
severe on the right sidy.
PE \;St fever. PE: neck muscles stiff; right cheek swollen and red
~ i t area
h of plirulcnt discharge: right side of nose hard and
swollen:rixh t rye very painful ancl pro tr~tdes(EXOPETI~ 4 1 , ~ o . :S )
right rvelicl srvo1lc.n wit t i hlack discoloralinn; loss of'f ~ ~ n c t i oon
r
right extraocular eye muscles; 'tingling and burning
(P~XRFSTI-EESIA)of right upper quadrant of facc.
HPI Since infancy, he has had recurrent ear Sections ivi ~ 1 1discharge.
DEAFNESS-CONDUCTIVE
I DJCC A 9-venrald hov complains of pain in his left elbow lthat began
after he feu off his bicycle, hitting the grouncl elhow first.
HPI He also has nl~mbnesson the medial side OF his hand (due to
damage of'[lie ulnar nerve at the rncdial cpicondvle-olecranon
yoove) .
PE Elhow skin shows dermal abrasions and soft tissue edema with
tenclernew on palpation: inability to abduct Ffingers; poor asp
of fourth and fifth digits (due to ulnar nerve damagc; all hut
Live ni' the in tern?seo~isnltlscles are innermtetl t h e ultlar ~lerve).
ERB'S PALSY
ID/CC 11 45-qear-old female is scheduled to undergo a Iefi
parotidectomy d ~ ~toc l a tumor.
HPI Eight v:euI;s ago, he fell from his bicycle during a race and suf-
fered a pelvic fracture.He was treated through use of a sling
and bed resc and i s riow trying to hegin rehabilitation 14th
crutches.
I Imaging
Treatment
XI?: healed pelvic Fracture.
Phwiother-apy, ~ur~gical
exploration and repair in selected cases,
I Treatment
Discussion
Trexi callse (TR, tumnl; etc.):physiot11er;zpy
Figure A-061 l ) t ~ ~a ~~ ~~ c~ <~tI c t~~~ ~~~[ I,bI~\ ( !, I~. ~ (~0. 1 t l i ( 11 III torque
o ~ ~ i w ' i~u+
1 l e v ~ ~>I) r o n p r ro t h c rigt~rindicaung an ipsilaieral
~ ir >ct ~lir
I:K \'TI ltiwrr motor tirllrnn Ir<ion.
7 KLUMPKE'S PALSY
ID/CC A 65-year-old woman complains o f prngressirre difficulty
abducting her arm beyond 45 degrees.
Treatment Physiatherap);.
-
ID/CG: ,475vear+ldman complainsoCdifficultydawing
and speaking ( I>WARTHRI.Z)(due to corn pression of
(n\.irrs.\cr~)
C N IX, X): Lhese s y p t o n have
~ ~ pr~~qessivclyworsened over
the past several months.
la
vated
Uvr la not
. ,
M A S S I N JUGULAR FORAMEN
Labs Mm-kedlv increased serunl-specific prosta~icantigen; increased
acicl phosphatase and alkaline phospha~ase.
Imaging CT,ncck:rnassinj~~gulaxfomen.
MASS I Y J V G U l A ? F 0 9 A M E N
ID/CC An R~ear+Id maIe presrzits with progressive dyarthria,
dgSphagia, and weakness nf t h e right side nf his horlv of
'I months' duration.
Imaging CT. hhcad: lcft medial medullary enhancing mass with edema.
OBSTRUCTIVE MYDROCEPHALUS
ID/CC A 50-year-old obese man corncs to see liis physiciat~at the
11rgiiigof' hi<wi (P; ~ I I P state5 that her hushanri sleeps restlessly
and Iias headaches upon awakening (cluc to inabiliry to breathe
wI1Ilc ?Iceping).
HPI Hc is a hr-rgvy smoker. His wife cr)mplains that his Ioud snoring is
Leeping l ~ c rup at niglli. The patient also feels very ired during
SIIP ctay rlespite the fact that he gets 10 hours c l i slucp each
night.
Discussion O h s t r ~ ~ c t i vslrep
c apnea is seen i l l middle-aged males who arc
usually mol-hidlvohcse, smokcrs. ancl I-typertensive.I1 i s due to a
n timber of causes, mainly obesity pharyngeal malformations,
dl-z~g~, a n d alcohnl. Patirn~qpre~entryrliral perioris or h y ~ o r ~ e n -
tilation and apnca sometimes lasting minutcs. which cause
anoxia, ar.rh.r?tl~mi;-ls, and lack of nrwrnal sleep. I t reqults in poor
phvsical well-being dl [ring the day, mood changes, and work and
rarnily pl-rjblern5.
IDJCC X 65-scar-old male visits his farnil! medicine cliilic hccallse of
slowing of voll~nrary~nrwement s ( I < K ~ ~ ) ~ x I ~ ' T S unstable
IA). pit,
ancl rn~lsalarrigidity.
HFl IHc also complain5 OF tremor at rest that worsens when his
$-andchildren come to the hausc ancl make it 101 or noise
(emotional tension).
Gross Pathology 'rhe nerve was cliamageci during thyroid s u r ~ ~ ewr vh i l ~siiturirtg
I F I P t ~ l n o ~t,cssels
l of the inferior polr of llle tflvroitl.
PE Head diameter normal for age; patient forirlrl to have pes cavus
;rnd arched legs; deep tendon reflexcs hyporefl~xic;roundetl.
large mass that transilluminates parlially seen iri l ~ ~ t ~ ~ b m a c r a l
area.
G ~ S Pathology
S Failure of Fusion of' nei~ropore:spinal cord (neurocc todel-tn
clerived) and nieniugcs (mesor!crni derived) are 01 11po11c hcd:
ski11 ( e c ~ o r l ~ r m )
, muscle (mvo tome), and hone (rclerotome)
I I not~ developed over surCnce pruperlt; ependjml;tl, I I I ~ I I ~ ~ ~ ,
and marginal layers or primitive spinal cord llav-e ~rlotdevelopccl. r
rn
C
;D
Treatment Early sm-gery. o
r
0
CI
Discussion Spina bifida is the most common de\.~lnpmcn~al defect of the <
central nervous system: it involves incomplete fusion of the
dorsal vertebral arches ancl is often aswciared rc-ith
hydrocephalus. There are screral degrers, Crom spina bifida
occulta. wllel-e 110 defect i q seen and che skin is inract. to
~net~ingocele ancl ~nyelorneningoccle,wl~ereleptomcningeal
and 11eitra1tiswe may protrt~dethrough a defect in the cIura
matel; hone, mcl skin, usually in thc lumbasacral area. Lack of
folic acid [luring preylatlc?, is associ;itrcl with spinra hifida. 1t is
also associated wil h elevatccl mater.~~al srrum a-fi'topl-oI~it~.
HPI She first cxperiencerl this paill 2 months ago, while she was
chewing gum. Shc also reports that cold drafts trigger the
attacks.
T R I G E M I N A L NEURALGIA
ID/CC A 69-yar-old male prusunts with a persislent headache,
inrl-ea~ingclumsiness, ancl k e q u r n L tlot~nor nausea and vertigo
aF well as difficulty swallowing ( ~ T P I - I - \ ( ; I A ) .
I Treatment
rch;il,il i tation.
t her. dan~agc;
emboli) I o prevent fur-
Treat causativc factors (at~~emscler~sis,
E
m
Discussion Also k n o ~ v nas the y n tlrotne or p o ~ ~ c r i inferior
os cei-ebellar o
r
artery occl~~qinn ancl lateral rn~du1lai.ysynclromc, N7alIenbrrg'~ o
tl
synrlrnme rcsults fi-orrl occlusion of the vertebral artery or its ;=
' <
WALLENBERG'S SYNDROME
branches (posterior i nferiol- cerebellar) to the laterdl medulla.
Findings w e consistent with involvement of structures that lie in
the territory of i t 5 distribution: the dorsolateral quadrant of the
medulla.
IO/CC A 33-year-old female comes lo the emergency rourn wit11
sudden-onset left lower abdominal pain together with nausea
anti vomiting; she passed out near ~thcfi-on1 door. of the
I~ospital.
HPI Her last menstrual period waq 60 days ago (she 113s been regular
and has rlevur ~nissetla perinrl). Shc also has a I ~ i s t o r vo f pelvic
inflammatory disease.
A
I ECTOPIC PREGNANCY-RUPTURED
ID/CC A 22-yua1--oIdwonlan who is in late Ii~horIAequestsanesthesia
t~ecatiscst~ehas now given up on a "natural birth" delivery
(wir hr HI! r>l,st~tri~ .
at~~stliesia-at~algesia)
HPI MThiEe playing, he landed awkwardly on his right foot, which was
inverted, prod~lcingi~nmediateacute pain, ir-iabilitvto waIk, and
swell ing.
Discussion Ankle sprains are the most cotntnon type of sprain in the body
and are usuaIIy undertrrated (i.e., the length of immobilization
timc is often too short), with frequent recurrences; with each
new sprain,the lignments becomr weaker. The ankle joint is
held in pIacu and is protected Crmn inversion 5rresse~by thc
lateral collateral ligatnent complex, which cotlsistq of the
anterior ralofihdar Iigamenc, the calcaneofibular lipmen t, and
the poqtel-ior talofibulir ligametlt. On thc medial side there is
the wide, broad delroid ligament, which confers protection from
eversion stresses. The anterior talofi'bular ligament is the most
common ligament injured in ankle sprains ancl is secondary to a
hyperinversion injury when the foot is p1antarflexed.
ANKLE S P R A I N
ID/CC :\ 2$-~c;ir-r>lrlfuniille conlev t o s r r thchorthoperlia 4tlrgeon
hrcal~senT inability to extend her right wrist a n d lingel-s.
MPI Shc suffcrcd a middle third humeral rract~u-e4 wt-eks ago while
snow-skiing.
Discussion Fractures are usuallv located where the middle and outer third3
( ~the
r clavicl~meet. The m ~ d i a segment
l is displaced upward
hy thc sternoclcidornastoic1stirnr~scle.while the distal end is
rlepr~sserl11? the weight OF the shozlId~r.
CLAVICLE FRACTURE
ID/CC A 44-year-old rxuc~~tive -eco~nesto see his pl~ysicianfor burning
pain in his right elbow.
G ~ S Pathology
S Uninn ol'tendon and ~rnclerlyiiigperinsteuin chronicallv
inflamer1 ivi tli ~mrlinj
tis, sylovitis, granulation i issue for ma ti or^,
ancl hone resorption.
d
Figure A-079 Demoncrratinn
-i+ j s elhow palpation-
of ~ l e of
-2 trirdial rpirondvlt. (A): cuhital
H
1 imn~tel(B); oleciation and over-
p. I
Ivin~ hurra {C); ulnar/huineral
6.b
articulntiol~(D); latrral
+
1 7 .
-F~:+ epicor~dyle( E ) .
ELBOW-LATERAL EPICONDYLITIS
.. - - - -
estrtlsor rligitorum, extcnsor rligiti minimi. 2nd cxtensor carpi
ulniiris. All arc innermted hv the radial nervc. 111 t h i s condition,
alw known as te& elbow, thc <trainof repeated extension of
the wrift aqainst a Col-ce,as in playing tcnnis: or tliro~vinga hase-
hall, places consideri~hlestress C~TI the si P. T,;~trl-alepicondylitir
tnost co~nlnonlvarects the extrnsor carpi radialis hrevis tendon.
OrI~cr- causr5 of lateral elhow pain includc pclsteriol-
in~~r.c~sseorlsnerve compressinn and radiocapitrll;~r;~rtlir-iris.
lD/CC 1-2 23-year-old crnss-country motorcycle racer visits an orthopedic
surgeon hecause of weakness in b k right hand.
HPI Six weeks ago, he sliffered a fall during training that resulted in
an elbow fracture.
7 P
ELBOW-MEDIAN NERVE PALSY (NONCARPAL)
Discussion The media11nerve innervates the flexors nt h e twist and lingers
as welI as the ferrarm pronators. T h e ulnar nerve innervates the
flexor ral-pi l~lnaris,which, in addition to flexing the r t ~ i s talso
,
deviates it inedially.
HPI While the child wa5 having a temper tantrum, the Father
forcefully pulled her by the hand.
f maging XR. lefi forearm: fracture of upper half of ulna with dislocation
or the radial t~ead.
Discussion This i.; a. tiacturr of the upper third of the ulna with disIocatiun
o I ' t h e rarlial hear1 1-aiiserl 11y i t F,1l7 011 an o11rs11-etchedIia~irl,will1
thc forearm Forccd into e x c e ~ s i wpronacion. It mav also result
froxn a direct l ~ l u ~on v the hack of the upper forua~m.
Neurologic examination is importarit in ~ I I ; radial I~ iirr vc injzlry
may he asq~ciateclwi 111 Moiileggia'~Fr~cLure.
7 FOREARM-MONTEGGIA'S FRACTURE
ID/CC X 19-ycar-old gas station aacndait comes to a local clirlic corn-
plainirlg of persistent. irlcrensing pain on the ulnar side of his
hand.
HAND-BOXER'S FRACTURE
IO/CC A 6-year-old male is referred to an orthopedic surgeon by his
pediatrician because uf thc recent onset of a limp tliar has
persisterl for more than 2 weeks 1vi111no apparent cauqe.
Gross Pathotogy Collapsed, soft, anrl friable articular cartilage in Femoral head.
HPI T h e child had rlifficulty learning 11ow to walk and has always
heen rather unstahlc in his gait.
PE When patient stands an his 1cTt leg, his right Iluttnck sags
(TRFYDKLEWVKC SIGN): no sensory Ioss nolecl in gluteal area;
swing phase of leli Irg seems must affected; to swing lcft leg,
child leans over to right side and then swings lefr leg in front of
righr (the superior gluteal nerve is paralyzed): right Eeg swings
normally (hip rtbdi~ciors h~nctionnormally to prevent pelvis
from tilting over when leg i s winging).
Treatment I4'alking stick or cane in leCt hand to prevent hip from tilting
over to left side when left lcg is swirigft~g.Sllrgery
>A<
HIP-TRENDELENBURG GAIT
ID/CC A Y-we~k-oldhaby girl is Ilrnug11t in For a wellxhilcl checkup.
MPI The haby was deiiveretl I,? C-section after a full-term pregnancy
rom~TicarerlIIV breech presentation.
Imaging US, hip: didocation of left hip with irlqtahiliry and ahnormal
acecahul~tnrmorphology.
Treatment Ilace the hip joint in flexion and abduction (with a Pavl ik har-
ness or a Frejka pillow) st, that the femoral head inap initiate
and sustain normal acetabular devclopment. Early diagnosis
yirlrl~best results: for treatment. Sllrgrry niav be inrlicatetl when
rliagnosi~is delaved or for refractnrr cases.
H I P DISLOCATION-CONGENITAL
ID/CC A 23-year-oid mate is rushed eo the ER following a motor vehicle
accident.
PE Frail. elderly woman with poor mriscle tone and low body
weight; left leg externally rotated at resl (lateral rotators: piri-
formis. ohturator internus and externus, superior and inferior
~emcIlus.quadratus fernoris. glnteurj maxitnus) ; left leg slightly
shorter than riglit with tetrderness in remoral triangle; limb in
adduction: cannot raise heel off bed.
A
Figure A-088 Demonstradon or classic limb po~ri11.c in an
t e r i Frrnoral Fracture-lrlt Icg shnrtened and cxternallv
i l l tel-~rochan
ro~atcd.
" H I P FRACTURE
Discussion Fcmoral neck Fracturr is f r ~ q ~ ~srcn l ~elderly post-
n t in
menopausal tvclrneli with osteoporosis. The mechanism nf frac-
lure is often a trivitd force. causing subcapital fract~~res,
irnpa~terlor not, as well as pr-etrochanteric, intertrochanteric, or
r s hip l'ractures are at high
c.xtracapsulai- fi+actures.P n t i e ~ ~ with
risk fbr rlevelnping cleep venouq thrombosis postoperatively:
r h ~ ~pmper
s, prophylactic measures ( e . ~ seq~icntial
., cornpres
ion stockings, anticoagulation) must he takcn.
ID/CC X 17-year-old hi#li-sclint>l sn~denlis brought to the emergency
1-00rn straight from a footllall game hecalise of acute, severe
pain in the left knee and inability to walk.
HPI He could not gut back up on his feet nfter being "chop-blocked"
Iw a linenzan from the side during a football game.
PE Leg sligh try flexed; rnarkecl tenderness otl medial aspect of knee
(clamagc to medial cnlla~eralliprnen t) and a11[prior knee joint
spacc (damngc to m e d i ~ meniscus):
l positive anterior h w e r
sign ( r u p h ~ r e dantrrior cruciate lipment); marked b e e effusion.
FigureA-089 l ~ t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ t ~ ~ ~ l ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ .
valqr~qstrrss on thr knrc to assrss hinrtinn of thr mrdical collateral
liga~nent.
LEG-COMPARTMENT SYNDROME
ID/CC A 17-year-old boy is rushed to the neilrrest emergency room after
l>einginvolvetl in a highspeed motorcycIe accident.
HPI c e ct-ysralloids,
I-Ie was treated for shock in the a r n h ~ ~ l a nwirh
pressors. and oxygen.
PELVIC FRACTURE
ID/CC D l ~ r i n ganti-Gulf War protests in Ohio, a 2 3 - y e a ~ l drnan was
fnrcef~~llv dragged away by the arm becal~sehe waq blockirlg the
entrance- tu thc inccting.
HPI While in the potice car on the way lo heatlquarlers, lie corn-
pIain~dor pain in the shouldet- ancl inability to move his arm.
Labs Basic lab work normal: n o iracc nf alcrlhol ill hlond: n o dl-ligs in
urinc.
Treatment Before reducing the rlislocation, one mllst Iook For powihle
nc~~rologic-vascular
damage.
ior ~ I J O L I I ~ L lar~clti~a~
Figure A-093 I h I I M I I I ~ I I, I Tt o t ? 0 1 :i111ct ~I. ks-
Lruacoirl pl-ocras (A):acrorniucla~iclilararticulation (B);1,itipital
tcnrlon, (C:); strrnoclndcnlar articulation (n).
P SHOULDER DISLOCATION
b ?W,
nr~rnlaI1vlies in front of the cm-nrnid pl-ncrss of 111~scaptila)
usu;llly rcsult from a SaIl o n t h e m-111 in forced abrl~lctionand
exterlsion. Musculocutaneous ntrrve in$ury i s possible (it
supplieq [ l ~ cor;tcc~bracIrialis
c as rvcll as the brachidis ailrl biceps
rnriacles and provides s e ~ l s a ~ i o1 n the lateral area of the
lurearm). Posterior shoulcler dic;locarions are much less
cotiimon and arc sccn fullowing electric shock it~juriesand
g r ~ ~rnal
i d scizurcs.
I DJCC -4 35-year-old ice-lluckcy p1avc.i. is br-ought t ( 3 the rinergencv
room after c~~ffrring a violent blow to his shoulder dlrring a
p m c ; his righi arm hangs nnticeal~lylower than the left and
tla~reis a pml-touncerl bulge ( t h e cla\icle qtick~cnit) at thc tip of
l i i 5 ~holllrler.
HPI I'ErIeo replav nf rhc galtie reveals rhar the pati~nrwas benrling
forward 1%hen an opponent speared into the superior portion of
the patient's ammion.
* SHOULDER SEPARATION
ID/CC A .l%-\re;t~--uld
mall con~plainsof lower back pain that began after
IIP lifted heavy objects while l~elpinghis son move out or the
famiIv home.
HPI HP is ovcrweigh? and ha5 not had any repliar e x ~ r s i ~~ Cp) Tthe
par1 t 0 years. 'The is aggravated by movement, coughing,and
sneezing; it radiates down h i 5 b~ittocks,thigh, and posterior calf.
PE Sensory loss over dorsal aspect of foot and I:tt~ri~l aspect of leg
(L5dermatome); weakness of darsiflexors of Font; nn palpa-
tion, left sciatic notch i~ tender: positive Lasepte's sign (straigl~1
Icg-rai~ingtest ) : deep teilclon rcfleses normal.
Imaging MR. lambar spinc: Focal hcrniarcd disk cuntrally at L+L5 touch-
i n s 25 I-oot.
I., .-
Treatment Grip mandible tirmlv in hands with tf~~unl>r placed behind sec-
ond i-nolar; push mandible inferio1,ly and posteriorly in quick,
singlr n~orion( \ I A M ~ . ~ R. E D ~ C T I O K ) .
- 1
TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DISLOCATION
.smmdttu(ssaanpo~da~ snxqd p ~ t ? ZjaI ~ qr a m aorssna~ad
:i(.la~.reIr-c!At:pqnr ~ 3 3 ~1 2 2 z0 m q :(.I.s~~~.I s&~\iost q r ) I y8!e.t1s
B r t ! ~ uarlM
j 11?1rr~ou 01 srrln1a.r frron~~~dsrr! rr! ylea.iq ~slrl3urplotl
prrr! %rml!s ; ) I ~ M1.~31at11 OJ pearl S ~ F . I I I1I11,7!1rd r r a l n r SI? I p n l ST?
(X.1a1~euepiqsqns s n t p plrr: apsnnr .io!Jalrrr! s n u n l m s sassnrdrrro:,
q!.~1 ~ 3 ! . 4 ~ . 1IIIJI?
) JO rlng3npqe uo aqnd pIpe.1 3jal paqspqnna 3d
HPI She has wnr-ked rot. several vear.: in the "dam e n ~ r v "rlepartn~ent
crf a computer firm (atr activity associated with prnlongerl,
repeti~vemovements of the wrist).
Imaging XR, wrist: 110 definitc fcaot~n-e(a small fracture of the scaphoid
may not appear on x-ray for srve-r;tIweeks until the damaged borie
in t h y rt.gio11 is ~rnd~rgoing
resorption). Special rarliograpl~ic
tiews of the ~caphoic!a?well aq CTT, MR, or nuclear irledicin~
scans may be ohtainecl for di~~gnoqis if~trnng-clinical suspicion
exists.
Discussion T?lu scaphoirl and Iunate honeq articulate wit11 the radiw. The
scaphoid is a boat-shaped carpal hone that has a tuhercle;
Cracturcs mas involve Lhe tuhercle, the proximal pole, er llie
middle I hird. 'I'lie fracture oftcn guc5 LITII-ecognizetl,
and thcre
is a chance oCavasm11arnecrosis, rnainiv in disl>lacerlproximal
poIr fracnrrrs, since tlie scaphoirl bone. like the talus and
femoral hrad, has a very tenuous bloocl srlpplv.
WRIST-SCAPHOID FRACTURE
ID/CC An 1 H-year-old Fitnale high-scl~nolstudent is brought to the
emergency room after slashing the palmar side of' her left wrist
at the ckin lines of flexion wit11 a rmor blade; shc is t~nableto
flex her wrist or oppose her th~unb.
WRIST-SLASH INJURY
ID/CC A 65-vear-old Vie1 nam veteran complains of pro~~essivcly
wors-
ei~irighoarseness and persistent cough,
HPI He hal; smoked one pack ol'cigarettes each d a y for 45 years. lie
is currenrly being Lrr~ltcdFnr e~nphvrema.
1 *
LUNG C A N C E R L Y M P H A T I C METASTASIS
ID/CC .A 63-ycar-old woman nmIlois a I l r i ~smoker\~ comes to thc cmer-
gcncy room wit11 srvcrt swelling on the right side of the neck,
arm, ancl rare (r~tnpl-essiot~ ol' superior veils c a f i ~ ~) I J ~ C ~ ~ I L ' T
will1 srvel-e [ l a i n in the right arm.