MM222

Strength of Materials
Lecture 21
Spring 2015
Hafiz Kabeer Raza
Research Associate
Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, GIK Institute
Contact: Office G13, Faculty Lobby
raza@giki.edu.pk, hkabeerraza@gmail.com, 03344025392

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

Chapter 4

Pure Bending

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

Stress Due to Bending

For a linearly elastic material,
y
c

x E x E m
y
m (stress varies linearly)
c

M y x dA y m dA
c

I
M m y 2 dA m
c
c
Mc
m
, I sec tion moment of inertia
I
y
Substituti ng x m
c
My
x
I

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Beam Section Properties

The maximum normal stress due to bending,
Mc M

I
S
I section moment of inertia

I
section modulus
c

A beam section with a larger section modulus

will have a lower maximum stress
Consider a rectangular beam cross section,
3
1
I 12 bh
S
16 bh3 16 Ah
c
h2

Between two beams with the same cross

sectional area, the beam with the greater depth
will be more effective in resisting bending.
Structural steel beams are designed to have a
large section modulus.

Important:
The direction of moment is denoted by an
arrow perpendicular to the plane of moment
h is the dimension of cross-section which is
along the plane of moment

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Section moment of inertia

Important link to see
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_area_moment
s_of_inertia

For regular shapesPlease Explain Ix,Iy and Iz

See the above link

General Formula

I x I A d
yA

Y
A

Class exercise

Section moment of inertia,

also called area moment of
inertia

Distance of centroid from a

reference point

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

Section moment of inertia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_centroids

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Depends upon the

cross section of the member
Square, rectangular, circular, elliptical, semi-circular

Orientation of the moment

Mostly symmetric
Or acting along a plane passing through the centroid of the cross-section

In overall, we have to locate the position of centroid

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section

Deformation due to bending moment M is
quantified by the curvature of the neutral surface

1 Mc
m m

c
Ec Ec I
M

EI
1

Although cross sectional planes remain planar

when subjected to bending moments, in-plane
deformations are nonzero,
.y
.y
y x
z x

Expansion above the neutral surface and

contraction below it cause an in-plane curvature,
1
anticlastic curvature

MM222
Strength of Materials
Lecture 22
Spring 2015
Hafiz Kabeer Raza
Research Associate
Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, GIK Institute
Contact: Office G13, Faculty Lobby
raza@giki.edu.pk, hkabeerraza@gmail.com, 03344025392

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Section moment of inertia

General Formula

I x I A d

yA

Y
A

Section moment of inertia,

also called area moment of
inertia

Distance of centroid from a

reference point

Where
= section moment of inertia of area component
A = area of area component
= vertical distance (along the plane of moment) of
centroid of area component from a reference point
= vertical distance (along the plane of moment) of
overall centroid
d=

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Exercise
General Formula
Where
= section moment of inertia of area component
A = area of area component
= vertical distance (along the plane of moment) of centroid of
area component from a reference point
= vertical distance (along the plane of moment) of overall
centroid
d=
b

Ad2

30

40

1200

20

24000

18

388800

160000

90

20

1800

50

90000

12

259200

60000

3000

114000

38

+Ad2

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Sample Problem 4.2

SOLUTION:
Based on the cross section geometry,
calculate the location of the section
centroid and moment of inertia.
Y

yA
A

I x I A d 2

Apply the elastic flexural formula to

find the maximum tensile and
compressive stresses.
m

A cast-iron machine part is acted upon

by a 3 kN-m couple. Knowing E = 165
GPa and neglecting the effects of
fillets, determine (a) the maximum
tensile and compressive stresses, (b)
the radius of curvature.

Mc
I

Calculate the curvature

1

M
EI

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Sample Problem 4.2

SOLUTION:
Based on the cross section geometry, calculate
the location of the section centroid and
moment of inertia.
Area, mm 2

y , mm

yA, mm3

1 20 90 1800

50

90 103

2 40 30 1200

20

24 103
3

A 3000

yA 114 10
3

yA 11410
Y

38 mm
3000
A

1 bh3 A d 2
I x I A d 2 12

1 90 203 1800 122 1 30 403 1200182

12
12

I 868103 mm 86810-9 m 4

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Sample Problem 4.2

Apply the elastic flexural formula to find the
maximum tensile and compressive stresses.
Mc
I
M c A 3 kN m 0.022 m
A

I
868109 mm 4
M cB
3 kN m 0.038 m
B

I
868109 mm 4

A 76.0 MPa

B 131.3 MPa

Calculate the curvature

1

M
EI
3 kN m

165 GPa 86810-9 m 4

20.95 103 m-1

47.7 m

?????

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

We can also compute the radius of curvature

by first calculating maximum strain

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

Home work
Problems 3.56, 3.69, 3.73, 3.74
Problems 4.2, 4.5, 4.9, 4.10, 4.18
4.9 in note book

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

Problem 4.3

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

MM222
Strength of Materials
Lecture 23
Spring 2015
Hafiz Kabeer Raza
Research Associate
Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, GIK Institute
Contact: Office G13, Faculty Lobby
raza@giki.edu.pk, hkabeerraza@gmail.com, 03344025392

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

Problem 4.1

Important: how to calculate d and y

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

Problem 4.11

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Bending of Members Made of Several Materials

?????????

Consider a composite beam formed from

two materials with E1 and E2.
Normal strain varies linearly.
x

Piecewise linear normal stress variation.

1 E1 x

E1 y

2 E2 x

E2 y

Neutral axis does not pass through

section centroid of composite section.
Elemental forces on the section are
Ey
E y
dF1 1dA 1 dA dF2 2dA 2 dA

My
I

1 x

Define a transformed section such that

2 n x

dF2

nE1 y dA E1 y n dA

E
n 2
E1

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Example 4.03
SOLUTION:
Transform the bar to an equivalent cross
section made entirely of brass
Evaluate the cross sectional properties of
the transformed section
Calculate the maximum stress in the
transformed section. This is the correct
maximum stress for the brass pieces of
the bar.

Bar is made from bonded pieces of

steel (Es = 29x106 psi) and brass
(Eb = 15x106 psi). Determine the
maximum stress in the steel and
brass when a moment of 40 kip*in
is applied.

Determine the maximum stress in the

steel portion of the bar by multiplying
the maximum stress for the transformed
section by the ratio of the moduli of
elasticity.

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Example 4.03
SOLUTION:
Transform the bar to an equivalent cross section
made entirely of brass.
Es 29 106 psi
n

1.933
Eb 15 106 psi
bT 0.4 in 1.933 0.75 in 0.4 in 2.25 in

Evaluate the transformed cross sectional properties

1 b h3 1 2.25 in.3 in 3
I 12
T
12

5.063 in 4

Calculate the maximum stresses

m

Mc 40 kip in 1.5 in

11.85 ksi
4
I
5.063 in

b max m
s max n m 1.93311.85 ksi

b max 11.85 ksi

s max 22.9 ksi

MM222
Strength of Materials
Lecture 24
Spring 2015
Hafiz Kabeer Raza
Research Associate
Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, GIK Institute
Contact: Office G13, Faculty Lobby
raza@giki.edu.pk, hkabeerraza@gmail.com, 03344025392

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

Problem 4.41

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry

Stress due to eccentric loading found by
superposing the uniform stress due to a centric
load and linear stress distribution due a pure
bending moment
x x centric x bending

Eccentric loading
FP
M Pd

P My

A I

Validity requires stresses below proportional

limit, deformations have negligible effect on
geometry, and stresses not evaluated near points
of load application.

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Example 4.07
SOLUTION:
Find the equivalent centric load and
bending moment
Superpose the uniform stress due to
the centric load and the linear stress
due to the bending moment.
Evaluate the maximum tensile and
compressive stresses at the inner
and outer edges, respectively, of the
superposed stress distribution.

An open-link chain is obtained by

bending low-carbon steel rods into the
shape shown. For 160 lb load, determine Find the neutral axis by determining
the location where the normal stress
(a) maximum tensile and compressive
is zero.
stresses, (b) distance between section
centroid and neutral axis

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Example 4.07
Normal stress due to a
centric load
A c 2 0.25 in 2
0.1963in 2

P
160 lb

A 0.1963in 2

815 psi

Equivalent centric load

and bending moment
P 160 lb
M Pd 160 lb0.6 in
104 lb in

Normal stress due to

bending moment
I 14 c 4 14 0.254
3.068103 in 4

Mc 104 lb in 0.25 in

I
.068103 in 4

8475psi

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Example 4.07

Maximum tensile and compressive

stresses
t 0 m
815 8475

c 0 m
815 8475

t 9260psi

c 7660psi

Neutral axis location

0

P My0

A
I

P I
3.068103 in 4
y0
815 psi
AM
105lb in

y0 0.0240in

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Sample Problem 4.8

The largest allowable stresses for the cast
iron link are 30 MPa in tension and 120
MPa in compression. Determine the largest
force P which can be applied to the link.
SOLUTION:
Determine an equivalent centric load and
bending moment.
Superpose the stress due to a centric
load and the stress due to bending.
From Sample Problem 2.4,
A 3 103 m 2
Y 0.038 m
I 868109 m 4

Evaluate the critical loads for the allowable

tensile and compressive stresses.
The largest allowable load is the smallest
of the two critical loads.

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Sample Problem 4.8

Determine an equivalent centric and bending loads.
d 0.038 0.010 0.028 m
P centric load
M Pd 0.028 P bending moment

Superpose stresses due to centric and bending loads

0.028 P 0.022 377 P

P Mc A
P

A
I
3 103
868109
0.028 P 0.022 1559 P
P Mc
P
B A

A
I
3 103
868109
A

Evaluate critical loads for allowable stresses.

A 377 P 30 MPa

P 79.6 kN

B 1559 P 120 MPa P 79.6 kN

The largest allowable load

P 77.0 kN

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

Problem 4.99

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

Problem 4.100

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

Home work
Problems 4.33, 4.34, 4.37, 4.38, 4.39
Problems 4.102, 4.105, 4.106, 4.108

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Strain Due to Bending

Consider a beam segment of length L.
Where:
= radius of curvature (length from center of
curvature to the neutral axis)
= the angle subtended by the entire length after
bending
y = the distance of the point where stress/strain is to
be computed from neutral axis (0, c)
After deformation, the length of the neutral surface
remains L. Length at other sections above or below,
L y
L L y y

x
m

L
c

or

y
c

x m

(strain varies linearly)

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Stress Due to Bending

For a linearly elastic material,
y
c

x E x E m
y
m (stress varies linearly)
c

For static equilibrium,

y
Fx 0 x dA m dA
c

0 m y dA
c

First moment with respect to neutral

plane is zero. Therefore, the neutral
surface must pass through the
section centroid.

For static equilibrium,

y

M y x dA y m dA
c

I
M m y 2 dA m
c
c
m

Mc M

I
S

y
Substituti ng x m
c

My
I

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Beam Section Properties

The maximum normal stress due to bending,

Mc M

I
S
I section moment of inertia

I
section modulus
c

A beam section with a larger section modulus

will have a lower maximum stress
Consider a rectangular beam cross section,
3
1
I 12 bh
S
16 bh3 16 Ah
c
h2

Between two beams with the same cross

sectional area, the beam with the greater depth
will be more effective in resisting bending.
Structural steel beams are designed to have a
large section modulus.
4 - 38