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    35 views15 pages

    Optics Notes

    Uploaded by

    Surya Prakash
    Optics Notes

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 15
    DERN = (Unit VI) © Competitive Examination Fi REVISION AT A GLANCE 4. REFLECTION OF LIGHT GiReflection. Wher light trcoelling in a medium strikes a reflecting surface t goes back into the sare medium This phenomenon is known as reflection of light. GlLaws of reflection. 1. The incident ray, the normal to the reflecting surface atthe point of incidence and the reflected ray all ein the same plane, 2. The angle of incidence (i) is always equal to the angle of reflection (7) G Image formed by a plane mirror. Following are the characteristics of the image formed by a plane mirror 4. The iniage is as far as behind the mirror, as the object is infront of 2, The size of the image is same as that of the object The image formed is virtual in nature. Since the image is formed behind the mirror, it can not be produced on a screen, The innage formed is erect in nature. 5. Theimage formed is laterally inverted. The lateral inversion means that the right side of the object appears as the left side e image and vice-versa Spherical mirror, The portion of a reflecting surface, which forms part of a sphere, is called a spherical mirror B Concave spherical mirror. A spherical mirror, whose reflecting surface is towards the centre ofthe sphere, of which the mirror forms a partis called concave spherical mirror. {Convex spherical mirror. A spherical mirror, whose reflecting surface is away from the centre ofthe spliere of which the mirror forms a partis called corivex spherical mirror DA few definitions: 1. Centre of curvature. The centre of the sphere, of which the mirror forms a part is called the centre of curvature of the mirror, 2, Radius of curvature. The radius of the sphere, of which the mirror forms a part, is called radius of curvature of the mirror, Ttis denoted by R. . Pole. The cevitre of the spherical mirror is called its pole. Principal axis. The line joining the pole anid the centre of curvature of the mirror is called the principal axis of the mirror. mre, The diameter of the mirror is called aperture ofo the mirror. focus. The point at which a narrow beam of light which is incident on the mirror parallel to its principal axis, after mirror, meets or appears to come from, is called the principal focus of the mirror. Tihe distance between the pole and the principal focus of the mirror ts called the focal length of the mirror. Mirror forn ation produc ‘6 Themisror formula holds for a spherical misror of small aperture only, 7. incase of a conver mirror, always a virtual and diminished image is formed, i §& Aconwes mirror always produces a virtual image, However, ifa beam of light from a virtual {the conve mirror, then ils real image will be formed in frontof the mirror 9. When a concave spherical mirror produces a real image: (Othe rays of light from the object actually meet at theimage. (i the image is always inverted. (ii the size of the image may be the same/smaller/larger than the size ofthe object. (ie) the linear magnification is negative as the image formed is always inverted. 10. When a concave/convex spherical mirror produces a virtual image : {0 the rays of light from the object only appear to come from theimage. Gi) the image is always erect. a z z ee Gi) the size of the image may be the ‘same/smaller/larger than the sizeof the object, (Go) the linear magnification is positive as the image formed is alwa ares 11. The focal length of a spherical mirror remains | ne (@ the wavelength of light used is changed ans 5 Gi) the mirror is placed inside aliquid, 12. Thespherical Pea mirrorsare used, are SES Important Tips and Formulae sini _ tically = ) idex of a. ily : Absolute refracti of light. It states thatyi the same path in the op a a ‘pefeocting surfaces) is placed in a medium a, then the emergent ray is always parallel to the incident ray and the refractive indies ‘of the tee media are related to each other as below + My * He = "lee @ Real and apparent depth. When an object is placed in an optically denser medium, the apparent depth of the objects always less than its real depth, Real d Apparent depth Mathematically :1. Ky 2. Normalshift, d=!) 1-— ‘ My O Total intemal reflection. The phenomenon of reflection of light that takes place whten a ray oflight travelling in a denser medium ‘gets cident at the interface ofthe two media at an angle greater than the critical angle for that pair of media. Mathematically Saye ae es refractive index of the denser medium b w.rt. the rarer medium a and Cis the critical angle. O Spherical refracting surface. The portion of a refracting medium, whose curved surface forms the part of a sphere, is called spherical refracting surface rere oh ang nian ‘When objects situated in the rarer medium, the relation between 4, (refractive index of the rarer medium), (refractive index of the spherical refracting surface) and R (the radius of curvature) with the object and image distances (1 and v)is given by Ly aetna ik ‘When the object is situated in denser medium, the relation between s«,, 4 R, wand v can be obtained by interchanging ‘14, and (15, In that case, the relation becomes Ha Ma u ii v R Power of spherical refracting surface : P eae _ Here, Ris measured in metre. formula. The relation connecting the focal length of the lens with the radii of curvature of its two surfaces dex of the material of the lens is called lens maker’s formula. a 1 Ma ~ Hh the focal le NE EXAMINATION WE UNIT Vip 1. When light travels from one medium to another, it gets refracted. The titerent speeds in different refracting media, 2 Shell's lw fails, when light is incident normally on a’refracting medium. & The absolute refractive index of a medium cannot be less than unity. Itis because, the velocity of ight is maximum in vacuum cause of refraction of light is that it travels with 4 Therefractive index ofa material in terms of the wavelength of the lightis given by I follows that the refractive index of a material decreases with increase in wavelength of the incident light. 5. The lateral shift produced by a parallel sided glass plate is (zero, when the angle of incidence is 0° and (2) maximum (equal to the thickness of the refracting slab), when the angle of incidence is 90°. 6. The phenomena of reflection and total internal reflection are different trom each other in the following respects + (9 Whereas reflection can occur, when theincident ray travels inside a rarer ora denser medium; the total internal reflection takes place only when the incident ray travels in a denser medium and falls on the interface of the two medi (# Whereas reflection can occur at all the values of the angle of incidence; the total internal reflection takes place only when the ray of light is incident at an angle of incidence greater than the critical angle Whereas 100% of incident light energy cannot be reflected through the phenomenon of reflection, the entire lightenergy is reflected during the phenomenon of total internal reflection. 2. The lens equation and the mirror formula obtained by applying the new cartesian sign conventions are not the same. 8. Itmay be noted that lens forms the image on the other side ofthe real object while the virtual imageis formed on the same side the object, Therefore, in case of a lens, the distance of the real intage from the lens ts taken as positive and that of virtual image is taken as negative. 9. When a convex lens produces real image, mr is negative and when image formed is virtual, nis positive, 10, The image produced by a concaye lens is always virtual and smaller in size 11, The power of a spherical refracting surface ora lens gives the measure of the degree to which itcan converge or diverge the rays of light passing through it. 12, The focal length and power of a spherical refracting surface of a lens depend oe the refractive index of the surrounding medium also in addition to the refractive index of the material and the radii of curvature of its two 43. The focal length of a plane glass plate is infinite and its power is zero, 14, The power of a thick lens is greater than that ofa thin lens. 415, When a glass lens is immersed in water, its focal length increases and hence its power decreases, Important Tips and Formulae: ce : pes ogananans EE WNT Vy) a } When light travels from one medium to another, i gets refracted, The cause of refraction of light is that i travels with cerent speeds in difforent refracting media. 2. Shell's law fails, when lightis incident normally on a refracting medium. + Theabsoluterefractive index of amedium cannot be less than unity. It sbecause, the velocity oflightis maximum in vacuum 4 Therefractive index of a material in terms of the wavelength of the lights given by ae Bid {follows that the refractive index of a material decreases with increase in wavelength of the incidentlight. 5. The lateral shift produced by a parallel sided glass plate is (@ zero, when the angle of incidence is 0° and Gi) maximum (equal to the thickness of the re 6, The phenomena of re sfracting slab), when the angle of incidence is 90%. ‘ction and total internal reflection are different from each other in the following respects: ( Whereas reflection can occur, wien the incident ray travelsinsidea rarer ora denser medium the totalintemalreflection takes place only when the incident ray travels in a denser medium and falls on the interface of the fwo media, (ti) Whereas reflection can occur at all the values of the angle of incidence; the total internal reflection takes place only when the ray of light is incident at an angle of incidence greater than the critical angh (Gi) Whereas 100% of incident light energy cannot be reflected through the phenomenon of reflection, the entire lightenergy isreflected during the phenomenon of total internal reflection. 7, The lens equation and the mirror formula obtained by applying the new cartesian sign conventions are not the same. 8. Itmay be noted thata lens forms the image on the other side of the real object ; while the virtual imageis formed on the same Be hese side the object, Therefore, in ease of a lens, the distance of the real image from the lens is taken as positive and that of virtual image is taken. as negative 9. When a convex lens produces real image, mis negativeand when image formed is virtual, mis positive. 10. The image produced by a concave lens is always virtual and smaller in size. 11. The power of a spherical refracting surface ora lens gives the measure of the degree to which itcan converge or diverge the rays of light passing through it. 12, The focal length and power of a spherical refracting surface of a lens depend upon the refractive index of the surrounding medium also in addition to the refractive index of the material and the radii of curvature of its two surfaces. 13, The focal length of a plane glass plate is infinite and its power is zero. 414, The power of a thick lens is greater than that of a thin lens. 415. When a glass lens is immersed in water, its focal length increases and hence its power decreases, Important Tips and Formulae: : = 5 MODEIOS we OF PY tga WWeman convex ions made of matertal of refractive index 1 is placed in a medium of refractive index j it bebven a @ tcoares to behave gs alens (f =), if’ = 1 GD itshill behaves as Hanpiyerging lens (f= positive), if! x. }. When a lens is placed inside a liquid of refractive index %y), its focal length is given by where 1 1 4/3), its focal lengiy suit fps, Porexample, when a convex lens made of glass (*4,=3/2)is placed inside water (*} Bet eet eto Cones is focal length in i G9 convex lens will still behave as a converging lens, if *y, < “g- It is because, 4. >1 Gif) a convex lens will behave as a diverging lens, if “1, > “1, Ibis because, /,< 1 8, An air bubble inside a transparent liquid behaves as a convex lens made of air and placed inside the liquid. As such, its focal length is given by 74 (eg Tountic (Ri Ry Since 42, <1 ie, |, ~ 1 is negative, the air bubble inside a transparent liquid behaves as a diverging lens. 9, When a convex lens produces a real image of an object, the minimum distance between the object and the imageis ‘equal to four times its focal length Ttis because, the lens equation gives a real solution for « and v only if the focal length fis greater than one-fourth ofthe dlistance between the object and image. 10, A conyex lens of focal length f produces an N times magnified image, when the object distances from the lens have magnitude (f//N). ‘1, When a number of thin lenses are placed in contact, (@ power of the equivalent lens is equal to sum of the powers of the individual lenses i Po Py 2) + Py trrannn di) magnification produced is equal to the product of the magnifications produced by the component lenses ie. = my X myx mM 22, Consider thatan equconvex en (each surface having radu of curvature Rof foal engi focal lengthen 2(u=1) R thelensiscut along XOX’ asshownin Fig VIO, theradit of curvature ofthe two surfaces ‘a ee ee BP arene punmutiib.s ns 1 a When light fromsit object falls on its curved surface, first of all its image is formed due to refraction by the leney then de ‘oveflection by the silveredl plane surface and finally again due to refraction (the rays reflected from the silvered surface are agai cfracted) by the lens. If Fis the equivalent focal length of the system (lens, plane mirror and lens), then de Neda Chee) * ae ae ee eras (di) Consider that one surface of an equiconvex of focal lngth and the curved surface of radius of curvature Ris silvered as shown in Fig, VI. 02 (6). 4 When light from an object falls on its unsilvered surface first ofall its image is formed due to refraction by the lene, then 1), the prism still deviates the light towards away from the base. 4. The white light gets dispersed, while passing through a prism due to the fact that white light consists of light of different wavelengths. Since the refractive index of the material of a prism depends upon the wave length of light, the light of different wavelengths undergo unequal deviations, while passing through the prism. 5, When white light passes through a glass slab having parallel faces, itis dispersed into its constituent colours also, as it undergoes refraction at the first face. However, the constituent colours recombine to produce white light, when refraction takes place at the second face of the glass slab. 6. The Fraunhoffer lines F, D and C in the solar spectrum possess wavelengths 4,861 A, 5,890 A and 6,563 A respectively and lie in blue, yellow and red regions of the spectrum. Sometimes, refractive indices of the materials of prisms for blue, mean and red light ie. jt, 4 and n, are respresented by jij, py and ye respectively 7. When two prisms (of different materials and angles of prism) are combined so as to produce dispersion without deviation, the condition for no deviation applies to the path of mean light. 8, When two prisms, one of crown glass and the other of flint glass, are combined to produce dispersion without deviation, the order of the colours in the spectrum cue to the combination is opposite to that due,to the crown glass prism. 9. The chromatic aberration in a lens is because of the fact that it has different focal lengths for light of different colours. 10. The pure spectrum can be obtained by placing the prism in minimum deviation postion. ‘11, When light from the sun traverses the atmosphere, the scattering of the blue light is approximately sixteen times as - large as that of red light. a ae formation of rainbows is due the phenomena of dispersion and total internal reflection of white light (from the ‘sun) from the water droplets suspended in the air. Inthe formation of primary rainbow, a single total internal reflection takes place; while the secondary raindow is the + of doubletotal internal reflection. i ised ; while in the case of the secondary raindow, the uj is violet. ‘than the secondary raindow. : oe Reserv oamnoinan nie nv »s Also as a! > a itfollows that > 8ie A(u=1)> A’ (WW’=1) Since =1> ié= 1, itfollows that A > A’, Itimplies that fo produce deviation without dispersion, the angle of crown glass prisms fas fowbe greater than that of the flint glass prism, GDNet deviation= 5 ( 1-2 ) o Sincew’ >, 1 will be positive, It implies that the combination will produce deviation in the same direction as produced o by the erown glass prism, .pccording to Rayleigh’s scattering law, when the light traverses the atmosphere, the intensity of light scattered is. tnyersely Proportional to the fourth power of the wavelength of the light. As a consequence of it: (9 The danger signals are red in colour. It is because, due to its large wavelength, the scattering of red light is only toa Shar ea ee the red light signals can be seen upto a longer distance without much loss in their intensity. s ii) The colour of sky looks blue. It is because, its small wavelength, the scattering of blue light is prominent an thesky looks blue, y lue. It is because, due to its ill wavelengt he scattering ight is pr (ai) The colour of sky on the moon appears white. It is because, moon has no atmosphere. G Human eye, Eye is called the natural optical instrument. It is because, eye has the capability of automaticadjustment of the aperture and focussing. G Far point. It is the greatest distance beyond which the normal eye can not see the objects clearly, For a normal eye, itis taken as infinity (Near point: It is the closest distance up to which the objects can be seen clearly For a normal eye, itis 25 cm. It is also called the least distance of distinct visio 1D Accomodation. It is the process by which the eye adapts itself for objects at diferent distances. 5 Defects of vision. 1. Myopia or nearsightedness. A perso is said to be suffering from myopia, ifhe can see only near objects clearly but cannot see the objects beyond a certain distance clearly, This defect of eye can be corrected by using a concave lens of focal length, where x is the distance of its far point from the eye: 2. Hypermetropia or farsightedness. A person is said lo be suffering from hypermetropia, if he can see distant objects clearly, but not the nearby objects. " ; “An eye suffering from hypermeteropia ean be corrected by using a convex lens of focal length given by the equation, xD ne eet ee ee me ee is the distance of its near point from the eye and D, the least distance of distinct vision, i auare wo tors The farsightedness defect of vision ocurring with the age See cae ae nh 4. Astigmatism. The defect of vision, which arises ue to non-spherical shape ofthe cornea or the crystalline lens is cal I AMINATION FILE (UNIT V1) Also as o> @,it follows that 5 > die, A (v= 1)> A" (u!=1) Since 4’~1>y—1,itfollows that A > A’. Itimy plies that to produce deviation without dispersion, the angle of erown glass prism to be grenter than that of the flint glass prism, (i) Net deviation = Sinceo'> o,1- will be positive, It implies that He combination will produce deviation in the same direction as produced by the crown glas wun glass prism ig * According. to Rayleigh’s scattering law, when the light traverses the atmosphere, the intensity of light scattered is A er oportional to the fourth power of the wavelength of the light. As a consequence of it: small ayes, 22R8et signals are red in colour. Its because, due to its large wavelength, the scattering of red light is only to a Ga net Accordingly, the red light signals can be seen upto a longer distance without much loss in their intensity. aa ae ie solos of sky looks blue. It is because, due to its small wavelength, the scattering of blue light is prominent and esky looks blue, ____{i) The colour of sky on the moon appears white. It is because. moon has no atmosphere. Chapter 4. Optical Instruments the any tituman eye, Eye is called the natural optical instrument. Itis because, eye has the capability of automaticadjustment of he aperture and focussing, “ Far point. It is the greatest distance beyond which the normal eye can not sce the objects clearly. For anormal eye, itis taken as inf (Near point, it isthe closest distance up to which the objects can be seen clearly For a normal eye, it is 25 cm, It is also called the least distance of distinct vision 5 Accomodation. It isthe process by which the eye adapts itself for objets at different distances. 5 Defects of vision. 1. Myopia or nearsightedness. A person is said to be suffering from myopia, if he can see only near objects clearly but cannot see the objects beyond a certain distance clearly This defect of eye can be corrected by using a concave lens of focal length, famx, where x is the distance of its far point from the eye 2. Hypermetropia or farsightedness. A person is said to be suffering from hypermetropia, if he can see distant objects clearly, but not the nearby objects An eye suffering from hypermeteropia can be corrected by using a convex lens of focal length given by the equation, xD erent where wis the distance of its near point from the eye and D, the least distance of distinct vision, 3. Presbyopia. The farsightedness defect of vision ocurring with the age is called presbyopia. 4. Astigmatism. The defect of isto, which arises due to non-spherical shape ofthe cornea or he crystalline lens iscaled astigmatisyn. An eye suffering from astigmatism can be corrected by using a suitable cylindrical lens. 1 Simple microscope. A convex lens of small focal length is called a simple microscope or a magnifying glass, The magnifying power ofa microscope is defined asthe ratio of the angle subtended by the image atthe eye to the angle subtended by the object seen directly, when both lie at the least distance of district vision. Mathematically: M=| ome ¥ 7 Here, Dis the least distance of distinct vision. 1 Compound microscope. A compound microscopeisa two lens system (object lens and eye Tens of focal lengths f,and ‘fp, Its magnifying power is very large, as compared to the simple microscope. Mathematically: M. =B(t 5 ae ig, Here, 1, is distance of the object from the object lens and v, (= L), the length of the tube of microscope) isthe distance at which the object Iens forms the image of the object. 1 Astronomical telescope: Its atwvo lens system and is used to observe distant heavenly’ objects Its called refracting astronomical telescope. Matec Normal adjustment. When the final image is formed at infinity, the telescope is sad to be in normal adjustment. The magnifying power ofa telescope in normal adjustment is defined as the rato ofthe angle subtended ty the image mt the eye as sce rough the telescope tothe angle subtended bythe object seen directly, when both the object and the image le at ininity. Magnifying power in normal adjustment, M =~ 2 ‘ MODERN ‘ate OF Pr ‘When the final image is formed at the least distance of distinct vision, magnifying power of the telescope, M = oe 14 & } Reflecting type telescope. Ina reflecting type telescope, the objective isa concave spherical mirror of large apertaresy place ofa convex lens Tnsexpression formagnifying power ofa reflecting type telescope issameas that for refracting type astronomical telescope Prism binoculars. Itis a system of two astronomical telescopes making use of object lenses of very large focal length. As Such thelength ofthe telescopes would become very large. However, the length of the telescope tubes is cut short by making use ‘of totally reflecting prisms, 1. The optical instruments are used as.an aid to the human eye so as to produce higher magnification, greater resolving power and to produce the image of close lying objects at the least distance of distinct vision 2 Eye isa natural optical instrument: Ithas a unique feature of automatic adjustment ofits aperture and focussing 8. A pigment, contained in the iris, determines the colour of the eve vectiite optic nerve conveys the light signals from the retina to the brain, which are then interpreted as the image of an objectcussing, 5. Whereas the rods distinguish light from dark in low light intensities; the cones distinguish frequency ranges of sufficiently intense light, which the brain interprets as light of different colours. 6, The farsightedness occuring with age is called presbyopia, 7. Astigmatism is caused due to the non-spherical shape of the comea or the crystalline lens, It is cured by using non- spherical lenses, 8. A simple microscope is a convex lens of short focal length 9, The magnifying power and magnification produced by'a lens are different from each other. 10. In case of a simple microscope, the maximum magnification occurs, when the image is formed at the near point (at Teast distance of distinct vision) of the eye. Forrelaxed eye viewing (when the image is formed at infinity) , the magnification is L less. 411. In.a compound microscope, object lens is of short focal length and short operature, while eye lens has short focal length and large aperature. ‘12. Ina telescope, object lens is of large focal length and large operature, while eye lens has short focal length and short a telescope, the distance between object lens and eye lens depends upon the position of the object. The telescope ussed on a distant object by varying the distance between the two lenses with the help of rack and pinion arrangement, | The increase in aperture of the objective of a telescope increases the brightness of the image. ‘naperture of the objective ofa telescope increases its resolving power. The resolving poweralso increases, ‘shorter wavelength are used to see the distant object. in a prism binocular is free from lateral inversion. nge of the object distances, over which the objects are in reasonably good focus is called the depth of focus. Ftant Tips and Formulae : aried top. scl gens’ Pri iB © Wavefront. The locus ofthe points in the medium, which at any instant are vibrating in the same phase, is called wavefront — Ray of light ts the line dracon perpendicular to the wavefront. eg © Huygens’ principle. 1, Each point on a given (or primary) wavefront acts as a source of secondary wavelets, sending out ésturdarce in all directions i a similar manner as the original source of light does. 2. The net position of tte cwceefront at any instant (called secondary wavefront) isthe envelope ofthe secondary roaveletsat that instant, Weis also called Huygens’ construction and itis used to find the new position of the wavefrontat a later time, icipl 1. The wavefront is always perpendicular to the direction of rays of light 2. The time taken for light to travel from one wavefront to another is the same along any ray. 3. The phase difference between any two points on a wavefront is zero. 4 When a wave undergoes reflection from a denser medium, a phase change of 7 takes place. 5. When a wave undergoes refraction, no change in phase takes place. 1. Asa wavefront progresses, the amplitude of a (® plane wavefront remains constant, (4) ‘spherical wavefront varies inversely as the distance(ie, as 1/r) from the source of light and t (ii) cylindrical wavefront varies inversely as the square root ofthe distance (ie. as 1/ Ve) from the source of light 2. The intensity of light is determined by the square of amplitude of wave 1 3 The contribution of a wavelet in any direction making angle @ with the normal to the wavelet is proportional to 4g (1 + cos 8). Since for a wavelet, which lies on the back of the secondary wavefront, # is 180°, the contribution from such a wavelet is + (1-+e0s 180°) = 0. Chapter 6. Interference of Light Interference. The pheriomenon of on-uniform distribution of energy in the mediuum due to superposition of two light wes is cealled interference of light. Coherent sources. Two sources are said to be coherent, fthey emit light waves ofsame wavelengtl (or frequency) and ofa stable paca Consider th ‘ahi 2 By aie ab pe 1D Young’s double slit experiment. Consider that two coherent sources are separated by a distance d so as proses ce ri ce eee interference fringes on a screen held at a distance D from the plane of the slits. When the slits are illuminated with Roncochuomatic ight of wavelength , then alternate dark and brightfiinges aroformed con the two sides of the centr fringe. Let@ be the phase difference and x, the path difference between the two light waves reaching a point P on the 1. Condition for maximum intensity at point P 7 Phase difference, or path difference, x=n2, 2. Condition for minimum intensity at point Ps path difference, x=(2n+ ngs _ (01 +0)? ine ag waves. MODERN bs OF PHYSICS (CLASS a thin transparent film of thickness f and refractive index jt. When the sper surface of the film, itis partly reflected! and partly refracted into we ray of light is partly reflected and partly transmitted out of the film. After the ea fe tGeuraces ofthe film, therays ollight interfere in reflected eystem and mn, then as obtained in section 6.08, the path difference between the rays is given x 2utcosr tar bright or dark reflected system : Due to reflection of the ray of light at the surface of denser ditional phase \ce of zor a path difference of 4/2 is introduced. awill appear dark, when path difference xis an integral multiple of 2 i.e. when where m=1,2,3,-.. 2p teosr= ansi 2, where 1 =0,1,2,. n is ofnegligible thickness te. t<

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