WHY SOME COUNTRIES DEVELOPED WHILE OTHERS STAYED POOR |The ea of Cline! Economies Wen sen how modem econome gow fsa thoughout word ring the ust 3o yea The Indus Revaation began a England a ‘hemi lghtenh centr the mile ofthe nineteen entry oly anal of counties had reached eve 000 per capita (ese at pa chasing pone payin 990 pie). Ae te 94a the sso thekld tad ben acd only by the Und Stes, Cada, Bap the Sve Union Aust, New Zen, Jp, and the Southern Cone of South Amen (Aneta Che and Uragay bul acy moet ft world ‘We bine Begun to explore why economic growth ocared eae a someplace ther and alst ott ais afew pes Weave noted that within Europe, indian spread rug fom the nares (Gein to southes (Balan) in the course ofthe intent nd ey ‘ett centre The yen tht exch European country ese! #2000 ercaps ieee by rnin Brahe ower Beta, The cae the date of aching 3000 per ata (McCord and Sichs 21 14) Hens, stg the continental Europeu cout, he Nehcnds ‘ar the estan the Balkan sas the test (ot reaching $2,000 per ‘Spa ut the enti cesta.Wek od the ens fore or ieindseaon nthe ecient 0) Cli mated: vont seedy came een tempers 0 ren ch he oaths Cane SPSLUN Ama Delman cane tocol ones a ely tosh cleo char ast Bai on Mg) ac Tee Guratnnenony metered Doan y Exp os me a erethahc presen fshtteton nouns Aa (chat (Goes ana Sout a ah sn), Ste Ast co SOUS Nestea As (ch Koes). Dae ben mat 08 Se TRUS aeadhen shat wl dhoed pple ot serie SOREN yy den tren ee ck tthe Use Ss SUSE etotom a yl tee ws vn om Pict tieNonk wheal mache Fom tise ds “emer un pnts bre Fn mda economic wth at sates pac sen hone ol pt Ge wed (a nd gray SALT tg uo he et Sse the pater of iin Sen Taye ets yt Tin ny dees Kind ns SST py dite pst oe and teat mpc txt Hearne etki opel sige he nh st ir orluneirto Soop in Ate With aman mas TeEcinlgen ths pcb bengelninatel e Seton bio “Tener tsa desc fr ory se explains fi a manic ean pe on ileal a cna wth Besancon reaction ron eshg erp” Freon edo pols stony and erapon SRT bre crunty sot theo ort, DE nds any Tse en ety we oe ets rata ent eedopmet sth be adv tine oo So ty perp ft derlopmet "est empl rce ch emo tansoomtin, ur ingen go mon Tk he completo he ikl conor rae conleofthhoman bod Whit oe than te pst pees ee lostors and spit leaders often Blamed 2 pers dase on ne fete (Gods pnishment fa sina) ora fw flor te balancer of the boy ‘uma tte explains filed to understand the complet of bua pathophysiology In complete ke tbe msn orn, erly tho ‘ands indeed tes of hows things can go wong A bri dese he Sie al anemia which wa long death sentencesn premodern m0 ‘cenicly explains change of ne singlenaleoie on one gene on ose homovome: single change mong lon ate pan he aman sme. Tereate many dee cuted by mach angle ite polymorpha = ‘ive Tear oter dens canedy envionment ctor pathogens ch viel or bate nection, eon, nbealthy babvos, and rany ‘ther posse ators. “heat of men cin maicine bas anced beyond pronouncing 2 single cise of dna ("oa have sinned”) or single rscrpon ("ake 90 "Spin and cll oe nthe morning”) a3 ge feral (geo the emery om) The mde doctors expt to gs theses case of pe ‘cpt ne ant fra pei presersion ati scarey honed {Gat patent conitons and ne The moder economist sould do the mame in lagooring the pertnce of poverty ted of ing one mplitcg- ost Cop your somo) one presciption at gorerament spending, one feral (th lnteratonal Montary Pan for met") the ee. the development practioner shuld make a dingoss tis aca and ef tive forth condos hitory geography are and economic stactae fhe hate ten acy im my ow work ata economist in thinking about tbe wd fr carl ign an preston, bese The een be watch» onder medial dagnosis do er wok Tacs sy we Son 2 “ln pedsrcan When shee ayoung id wath eer she dost me ‘ltl thik ste osha the probly tht al ever vee ame ase Hes tnnng, knowledge, ad expesinc nfo br ht thee cold be om sansof reson forthe fever To eet the patent ete she neds to ake 2 augose thea cneof the deen ths paral ue She bean {oaskqueions Heft qution in gene wher te bby ecksess hereto posit feria engi mative bt potently ‘Btlcontion te mther awh he tay necks the ndeod my ‘ek nen snes Test youth espe 00m” smo Hy of “one tht th condone crt mening The sto gosions ot ‘a aaimingt fret out wheter the conditions vin bacerilenonmen: {aeg,pisnig) or onething ee allopetes ‘Dosa eal te pros of hing the actual cause fa ete i forte gus Ube ome fo the ve hats economi developmen nd treed nsntaine development more ental we se eed havea cal pouch eon diferent igo. yok Th id of ory alld ‘Be spponch nical economics” andi eat the le of ood practicing ‘el economist to ake a fret gros fer he econo cse a tnd jntars uo teal doctor dangosecach inva patient Sich 3805 ‘Sapa, Meal dot ie ny ie go though = tna heel, sing ‘herent questions aout potential cases fas and aking them 3 pa ‘dar tr el ot meigits fin, more tw the emergency 00m!) ‘Theylon tthe evidence and ab ey conc interviews tr to ndestand from the ares and fom the chit actly happening ad then the ‘ou of wie range of inoraton and ence thy ke» agnosis and + anor wench eaten! may then proceed coring to plano may rove wo be inet nwhich cane farther round of diagnos il be nese: i Panett meal clevsion sere Howe peso tort fine wil Eno the proces) | rctoocs ssa devlpment ao nee to mak sah erent Sago In The Bd of Pry ested sch chest fora prt i ‘in that pss intothe wey ft centary—enteme poet [reson “ihoagh most ofthe wr ad by now xaped extreme poverty rough hon peopl ae leaped in exten poverty They ree concentrated in topes Abc and South As, but there ar pockets of extame port in tet Fesvofthe well sel incountses aed Hat, Afghanis and Los. Tyree lagoon chet wthseven alo categories and many noe sab htgonie (Shs 2065 8) Tet coner even ean Rem ofthe poverty his. int the ues contin could be what lla poet p—shen te county soo porto mak the sc ivestnene tees espe om eteme ‘ater epiaton an get on th der economic owt ‘Second th over cold ea om bd sno ois sch acho ingthewrooghindoftveement step, losing she borders wheninterationa ‘tae yd make mre ens choosing cnt panning hen mace aes wuld betes no forth Th the prover oad es the ancl slay ofthe goverment a _gnemment ar at tory of ovenpening and over dorrowing,eanreschs Stef fons ankraptey: The government thes eso muh ces tha tian ind he money to Bud oad schools, clas, oo he Actos teachers, nd engineer: orth he porerty ght be thers af ome apc af yal gogr Phy. The county maybe docked a fev tas may be high be moun {sts tablet rm oengae inne cost munca tmay ice an endemic dare burden of mali ov other burdensome deze opt be hghy "lnc to ees natural date sch earths, ona opie ‘clone (hureanes typhoon) doughtn aod and other cipping cond ‘on Af countries ach Hat ath Pippa, ae nari atey ‘lig sumberofichcondtions ih the county might e sring fom poor goremance a opposed to or psices On pape the economic pls loo good In practice they may Terie wth comaptonineicency,comptece, oath above Poot oven iy of couse, a mater of ee. Tere i corps ney eer there sometimes ay tat," orapon i and ug and act oly ‘n Washingon, DC= Comuption cen tuted to por counties Bu st {ich counties Sl compton st the ll popoe expantion ie fen taken oes Many counties with moderate lees of compton have achieved ‘sami development Corapton an bea pre, oth nr and practi ithoot ing» devastating aver to dvlopment Yet fered a excemes, Phen itxny an top economic growth “sah for in contig povery may be tral ues Axon impo ‘untexmpl mein coin o Grn aly apt women ndgl Gsm silhae ite orn haneeto tend schoo and nay be expected {mary ery enya tn en any chee, ven whe the Roush is 00 agoried tore techie ith popes ation and eatin Schltr pte cn be miso log rm economic development. “he seventh ator opi ountey pli and eur relations sch ta gh oes and lis, Gopoiis can ake 3 bg diience 12 “hy pysely scare fom stack enjoys natnal sovereign nds abe Ao trde pect wth tbe oun, gropoitis the end of epnonic “lechpmen fn the cota the couse dominated by 3 fregn power (Grinthe aloo ea) ois rt of proxy wx ofthe gt powers the oustry ‘inte undemsine orsven pins estoy by he eons ofae power ‘Snes Think of funn bas aad enoughtime deapingia vw of ‘ing andlovk and verbo many climate shocks sacha droght and foods. et ence 17 sha been sbjted wa icusons invasions te roves and dsractine st peer pols sno wonder tat Afghanistan Temsnson oft pores pace athe wo The bide powershae hindered ‘ate than rand Afganistan economic development “Theres on overing plat hee seven fcr an the many sub tovrin cach the senen atepories The problems donot apy equal to ery teen Inde sme ctor ae reeves ples nd ttt tes arly! or eters There so sage explanatn ofthe peste of ‘ereme pore, Loa estan, sory pct sl inportt. Ty own eter falnost thy yeas of working wth coanies ll oe he walt hs sack me haw feet paseo the wor in dierent tes hve hadextemel diferent conton to confomtin order to gett ofthe por txt et Alay rseingthe ane doctors preston woul ea date er “ied pet ane same tre fran economy I werd Bain in the ‘aut of the os top end byron Pes were ingly thousands of pret pe eas When one ade the dierent dagoss fr Baia, one Suldsetegovenment ar rk an was pening money to ay tsb ee ‘eet yprindton Wha war egal mt ofall waa gett Bagt onder ont in short oder ot th fever of pein ood be broken To ath ge bs eis nolved wr kinds f con acai changes ee ‘in plicsctor price cach theo that he goverment slo he pli), ‘get ots, nd payments foreign ror on Bln cinta of debt (One put fending the ypeiaton soled cnceig sound yo percent atv ental det herby etn th rear of det servicio the ba et Sics 2005 hap 9) Toure it [a sketoblp Pld overcmeit ver dierent a to, Potndwastanationing fm Canimanam fo amarkt conan nd fron cutoshp toa democracy. Once aun, Poland lady igh nation apd ‘aap output neji » diferent diagnos Pll gates ned in ny vw masto enable soppy and demand to work cas tbe Commune emt planing ad colle Theron the east ofthe ne ace Thiet dew an economic sty t sare markt Srey apy and slepand otto ae, and budge ace Pld ended i ih insti sc soonrsmedeanomic prot deed gute pi cconomsegrowth bed fons ne and rowing economic tae and investent inkages wh western Europe (Sic 209 cla. 6). ‘Wen I bogan wong in topical Afi in the mi gpos tin Zambia todhen a aero prs of Al) the undying ondtions and ese of Povery were soy conpletely dee rom thse of Plan oe Bais ot Indeed ther pars ofthe word Ais, ang wasnthe mkt of manne ‘AIDS pandensc ad was bo sulering rom the esrgece of mali (Beas the sandal mala meine was losing te ofictnenes a dug Petance spread), May parts of fica were so poo that the most sc fast — roads, power water and station ot een ext. Nonetess found tome ecnomioficis fom ternational non (cath neratonal “Monetary Fund and World Bu serbia xy the saeco they had been preseibing eer in Pan, They were ating the imporeshed Aeon ions tct bts andeen optic eahserce Tete wero {nd deseuctve prescptons or ispovered ros sen rm masse doce pandemics, Aiea needed ie cwn dingo ed preacpton, ot one ‘spatter another pt ft wor mache fom Washington, DC Fo a of trop Ais, 1 at hat thet casey onthe chit over tap—at the most diagnosis, Alcan onermment new wha4 Chi wi malin Rae, Unda hymn pn ah cou np nin ba a Pritpower eur ee of por ie wat nd ato Liat Tsepmenmen ange repos They een ‘Meson on sl Bryce fll ure ot Mon pms hepa mil wtp fo pr ten pro pao ett aero ih onic ie poate inant arhepor crams vey top haan tobe pret wap One wy tbe ve setts faite op tens thn Pe ob cen pomttiegmerne’sre norton a Sesecnt oy sr germens e stonn einer tonto poten sion tut ede A ‘Siem ponchodoxgetr ocr haan pay eae ‘Seman Sch sins psy ce tm de ovate mrtotes ‘orang of fands. When greens and ofc gris provi the uy sealed afc dopant asa ot ODA. When nongoverament org insions (NOs) and poate foundatons pore the ey ial print el Since 200 withthe adoption by the member tater ofthe United Nato of ol gos og poverty now 3 the Mileaism Desapreat Gols (MDGs), seer pei nitions hae been created to chanel ODA tee tre pps On ofthe mot notable hs Beste Global undo Fgh AIDS, ‘Teruo and Malia (GFATN). Donor governments ad priate pila ‘hopes and business pve maey to the GEATM, which in rn dts funds to poor cote safing fom the thee eats ase bythe fd The rogram ba been highly eect, Al tee dowae ae coming ade co tL Yet ren pble nd elena rune to ODA remain tong ortbcase some conomiconinsto stew that poverty cone sage ctor (comupion or kof economic edo) take ry ODA. That maybe troein some lcs but items not athe cen tropic] Ai ILA Further Look at Geogrephy—Tansport, Energy, Disease and Crops Poor ountri andindvida poo people ae fe ane rth lh wen he enteral ctor re the major obstaceto devlopnat. Ito 5) to Ty that the poor asl por bese of comapin rbd alice or ack “econ Alach nerpreatons aerifein pb deat Yet expres onthe oun len peta ery det ely ‘Phyl geogpy ithe fourth tom on the poverty agate cect. Sang practioner fen overlook the most as les of phys eogr Phy a contest poverty Ihave ered about geography om the round ps0 to peak not rial om the com (here wa aght ey ie grate schol abou psa ogra), Working n Bal, Mngt Up, Roands, Kyran, Bana Fon Mal Tatas, Zab, Maks, nd ter cesar gen bss apprecaion oth xa callonges tht anecovoy fics when ti locked sd he diets tat eon 19 of Guten tisbubbndloced an mountious. The view om the Aan of olvnstinglbeatl esis, snowcapped mounts, ey sea nd ingle sfarartheeyecan se Yt he dy of toning far op these {Shen sting ine of trnepor cos tote Pai pors tht ae mongthe ihe ihe word eve andy aote at ros dames prods (GDP) ecapta igs) ar ey atone goggles. Trop couties geen poor? tha ompontespe counties Worden and top podutity my ble cancun fr such dferenees Landlocked counts re geen pore thn ‘Cast enunes Counties ng the sara erthgaaes a typhoons i be carban andthe so Psi im (ge Ppnes sem open term peo tat ler Ando forth Rother ino he power feng found ogre 43 which shows maple woes urban aes Whi thre ergs founda most [af the wr tore igh proportion flange ies along be costs of Thc omtnents Those lage ier in theft f the continent ate ery ot Tong aor vets (ac ns Chongyiag onthe Yang Rie Chi), 0 hey veratrine tad Beng othe Sas txt perso net jr ets it Tongtecn ay bat econory with sophisti dion of bor hat trac igh rodent andlor high dae of gba rade nd co mc gh Ths promt tos hed tae allowsexpots to word maths sr eompetsve ost and a stables the economy to an inpt fom the es she wld stow cos fr pocengorloe production an onsanption In dpe emms a claro accor tan aeae distance of th econo th cst port Couto weer Eo te United King, Ste Arbon Pen smong theater costo ports nar thee Tigao by ery ow set tspr coins Great Bit ad ae tas ightect cnr enor abot cows coat wih ‘Poder anf London a2 ty onthe Thames Ries; sable eng 0 ‘stneraton rade Mower, Eaganstopogaphy a Sree lw ‘Ertan of amis in lcs whee ser ot ac, Ths canal mabe alte minedand shipped iy tofixtory tesa Got Ba, ‘1 Scaement with popubtion of seco anager eae eee areae aetna [SRA Sonne ASA Sonmonr Bee an yes Car (AC “2 Conntys maa ditnc to mor perk wenane continental conti ach a Rai, hare a big davon: Most oss cits a stil non re rn the interior ofthe oar and ae tage velar anspor condos to eto seaports (orto mpotitersiona di for hse ness), Mk of tpl Ac lance i at th ‘ten conti Aa ha the Ire mber of landlocked coe in he Te ethan teen ours th poplaons ae both ysl pl “Ea ron te prt Goods nat ony nso Be oh ila they ned Sane pba ower a wel Coal counts ht hae posite aes 0 ‘Ration ta hve ended to ro beter and faster and to tke of eae. andthe andlcke couse of counties ike Rasa that 2e no nosed ‘utr mot ofthe ppultion ndecanonc activity sf rom sapore ave tended fon some moran exceptons)t be ggasi the prose feo omic develope “Temp nur 4 shows yt anoter cro sps of pal eo coal mere nurgy ath cone of eer ecooene acti whether ig mhacoycovees rampart av emphishedbow estamenpnevslexbel ‘Moers sconomic growth by eam espndng humanity abit n- re esgyon coon acts, Coa allowed ate by ol 8d se a and ndnpnnae ett atl economic development, Const ‘thle oa fel ecus bea an ease time of aching comic TJovth Couns tha ack tee fo fads an tl ache esos goth Fern danse to yf energy imports poss Dy apg se det energy sures achat byeopoe where aval but ee Pens omy ade or sous eres peimary energy mse ‘pot cared with paces thst ee the nergy sources in the frst pce Me gelation of fw fel 8 gly wae om the globe Seine pete he wel ae Bese wih mane fol fuel sere wile ther Fcchae almost one. athe intent etary, eal "king portly Fe powesgthe eam engin Figur 44 #hows cary hat England, Wester ‘theo ly Satna be ines 14 loa co reve fp nthe Sts helo fala top A hn setantaus Hat pees Hie Teheaon wcre clon ind att rl ppl atin) weigh led eco ‘takeod, especially in the nineteenth century. “ gw te fl dp oo ot epic he shot tithaseeLnw be opt let fn cms Sea peptone Sd Ayame taro perlen pupae ceseatinon otha oeti c y van eee Aa soreness ‘Evy terhr tls eccrine ne Sc nmin a a sh Nps Roel yet Nga mice Foleo snapies Aan pricy the ick i le ned ot consign these counts toa ack of econ developers he twenty ester. The Combination of adem techoslogy an Tt of nine uo of potenti! “The cost faa pte (PV) power as all by aftr of ound 00 sinegr? PV another of ar pome ch conned sea hermal “nary coull now fer Aca ret nergy rough, oe tnt sspeclly| tpt or couse frugh olf htop ck the ea tran gues th bre ented other parse wor ‘Before leg ths dcuson of energy resources Eshoud ad that whe avn primary energy sores hae general Bown arable fr Jog tera deropmen there san important ection known a “Ue eos cue? ‘Some esurerich (fen petroleum ich) cure eve badly mumaaged this eouce wes satu welt har come or aeen ar ace rather han a ening Ti can appr, fren ben he age cn Hows etd tooled to maui corptonorprhpe to pote inabiy ra fiom ve to ab he learns, Foreign companies 0 ave along econ feoogingin Wry an shadowy accounting practic to ede tration. The rinse of vents by Nigeangovernmeats oer the cause of decals Compounds by ampar eronmentalderaation case by i spl fhe rc companies whoa pl account x roa the wor met otorou example ofthe resus casein operon "erate asec to gograpy that maker age difeence lange month and susie development Is nite The portance of ciate ‘Shvows al aman beings need food, sh wae ad ter caste serves {er ener, protection from ars) o sre nto tre. Climate as 2 age eet oncrop oduct disease, water sac realy and ule shy eed "gue 4 sbows a ap ofthe Kippen Geiger (K:) lia asifation sem wich isone poplar sytem for cing cae wl dy gg fapers The pink a the ei aren nthe eG map athe tpl ae ha {eter by yeuround warmth The pial eo aons have ery dtineie ‘lenge in fod podacton and Uses burden, with many diseases uch ‘lr tren nth esegy Pacer th winters ply ve seasonal ‘rin te tansison of may wa temperate dese, making he de save burden igh and also making it mac exes contol or iat the ‘Seselocl) Thelige aes rte dylan, wert precip sow andthe a tym pom cops iether mall orenieynoneitent This theron wher strom alates ach cares cate gots nd seep) tende oda and where any mons of peopel lve nomadic ne moving fom pct plc tn ge als on easnal paladin growing fod ey eine eo fs tsp tht hee repo re pate ny vlre wo exteme porn: Thr ew weal eva teas ut1 Global Kippn Gg ciate cositon - nt ay ft gp Cnt oncaeid wed gon ‘rp anne Dent ent pcaos sehensn tomn “he pn he uk ee ame he wos pert ms, tt ones te pee sa “Zab ot werne yrDe h peoe o oray itt hyena te napratmae Barat Nh ‘ra Son Ane Sad sl pt of ch A ond Spee) aa he Meranda soe de te Mrrann pon en oe ers ead eet (ate Meret. hey we fl end war suey dy samme You ges it thes th pect evonmen to pow the words be wis, "Theda gee ares sch yon homtown of New York Cy nh rot of western rope ote tha southern Bare), parts of Chi, Jaan, Asta and Nev Zeld, and Argentina and Unagy ae the temperate oes that are wt alyear een Thee ar outanding loans far ain po ction especialy th kind of mized rain and Iinetck fring we sate sth Eucope and macho he United Stites, Without doa this dark roe att ofthe word as hosted the highs average income in he word eta than the spec eases of eh zones tha ssp get mine or hidocbon ‘wea. The temperate zane, wl tempers thy ae moder not to ht to cold with along grog seston andthe absence or net absence ftwpical into dees such ar aii ylow eve dengue an varius ‘topical worm nections, “Modern eanomic rot began he dak ge temper climate of Eng Lan and qu spread tse oto in Nth Amr Aust, New Zealand, andthe Sothern Cn of South Ane (Argenta, Chi nd Ur Alla these cations eid hgh prodctiyagrcarmind gn 2nd nial usbandey, song forestry eto wile ier andethcr fs serves and hell envtoment tay for European sete We se thatmodem eonamie got dite aot only acing gographical rem Ini (iste fom London) Bat also wt might lms exit? ‘esiulry ofa leaion tht of Egan, ‘helt purple and dark purple zones ar the cal ass. The close to the ‘Noth Pl the cole the clinate andthe shorter the tent growing season. Near the Arctic Ci faming becomes impossible (with al groups engaged Inhantng fishing orrindeererdng) ous thrate man ming ‘snthe fr northern gon balms aay ith nal ein populations nd ery eapa nese operons, Lats conser na fit moe etl the age mot ipotantcse of rae-pendent dest: mals. Mali e+ mong tase diese. The mala phage 3 one eld ois cle Pama. A mosquebecomes inf with Pon whe i ndr oak ood meh bits Thoma tng wh ie aed nected wth air legs mre han the ood ig the Pano in eines! Hoodsean. The msgs th person ough two weeks tr, when tence anak od eal ‘stn Boos hana being not yt init with malt. In the proces of “Gang ood fom the new vin the mong so tansesthePlasnodun ‘eahe npetinginivia Many days iter ht person wil develop ae, threseing cae of malaria. ‘alr ony wasted by a cet Kind of mosguit (Cran species ft gems Anpla) and only when thea temperatures ate above sound {a Cun /6 aero The war bs to make the moxgits nective ‘Then tes the second tine and nem the disease to the nied nd ua tthe ote sis too coo blow °C he Paso ving inside The mong probaly wl not have ase throgh i own eye api hough the gt ofthe moagito fr the at tet asthe into 19 nother oso. “Cols ines hor do mothe maliatansnsion but pass hatte warmly nd sachs Ab, gery av ery igh eared ‘Tiutanamisin Afi seesto beuniqulBarene nee su Mh ‘Rupes yearround eng fl yarn o provide brig es Forno genrsns of Anos agit; sang encogh te 08 ‘ay knot Anples monitor wel led Anapespanbie. Tiki of ‘nowt snp resto ite people as oppoedtn cate and ober ans. The ‘outst Asana ely ithe malarial Une fre? igen map tht Lp gether ith allegue around decide 0, In nero combine the thie key actos (temperature, moist and nd of lope mosqate) to make «word eau of whch repo ae mos ‘eeptt o etnsmison, nto, ad as det, Hands dows “Arvest the mot anal prt fthe wo (Knew eta 20044). ts together eey elope conto ht contest yer-08nd, ene ‘stron, Te reuttat pthspve pret ofl alii deaths in ‘he word ody ake lace a uopa Ai, 1 Global aby of mal tania Repeated ous of mari ot nly cain at mmber of Aan In han elt of thourands every Jar, thoy bite Aci oct and econo es Chise te eet alent fom choo and fen never Sich May Ss dain pvp ng empha copie ii Ho oan rhe anton man et "esneity oe n ta h Tn ths way, mali at wb a insidious wae of bolding bak oven come detlopment. Yet whe he harden of mala dnd om cna, lees eth high alr burden nos at ost st back ad ale Gengraply at detente. Gsogray pot smears het shoal be undertaken revert th buen cosa bythe ysl evonment Afcn nations high lr burdens now cn se tance thos laa contaEEE ‘exgticcre ntti te oy fees ingot conta ins, Wars Sept tn ce ties ree ted Ses Dethde ait he cgi obi sa eR ‘Nena pbc ren nd pa any denen a Semcon es chao reduce the amber of nstions and rama eds he numberof th fom lr . "The mor ofthe storys di geography doe ot prevent deve net bt does the Kind favesnnt ond to ovens gogegi {slabs Tle 41 skows ack, ho dire eopaphy iene destiny) “Thepointibeamareof geography ge yp Cogan and come up wth meaning aerate when undeting geprphicl conde tonsa iat for one son ornate? I, The Role of Culture—Demography, Education and Gender 1 the dire ago of why some fae re aad ad ote behind, reply fen tunes othe ath tory onthe is cate alec eg and thes ining explanson of abo ea’ poverty Rich po le oft ike to think theses arch bease fli secre fr ‘sample tht they pray to te ght gd, They fe ave aad time undetnd. ing the natal advantages that might hv helped to prope oun oe. ‘ar abot these ie toblane he por the robles eetng Poverty tori ainer orth wrong oligos Bee ‘he station i fen more humorouk When a lace ipo ha the rp {aon af ing ay and een it comes ih he reptton ese ot ‘ia Thi happened with Japan inthe niceth century When Jaen ws sill poe (rnd 70), Faopean observer conden he Jane thee allege anes Wie Jipan boomed, Earp and Ames caplned ht per clr el the pees 0 wk fo ha Thi Lindo eve roby means tht cle war tthe hy to underage he tad ovesiy orthestbquent wea Other tos were py. ‘We shold also remember tht afr i not monelhi- Carl aides, Me economic seus changeover ine Think a he chang stds omen, Aiea Americans, Jews, the ty nd ater gaps wh once feed ‘emble dsrininaton inthe United Sites, Wt sw see ated (and lo) chang The etre ang The atu Jou nthe Ud States ring asim, eligous minors, gender le and ther ape a ‘alte have changedmarhedland lite ply et geet stead ‘angen the ou of ane enero. donot wat abe ered, Ca. twremateforecnomic development Rie ogre sy Ate evo, andcaneole nye tht spor sabe dencopment When comes tothe most important ctu bls ht ec ele evepoet, we sould wn our steno to call atts owed oly ‘edocs atin tthe olof omnen, ‘Wien welonk athe option hlengs, goo pce osctisthe wdnap te ety ate shown gar 4 Te ool ety nate CTR) say‘toa mp chides per women ery at) (208) ren the avenge sume fier woman the acy wil ae lg erie Th word map shor he teed aration TFRs or wel tein any rt Be wo mec in he gnome cots, TFRs Ite blow te Tat ean ate nom, area shaving ewe hn wo ‘Sater When rity tesa Below wow fat on verge ah mote ‘clog bin the et eration with her enti sang the lation lel over te long term. When th TFRs aor th pop Feo il en nese over he ng ta a he ighncone work TRS ‘olay ae nr blo 0 some the we pote counties nothin tepals ain parts of Sth Al TFRs az above fou and in miny ‘oan nce tpl Aen TFRS ae above Tsmeans tht eh ‘womans ving tes ore dager One canines se he pote Teendeamatc se inde popuition overt cousf sta fe deals ‘eh ety rates temendoly at conomic develpeent ec wth sry ne poplaton of young iden poor les have ery ie ordi the acolo thicken Perhaps ol the eldest son ible fo schoo andthe younger gs ae mare tery youngage whoa avin ‘tind proper edacsion Inthe aes genet, ho young ill gow ‘ap ett the aeray andthe sl they dois ti ow es and ‘hewn cin rl eyo row up in poverty, Counties thar kae mae = wanton am high ely ate tlw fry its ave ene angen economic development we counts that ave very igh ety ‘nested ave cower economic oth ‘Ovetinethe ty ate shapes option yanks: whet thepopl tonisesingordelnngin ovale svelte age race ofthe poplin, A poeltionage dtbuson date by what a the age pplton Pramid—an example of Joa changing age option paid shown re 4: Thee pyri show the uber bys and gi ormen and wenn, st eaoages nth on TFRsin gan were above lente, (The TFR loses wasround 30) Asazsu here remo Young ce han ps nt amore parts than gandparnts (bce te TER above snare _rnerstonr ara). The age option hrf ake pai ith ide bate (any young clr) smllr mide of prety and manow segment gandurentat theta. By theape that age opin ose ‘anges cael gan heed ty tes pear areata ingle ply rent ofeconomic evap ndparty arena ep and acco mode contre The nmber of hide ely mich vert the mmr fps base the TFR comes downto athe Poets for aos the idl ofthe etry the contigo TR wile te anage population rut thts an iver pram Ey eto lb smaller in aunber hn the pres generation, astounding af ects bat one thtismledhy a TFR tsar vllow "Tew the canes provide a won tration oh ik of TR ad the se stytr ofthe poplaton With high TF, the opultion young Wh ‘oder Fauna the ppslstinismile aged Whe verylow TER, vellbelow 0 the populito age Most oft ey poor cous til have the pyri shape, with igh TER ad avery wide bn of young people. This in hat popuitons teof =| ——az 8 onl EPS | | a a = | pa poplin rami (1956205205) continuing o soar Each ne geaation ach move numero than ee pa te geertion- The popalton fab Sakaran Ay, oeampl wound loos bill ope yo compared wth oan 950 mio oy the fete deine ony rally On UN dats Af population wuld ane {pow rm oan olin in 3038 ilion athe en of he ety + (ptr than so uns incase in 0 yeas—an uprcedeatd ices, Withall the iat fining frm es cme change, and depleting ene ‘our tht Kind of date and anpecdented ein population woeld lino srl pu prospesty ot ofeach “he problem ta serour ethin ech amy. porter and mtber ae angst right chile, hw can the hope to provide each cd wth ‘he human ep (hells, mtiton, and edsetion) tht he cd wll eed for tine sacs? Moe gest bow lal of nda ery poor cides hintheedoctonbeltcae nd tion tht they ean ce 0 ‘es het sep up the poplin comics ttc? Secs wl depend ‘ntodays higher couties reducing the i Fert aso alu ‘hoe hoop publ policy and hanging clr atstades, The mst portant sig tp sens to lp young gil ayn schoo. They wl mary ae, ve ewe cle and be nore rete toward the wore, They andthe and il hoowvlentayt ve many Ser iden, olny ec ton igh TER ata leadout inmost ther places the wok “Another ade or tral phenomenon of couse, one Ut as shaped by polis an acon, aes soy ater toward edecation Some societies even wena sae of get poverty cue ape anountf gover Inet analy ort andsteton om ea and ection. South Kors ‘one ich cousty—even when wa imporebel nthe mide ofthe wen cthcentrythad ayer igh eracy ate and femal song de ae ‘heaton attainment. This commitment io edcation helped South Kore to {chive sme ofthe fate and ost sce ecoomie development ever ined and with widerend propery Aap pt of Kore remciable wo ‘nomicaacs hc be itty top cote brad aed igh ‘lily eduction fe all This commitment fo exlenceneeaton shows op {nneational est coe Figure 40 Some the srs Progra eration(Cota) Student Assent (ISA) ankngs on intersting in math, sence and eatg with Korea nea the tpl hectare pee fxmanve sot ony pblevetment i edewton Bt ao 00g Pare ‘alupprt in re forthe educator aiment otha cen Note indeed the peponderaneof at Asan xen athe tp ofthe chars, elicig 2 cll common edacsionslatsiment ate edespread in East AS “etanoter start that dep neces pte feconemic dev pmeat ste clual atide toward women, Do women hae legal iho? re women ptpting an el as nthe bor Fre? Do women come 0 [ce mae sdiarininton? Gender eu of ous la ha pola aspects (gr whon women ae dni te ight ot), bt cal pa ery sg ‘ntl, Once gin th ett anda wth dco, thee big dle ces arund the wri titde foward gon aqua apd atid twa ‘omen and this ihences economic development ny was Ther probably na vacety nthe wold whee women tl do note at let sme dicriminton, bce the lang tory the word a itary ofturnin again women. took xceptns pti ft, sc mob sarrand ota courage onthe at ormen obra this si ae in past today we view closet aaning oder egat De ant of the world wee woren stl fc profound aries © I Scam a polio piston What are te conequence of hat an noua ad evel act hats anon Blt ain pone aes crv: ta deafness bal the poplin; a that bck women se pes lig, economies and pbs shown tll shod female and male eee tha hve een hae pte changes vee st ity jeieugh the ges by no mesures Forel Ranks pr pos omen ‘Satta ate empowering Fei es Tre otony a pescene eal butts are bet a neta tee ena paripaton polis ands aayrvtaater put ofhe ws hough three iesuatisnd le donation psi owe. n Brands nul empovement hastened ‘yond pane ons hs me ound props n reducing cl moe ‘hy andinimproingedcation and soc conons (The under smaty the deinaty ily afin jt one Soa om 45 ets 00 bits ng sro aos t/t daring ota [ Wed Buk 046) Whi thee dee crs contig Ro Trot eof womenin plc ar layed icant ol Rand cess pe eons tht al aging behind fo sce ‘Sete nt cetary,don ty o deseo ith al hal yore at is onging ape he poet top ineverypomet ‘eth lson om acount thatiematllgllfis ens IN The Role of Potties 1 addon gogery ‘eran aoe) nou poet hese Pats fain many ne. ‘Mtoe or sachs alae nthe hes ba poles (em) anc insency (um) por grease en) ed ae gaps (7) “Gonrhance 90 ptt bss the role of government i econo dslopnect abot rai. The government i it for baling the ener tapas, we mtn pt (nd trnstactare—the ads ah power tenuis, por series, comet, vate sovrags nd the ex tat is cer fo apy economy to deep ‘Ghrcoment seat fr human pital deeopneat the heh btn, cu ution the population, ess oft ede, the goverment oe pertning pbc col wl e mina. the goverment nt er fag, heat onions wil poor Infectious sete sacha ali rampant. ante goverment neces ese eanoncopostantyfr a laclaingthe tke vsmect Te chen in sock fm unless saportedtough em ‘Reet gogane wl be unable toobiun pope esto, eto, nd Sota por What happento wry oor my at canot ‘Bes to decp silyl of which re een ein poor ch 0 ‘Seipe rm poverty Government heroes posible eternalait otf poet by hing poor Bude t eta lective statin ean to feesie highly elacton. ‘Goran i fhe a fe OF curs witout goverment canbe anarchy anl lence he governed is msec, ther ‘Scone achan te bing secorwillopetatp allem emromen andre ‘fooral flor ott lo cone to bread sed economic devepmet. ifeonmact enna bs enfons cout ae not working thn who endo bas ea When we our crim ado othe checks fare, pov trey eon we wantolnokalthe pata son acosseeal mensions. Thnk apy Sout ceting an fictive odytemin acount This pes nelle poles (to desig te oad pe rename and tee com esto pement Tis depend on acest pli ane to be le to ‘He the ered fds out ote bet or thraghbond ses or publ pres Tis depends on hoes any ra projets never pode at Fondsbecae ofthe ihn oforapton And segues dec gpa ‘he Thecouymustbeat pace i prapneedsopeormere ert net atthe done, Clos ade rove ast one eal of how god [oven combines pc plc nance, and oils One a sy he tame sou education, hth ca nd courts other etn the econo. ‘China, oe ofthe fst ring enemy, has excl in eveleping the capac of goverment at al levels to undrabe lager ives ‘pent opines allo prods tremendous atonal anspor system, or is hae uan mets sytem Mat elevation has ese pd Induction, China ran cramp of tune where the gorermet as ool ancnetial ein enabling very apd growth, Onthe other ide hea hun poor sours where goverment havent et a he capaci aes ‘ert to andre te lng see inte vestents nected fo ef ‘redevelopment “Goverment as aso regulate by sector ofthe cone Face sane of thon Unregdate tanking ysems tend gett aie The hoe woes trecedthsin soo when he deogltion on Wall Suet tthe very petro the woes ancy came ase ani cist red hag utters nd laf iteratona nuns Govermes droppedthe ee arian are nmeacad lobes un Washington bed successfully urged the eel of Wall Sot Wal tet ined mae profit the est ofsocty ‘ser mae aes Whe gonomnieat le creer oneramentencourge ‘ello palo odin the banking tr nal pais fen ene Coot ang cn sna mae aout of eration and ase fares of the eto process. Corropton, of nue, aot eared ery wel coupe companes nd goverment doit racy go ot the yt scument wha thy at dig! One lead NGO, Transparency ntenaton over fl bl pub erie by pulang the CrrptonPeeptiont Index which wes expert opinions to mestr the perce el publ ctr Correo in outs nee oan the world Ap othe Basa ylation resis or 2a sown ogre (Taney Iter ‘onal 2) Coates in dak be (Canada and Sandia) ae considered 0 be the cope courte. Towe in eae considered tobe igh core ‘Govemnents ea major ale in enscing that een che fm poor lee have cance fil conan mobi. Tat regu publ el for oor fais, pict ohlp por chiang accu to guy ay exe, ‘1 Gab pceptions of eoraptionpron i, cand fe ones Sachin Fen vel bende ine nd apn be teeny re incingchide perl fom por bts gett ness> added boost so they havea good sot tsps sania eines help chien oor eT ned poverty re gee. Win the Rgbiacre oun Conan or Economic -operaionandDevdopnent(OBCD) aie ean betwen goverment inter ivesients isos en eras ttt gist poverty ad provision foc services is ee arte socal expends sharon ine fr SSO pe etonieArtheighendofrachimestnens (waned arash of eeepc th eandnavan ci emacs; tthe oppo endothe sae ee pcledgthe United Sates, pa and xn, where public el Fe soo ter and poe shen vey lon Te conseqoenss hae tat poor den inhese counts hane machhighersk of growingupin pores Thulamuch gener chance fending poor as ‘Not suprising poverty rat fo ren fe lowest inthe Sannin soi democracies wre the social spending x ihest. Child poverty ites ‘Mehigh nthe ned States Msc iy and Trey counties tt vest ‘Mach vein svi programs 0 share of national income Ti patch “Jey nde in gre sgh plots social expenditures ata share of gos ‘sonal product of GNP (onthe rao ns) compared withthe chi pov iy te (on the venta as) ven among high-income mals economies sects hag aration, Some counts tend othe meds of by poor “Tree conitns for high ail and economic mobility. Other counties, ‘Thesnleding an (be United States), more oes eave the por thee fe engin ack ofintergenertiona maby 2ndarepation of poverty Tn onde ce child poverty though fending higher lees of va spunea ashe of nto icove, gorenments ms cosh Stan with lee explanation hein of how ths money wed | om var wg A a otto ge sa epee ma pt OF——— so Taacoleton pect of DP (OECD cous) ss enone phn a 3 fie of GDF ont 2 nse wg incre nn nett SEAR ce conton salen merged ate sere mer cata hes sachs the Ute Sts at ve "Tua one cl Tse ted Sa eae anna maby x geerton: Whee ae me eved ately io Parag esto tecme oie been hes and wat ts th ant goin re sr ty alco orien thesis ad ath Po ee nc tent oar be canons pibth sulle and fy vided Oe ofthe sinensis of sai development {soc ncson: hat everybody shoo havea chan, nding cle orn ‘ntopoir miles Toachieve ocalinclson, we wi edo foes onthe foe tie postin rl of goverment i doings job to ake raze poo cd has the chance gt aes? When goverment cary out har they provi a ‘major boot orate devon Which Countries Are Stil Stuck in Poverty? tn our quest to understand ssainale development an economic dev pment we have focsed on the moder oa of economic goweth and ave Ueto a diferent dingo to andeatand why the ving pple of conomiedevslapment hive raced rome places i the wool nd fad 10 teach thes We can now put he pte other by acoso the area in the word tat ate til stuck blow the thesold of el-aning got ‘ing th 000 dla po enon peryear held yams ema oF Fol deelapment in gure shows tha howe counter shown a red ae Sil blow that aes lpel ody Thee reining eons ail ple ‘ica a mamber of ndoked cots, nln Aghanistan, Nepal, Mor {olan Lao anda fhe part othe wor Without ueton we mast ‘ep ub-Saharn Aft a the reset challenge of deepen st stil the plas nthe word with he highs poverty er nde the Bggest ca Tens in mesing basic nes, The god wv stbtin eet yay expel ince the yer s008 comic pont in au Saharan Ac hat pol os Tote ave Ben major aancs [some lay aes of dae cote mproved ces to dco, aba. instr, However the etl no ol sting rp ad daar _powth though th prospect ow es very nach win ach Wecandoa fee dagesson a Saharan lcs andask wht we am about ssa Arlopmet by tiki ht matdnensonl ew of eon ‘The Alcan tropics ve many tine fates tha ae rea fe mic dewlpment. The dies Burden i very hesrily concent athetropic whee a, eos ore dss eng fe an wo sare pce. Agclte canbe wry iu. There fen water ety aan he bi trmperatue avery f drought a igh insta Hearne depletion fi rte cn fe xen pecs in tbe wr pcalconten Theis nothingimpossible bout beeches ir ea rai conta, bat hey nod we contlle Thy rane ae an have her highest denn tose eng sand 50 ‘Secatateonon neds be geno sos clnge “ethane noted at Aca sheds eure ofthe most noc comes of ny cotient: Roop ened of Aan counts ae lind reiterate orty-ain counts Tisisa big role, atti wort tage mk why thst cane Ope hy meson be clap Ne rae a nnvonal randars; itis do When the plc died ee nut tthe Ben Confrence ofthe diet inte race in oe cat acs steal aa ot ati ded veh wpe Te iu legacy made had fx may popaatins sen se slo The dance fom the pos may so ate ow history ee penne Sos teria ave aged hats defense aps the sine eck Afsein poplin: woved om the coats the mero were they woud be afer om ate “Heras pyc gopbic aspect tos stance x wel a may por af Ate cut pe evionnet eae ote Ea Fer lowland Kenya, th cout et e very The ease winds ann nse to th cost bu the hgh nthe nterioe This sent ate bigh polation dena as cn ae no atthe cnet at a ted interiors ie Roan Ups where there nach an alan inde pr areasie Mona Keay, hh sina usher eon clei gy peed ther adr oles a wel. Ahe te of As Indep nth at soe at th esa oma there were ey rea Ran with higher elvations On the ee oindependene in 96 the Bearer Rapa of Congo bad eve thn tweny ues sates in aaa ern tevin. The Earopean power did not provide edocation, which thay sea poli isk When Ac tions sciee independence, many Cums inaction ofthe poplaton with igh school de, Iocan dation “Te Boropean powers ao lft behind decent phys nfastruct. gue ae compares the sap of Ai aay syst today wih the India ae pte bul lang ding the British coli peo I ni there ‘allay gr The bese he sng ling clonal pow, Gre Brit, rated nod inasractare np asthe extacton find ato ‘Seoures suchas nd cotton owen Enghndeton mail. In Afi, here there mere noe fic topogaphiel nd geographic codtions an many pula dvsons the Europea son powers dats down together to ast atay ner Each imperil power spel costed sown ‘al prhps rom sport to aie or tation The ll ste ef by colon ower therefore as ot a ga ut st ria ines ong from ports ‘Besrlocans tht were important oth loi ower Thelak ofan efi the a ihas ben an enormous ser for Arca Whe Indakadits ase tara Green Reelin ofthe os tay layed uch ain ringing Feber nthe nero nd ingig rain rom thease eins the ‘he, Buta Af te all canna seve st purpose, nce i doe ot ext ene tent fit cet Aes al network ht yet bul The gues of cla ale in Afi, in shot, have bees exten er lou hss mot an explanation of eorytig ak there newer 3 inge-ictor ‘pnation feral diagnose doesnt nec i simple ane ‘We do not ned more impatc nnwers, bt we eed act names Ad Fret! goss ps with acuny by Mentyng the changes that need eased ‘nrconasons mst te sso for psn, however have mpi sus tht hsv or geoapicalbudee ae ao Se they ae not desty, they are easons or ato, Te problems of exteme pony in Acad be Where ca be sled Te fools fr i solaons re more pow than Induction heath care aca power toner sa and many other seas The ar proven nth of pubic poly tose pts ston We wiles uty ofthowe practical slubons nthe capers aheadENDING EXTREME POVERTY |. The Reasons to Bolieve Tat Extreme Poverty Can Be Ended ‘eho stdetheprocesofmodeeconomicprowth adhe senhow {yee sen gs domestic pod (GDP) per pesonhs occured fc sprend thoughout sll he wo, while ew emsining egos tbe wr ve ot yet tale Whore yrowth hs occured extent poverty hs dened fen onl lee Tere season to belere tht sane econ gomth can spread to che emaning reios— ‘speci o tape nan thereby emit he eaing pockets ‘Mesteme poet. et for earesthat wl dca the orale prospect {by no meats oaaned wl have tbe ached though dlibente Itcanatonl al ible and will spl hapen ons 0, “We wil analyte posible pathway to ngesteme ore nthe reat een ofwenty years Yt do 9 we est aed a working dfn thonefexteme poverty The Word Binks poverty ines cera he mos. edly sed Te Word Bk defines eatrene poverty san income ulw ove lino sper day nse US dlls attentional pies aos By th mtn there were a estimated 1 illon people bow theextome poet ine ao on the yearf hemos recent at “The Word Hank's dfnton suey 0 marrow. would be beter 0 Ake theexteme poverty ne esti ote sy of adidas 0