Physics

Presentation
First to Fourth Grading Lessons
• Resultant Vector
• Speed and Velocity
• Projectile Motion

1st Grading Lessons

RESULTANT VECTOR
Resultant Vector

Scalars can be added algebraically.

However, vectors do not obey the ordinary
laws of algebra. This is because vectors
possess both magnitude and direction.
Vectors are added geometrically. The
process of adding two or more vectors is
known as addition or composition of
vectors. When two or more vectors are
added, the result is a single vector called
the resultant vector.
1.) Graphical Method
a.) choose a
scale
Example:
d1 = 5 km, E
d2 = 2 km, 250 N
of E
* scale: 1 cm = 1
km
b.) graph the resultant vector
using data d
2
dR

W E
d1

S
 Example Problem N
Given:
d1 = 3.5 cm, 32o N d
of E N d 3
d2 = 2.2 cm, 22o 2
W of N 22o
d3 = 2 cm, E
5.5 cm 45o E of N/ N
dR = ?

dR
of E d1

32o
W E

S
a. Measure the given using your ruler. Measure the given angle with
your protractor.
b. Follow the direction given and draw the desired distance.
c. You can draw an imaginary Cartesian plane to determine directions.
d. Connect the points starting from the origin to the end point.
Measure it. This will be the resultant vector.
Resultant Displacement

The displacement of a moving particle is

its change of position in a particular
direction. To know the displacement of a
moving particle, we must know both the
length and the direction of the line
joining the two positions of the moving
particle. Hence, the displacement of a
particle or an object involves both
magnitude and direction.
 Example Problem 23 mm 250 N of E
d1 = 50 km 23 mm 65o E of N
d2 = 40 km, E
d3 = 30 km, S d
* scale: 5 mm = 10 km 1 d2
dR = ?

approximately 50
km d
dR 3
65
o 25
o

a. Measure the length with a ruler following your desired scale.

b. Connect points starting from the end of the first distance.
c. Measure the displacement. It should consist of the distance,
the angles and the direction.
2.) Component Method
Find the x and y component Graph: Y

Example:
d1 = 2 km, N (-,+) (+,
d2 = 3 km, W +)
d
d3 = 10 km, 30o N 1 d
of E 3
a.) Use the graph to d2 30
o X
determine x and y for each
distance. Remember to (-,-) (+,-)
indicate the sign.
d1) d2)
dx = 0 dx = -3
dy = 2 km km
dy = 0
d3)
x = cos 30o (10) * Remember that we
y = sin 30o (10) use cosine for x and
x = 8.66 y=5 sine for y
2.) Component Method
b.) Table

Displacement X Y
d1 0 2
d2 - 3 0
d3 8.66 5
Σd 5.66 7

c.) Find the distance using this equation

d.) Find the angle using the
d= ( Σdx)2 + trigonometric function tanθ.
( Σdy)2
Σdy 7
= ( 5.66 )2 + tanθ = tanθ = tan -1
Σdx
( 7 )2 5.66

dR = 9 km, 51.04o N of E
= 9 km
SPEED AND VELOCITY
Speed and Velocity
Ø Motion – is a change of position with
respect to a frame of reference.
Ø Translatory motion – also known as
rectilinear motion; motion along a
straight path
Ø Speed – determines how fast an object
is moving
Ø Velocity – change in position over time
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 Presentation

80 km

S = 80 km80
distance: / 1km Formula: V = 80 km N / 1
displacement: 80
hr S= distance/ time hr
= 80 = 80 km / hr going N
km N V= displacement/
km/hr time
time: 1 hr
PROJECTILE MOTION
Projectile Motion 1

Projectile motion refers to the

motion of an object projected into
the air at an angle. A few
examples of this include a soccer
ball begin kicked, a baseball begin
thrown, or an athlete
long jumping. Even fireworks and
water fountains are examples of
projectile motion. In this
lesson you will learn the
fundamentals of projectile motion.
Projectile & Trajectory

A projectile is any
object propelled A trajectory is
through space by the
exertion of a force the path a
which ceases after moving object
launch. Although a
thrown baseball could
follows through
be considered a space.
projectile, the word
more often refers to a
weapon.
Example Problem
a.) How long will the ball reach the
ground?
Vx = 1 t= 2
m/s Viy = 0 m/s
dy = dy
1.25 m
t= 2 ( 1.25
= 0.5
m) g
s
- 9.8
dy= 1.25 b.) How
m/s2 far does the ball
m thrown?
Vx = 1 dx =
t=? m/s Vx(t)
t = o.5 s
dx = (1 m/s)
(0.5 s)
= 0.5 m

dx = ?
• Angular Acceleration
• Expansion Of Liquids
• Methods Of Mixture

2nd Grading Lessons

ANGULAR ACCELERATION
Angular Acceleration

Angular acceleration is the rate of change of

angular velocity over time. In SI units, it is measured in
radians per second squared (rad/s2), and is usually
denoted by the Greek letter alpha (α).
Angular velocity is a vector quantity (more precisely, a
pseudo vector) which specifies the angular speed of an
object and the axis about which
Rational motions are defined by rational functions (ratio
of two polynomial functions) of time. These are called the
axis of rotation.
Presentation
units: degree
distance radians
travelled
angular
θ displacement/ revolution
1 rev. = 360o =
position
2 rad

Linear Motion Relational Motion

angular velocity
formula: Vf = vi + at wf = wi +  t
W=θ/t
d = vit + at 2 θ = wit +  t2
angular acceleration: 2 2
d = vf2 – vi2 = wf2 – wi2
θ

= 
W/t 2a 2
= Wf – Wi /
t
Example Problem
An electric motor revolving 2000 rpm slows down uniformly
to 1500 rpm in 3 seconds. What is its angular acceleration?

Given:
final angular velocity (wf) = 1500 rpm
initial angular velocity (wi) = 2000 rpm
Time (t) = 3 seconds

 = Wf – Wi / t

= (1500 rpm) – (2000

rpm)
3 sec.
= 166.67 rad/
s2
EXPANSION OF LIQUIDS
Thermal Expansion

The expansion in liquid is usually much

more than in a solid for a same rise in
temperature; on an average 10 times
more.
The rate of expansion of a same liquid
sometimes differs greatly in different
temperature ranges.
Anomalous expansion of water in
temperature ranges from o C – 4 C.
 Presentation
V = Vo  T change in
temp.
original
volume
volum constant
e coefficient
Problem: A Pyrex beaker filled to the brim with
500 cm3 of Hg at o C is heated at 80 C. How
much Hg will overflow?
beaker = (9 x 10-6 / C) (500
cm3) (80C)
= 0.36 cm3
Vf = vo + V
Vf = 500.36 cm3
Hg = (182 x 10-6/ C) (500 cm3)
(80C)
= (7.28 cm3)
vf = 507.28 cm3
7.28 – 0.36 = 6.92 cm3 
overflow
METHODS OF MIXTURE
Methods Of Mixture
Whenever 2 substances with unequal
temperatures are mixed, heat is transferred
from the warmer to the cooler one until
both reach the common temp.
The flow of heat is unidirectional.
Heat is a form of energy that lost no energy
when transferred.

H given off = H
absorbed
(mass)(specific heat)(change in temp.) given off = (m)(C)
(change in temp.) absorbed
Problem
100g of iron was heated to 100C and mixed with 22g of H2o
at 40C. The final temperature of the mixture was 60C.
Show that the heat given off by iron equals the heat absorbed
by the water.
specific heat for iron = 0.11
cal/ gC
specific heat for water = 1
T= 100g C – 60C T = 60C –
 
cal/
= 40C 40C
= 20C
mC Tgivenoff mC Tabsorbed
 
= 100g (0.11 cal / g C) = 22g (1 cal / g C) 20
40C C
= 440 cal = 440 cal
• Electric Field of Force
• Electric Current
• Series and Parallel Circuit

3rd Grading Lessons

ELECTRIC FIELD OF FORCE
 Presentation

Unlike signs attract.

+ -
q q

+ +
Like signs q
repel. q
Problem
A charge of 0.50 MC is placed in an electric filed which
intensity is 4.0 x 105 N/C. What is the electrostatic force
acting on the charge?
q = 0.50 MC = 5 x 10-7 C
It = 4.0 x 105 N/ C
F = IE (q)
= (4.0 x 105 N/ C)(5
x 10-7 C)
= 0.2 N
FORMULA:
IE = F/ q (wherein F is force and q is
charge)
IE = kq1q2 = kq1q2 . 1
d2 d2 q
q
IE = kq
d2
ELECTRIC CURRENT
Electric Circuit
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Second level
● Third level

● Fourth level

● Fifth level

An electronic circuit is composed of

individual electronic components,
such as resistors, transistors,
capacitors, inductors, and diodes,
connected by conductive wires or
traces through which electrical
current can flow.
Electric Current

Is a measure of how much charge

crosses a portion of a conductor in 1.0
seconds.
Conductors – materials that let
electricity flow.
Resistance – opposition offered by any
object to the passage of electric
current.
OHM’s Law

Ohm’s law states that the current flowing

through a current is directly proportional to
the potential difference and inversely
proportional to the resistance of the circuit.

I = V/ r ; V = IR ; R= V/ I
Problem
A bulb with a resistance of 4.o  flows through a current of
15 ampere. What is the bulb’s potential difference?

I = (current) 15 A
R = (resistance) 4.0 
V=?

IR = V
V = 15A (4.0 )

= 60 voltage
SERIES AND PARALLEL
CIRCUIT
Presentation :D
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Second level
● Third level

● Fourth level

● Fifth level

A circuit composed solely of components

connected in series is known as a series
circuit
Series Circuit

Once the switch is turned on, the bulbs will be

lighted.
The battery is the source of
energy.
Both bulbs are connected with the same battery
and the same switch with a single connection.
Both bulbs will not light unless the switch was
turned off.
Problem
You have 5 appliances connected in series.
Refrigerator: R=20 ohms , V = 220 volts, I
= 11 amp
TV: R = 10 ohms, I = 22 amp
Radio: R = 5 ohms, I = 44 amp
Iron: R= 75 ohms, I = 3 amp Ref. : (1.33) 20  = 26.6 v
Stove: R = 55 ohms, I = 5 amp TV : (1.33) 10  = 13.3 v
a.) what is the total resistance? Radio : (1.33) 5  = 6.65 v
Rtotal = R1 + R2 + R3 Iron : (1.33) 75  = 99.75
Rtotal = 20 + 10 + 5 + 75 + 55v
Rtotal = 165 ohms Stove: (1.33) 55  = 73.15
b.) what is the total current?
I=V/R estimated 22o volts
I = 220 volts
165 ohms
I = 1.33 ampere
c.) the voltage drop of each appliance
V = IR
V = total current x given resistance
Parallel Circuit

A parallel circuit has more than one resistor (anything that

uses electricity to do work) and gets its name from having
multiple (parallel) paths to move along . Charges can move
through any of several paths. If one of the items in the
circuit is broken then no charge will move through that
path, but other paths will continue to have charges flow
through them. Parallel circuits are found in most household
electrical wiring. This is done so that lights don't stop
working just because you turned your TV off.
Problem

R1 = 2 
R3 = 6 
R2 = 5 
V = 4.5 v

b.) It = I1 + I2 + I3
= V/ R
I1 = 4.5/ 2
a.) 1/ Rtotal = 1/ R1 + 1/ R2 I2 = 4.5/5
+ 1/ R3 I3 = 4.5/ 6
1/ Rtotal = ½ + 1/5 + 1/
6 = 2.25 + 0.9 + 0.75
= 0.87 = 3.9 A
Rt = 1 / o.87
= 1.15 
• Philosophers and Scientists
• Reflection and Refraction
• Logic Gates

4th Grading lessons

PHILOSOPHERS AND
SCIENTISTS
 Light
PHILOSOPHERS:
Plato – the first philosopher to explain the nature of light
- light consists of thread like structures
Pythagoras – insisted that light travels as tiny particles from a
luminous object to the eye
Empedocles – to him, light travels from the object to the eye in the
form of waves

SCIENTISTS:
Sir Isaac Newton – light travels in a straight line
Christian Huygens – light is a form of transverse wave motion sent
out by luminous body
Thomas Young – light can meet each other and produce bright and
dark regions on a screen behind
James Maxwell – light is the result of oscillations of the electrically
charged particles of the atom.
Max Planck – light is an energy of quanta w/c are transmitted in
small quantities from luminous objects
Louis Victor de Broglie – light consists of particles and waves
REFLECTION AND
REFRACTION
What is Reflection?
Reflection is the bouncing of waves when they encounter
an obstacle.
2 kinds of reflection:
a) diffuse reflection – light that hits an object bounces off in
all directions
b) specular reflection – light ray that hits the surface
bounces off in one direction
LAW OF
REFLECTION
The law of reflection states that for a specular surface, the
angle of reflection always equals the angle of incidence.
The lines like the normal line, incident ray and
reflected ray lies on the same surface.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE AMOUNT OF

REFLECTED RAY
•Kind of material the object is made of

•Smoothness of the surface

•Angle at which the light ray strikes the surface

Presentation :D
What is Refraction?
Refraction is the bending of light.

If light speeds up as it crosses over, it bends away

from the normal line; if it slows down, it bends
toward the normal.

The denser the medium, the lesser the light will

penetrate. Hence it decreases the speed of light, it
bends towards the normal

Towards :D Away :D
Prism Refraction :D
LOGIC GATES
What is a Logic Gate?
A gate is a simple electronic circuit or device that performs
logical functions. Logic gates are the basic building blocks for a
complex digital system.
3 BASIC LOGIC GATES

OR Gate
AND Gate
NOT Gate

Truth Table – is a table that shows all possible input

combination and the corresponding output combination for a
logic gate

George Boole – an English mathematician that proposed the

Boolean Algebra symbol

Logic Circuit Symbol – denotes operation

 OR Gate
Truth Table
A B C
A 0 0 0
C 0 1 1

B 1 0 1
1 1 1

Logic circuit
diagram
Logic circuit equation: A
+B=C
The ‘or’ gate has a symbol like this
(Boolean Algebra symbol). The
logic circuit symbol for or gate is
addition (+). This gate symbolizes
the parallel circuit. When one bulb
does not work, other bulbs will work
because they are not connected by
the same wire.
A and B serves as the
inputs. When one input
is 0 and the other is 1,
the output will be 1.
When both inputs are
zeroes, the output will
be zero. When both
inputs are ones, the
output will be 1.
AND Gate Truth Table

X Y Z
X 0 0 0

Z 0 1 0
1 0 0
Y
1 1 1

Logic circuit diagram X and Y serves as the

Logic gate equation:
X(Y) = Z
The ‘and’ gate has a symbol like this
D (Boolean Algebra symbol).
The logic circuit symbol for or gate
is multiplication ( ). This gate
symbolizes the series circuit. When
one bulb does not work, all the other
bulbs connected to it will not work.
inputs. When one input
is 0 and the other is 1,
the output will be 0.
When both inputs are
zeroes, the output will
be zero. When both
inputs are ones, the
output will be 1.
NOT Gate Truth Table

In Out

0 1
I
1 0

Logic circuit diagram When In = 0, the base

Logic gate equation: Ī
The ‘not’ gate has a symbol like this
(Boolean Algebra symbol). The
symbol ( - ) above the input denotes
negation or inversion. This gate
symbolizes the inverter.
collector function is
reverse based. As the
emitter current is 0, the
base current is also 0
and hence the collector
current will be 0. Out is
1. When In = 1, the
emitter base function
gets forward biased. Out
is 0.
Problem
Suppose you are invited in a
birthday party by your friend.
Before going, you are to
consider the following:
a.) birthday gift
b.) money
c.) time
Illustrate by using a logic
circuit diagram.
gift
We used the or gate
for money and gift
because you can
either bring the gift or
give money as a gift
to your friend.
Together with time
that is necessary and
must be a factor to
consider in the party,
you are ready to go!

mone party
y

time
Exercise
What would be their equations?

E
L
O F H
M

G
N

( E  F) ( G) = H
(L  M) + N =
O
EN
D
 Physics is known as the basic structure of nature. It is
the study of matter and energy including its properties
and elements.
Project in science

4th year St. John

Patricia Mie V. de Guzman

Mrs. Hannah B. Yecla