RECOMMENDATIONS FOR LIFELINE SEISMIC STANDARDS ‘Tank farms (storage tanks) Control systems Fire suppression systems Communications Isolation valves Maintenance facilities Refineries Production facilities serve as the source of the gas and liquid fuel supply and consist of wells, offshore platforms, gathering lines, and various systems needed for the separation of oil, gas, and water. Significant redundancy is inherent in production facilities due to their spatial distribution, and carthquake-relatcd interruptions to a particular oil or gas production facility likely would have only’a limited impact on customer supply. Furthermore, offshore platforms typically have a high level of seismic resistance due to their compliance with comprehensive industry standards (American Petroleum Institute 1989). Natural gas pipeline systems are classified according to three general categories: (1) gathering, (2) transmission, and (3) distribution facilities. Liquid pipeline systems are classified according to gathering and transmission facilities; distribution is achieved principally through loading tanker trucks or rail cars at product terminals. In some cases transmission pipelines deliver liquid products directly 10 major customers, eg. oil- or gas-fired electric generating stations. ‘As depicted in the schematic in Figure 1, a gathering system collects nafural gas from production fields and delivers it toa transmission pipeline system. Transmission pipelines transport natural gas from gathering systems or storage facilites to distribution systems or other storage facilities, A schematic of a liquid pipeline system is shown in Figure 2. Transmission pipelines transport crude oil from production gathering systems and terminals to refineries or other terminal facilities. Transmission pipelines also transport produets from refincries to distribution terminels or major customers, Natural gas transmission pipelines may be virtually any size but most commonly are 0.51 m diameter or larger and operate at pressures from 1.4 MPa to 8.3 MPa. Circumferential stresses in transmission lines generally range from 20 to 72 percent of the specified minimum yield strength (SMYS) of the pipe steel. Natural gas distribution pipelines usually range in diameter from 0.05 m to 0.20 m to branch lines ‘or manifolds that discharge into storage tanks. Circumferential stresses in transmission pipelines are limited to 72 percent of SMYS. Pump and compressor stations. terminals. storage tanks, valves. control systems, and communications are essential for the safe, continuous operation of pipeline systems. Maintenance facilities usually serve an important role in a pipeline company's response to contingency situations. Refineries serve as the terminal ends for crude oil pipelines and as sources for liquid product lines. In some areas the impact of earthquake-related damage to refinery operations can ally offset by inventory on hand and/or spare capacity in neighboring refineries. 1IT-1.2 Scope ‘The plan for the development of seismic standards for gas and liquid fuel systems encompasses most major facilities and components used in the transportation and distribution of natural gas, crude oil, and crude oil products. These include the pipelines, pump stations, compressor m2