EPCOS

Calculation of harmonic filters

Basic formulas

Active (Real) power:

P = 3 U I cos

QC = U C

Reactive power:

Q = 3 U I sin

XC =

Apparent power:

S = 3 U I

QC = U C2 C = U C2 2 f C

Real _ power
P
Power_ factor=
=
Apparent_ power S
Required
Capacitor output:

QC = P (tan1 tan2 )

UC
XC

1
1
=
C 2 f C

Three different types of Power?

Reactive Power (kvar)

Q = S 2 P2
Q2

QC
Q1

S2
Active Power
P = S Q
[KW]

Apparent Power

S1

S = P + Q
[kVA]

cos = P/S
sin = Q/S
Q = S sin
Q = P tan

= phase displacement angle

S1 = uncompensated apparent power
S2 = compensated power with
capacitors for compensation

Evaluation of resonance risk

The resonant circuit is characterized

by a resonant frequency given by:

R =

1
LN C

To avoid resonance condition

the capacitors output should be
less than the critical capacitor
output calculated by the above
formula:

However it is difficult to calculate the value

of LN since it depends on the load connected
to the network. The resonant frequency can be
approximated by the following formula:

f R = 50

QC <

ST 100
QC u K

ST 100
v 2R u K

Evaluation of resonance risk

Example
Transformer ST = 630 kVA, uK = 5%, Planned capacitor output QC = 250 kVAr
Question: Does the system configuration cause a risk of resonance?

According the formula:

f R = 50

ST 100
QC u K

fR = 50 (630*100) / (250*5) = 355 Hz

Result:
The resonant frequency is close to the 7th harmonic and the capacitor has
to be designed for rating below 250 kVAr, or even better, a de-tuned capacitor
bank has to be used.

De-tuned harmonic filter

De-tuned harmonic filter

Formulas for calculation of harmonic filters:
Reactors connected in series with capacitors result into an increased voltage across the
capacitor. Capacitors used for de-tuned filters are therefore required to have voltage ratings higher
than the line voltage.

100
UC = U N
100 p

p U C2

QC = 1
2 NC
100 U N
p

100

C = N C 2
U N 2 f

L=

p
100 4 2 f 2 C

e.g. UN = 400V, P=7%, calculate UC = 430V

A 440V capacitor can be used.

f
100
p =
f
Re s
p = 100

XL
= 100 4 2 f 2 L C
XC

Calculation: example

if fr = f

132 kV level

Xc
0

Ic

11 kV level

Transformer
100 kVA, uk = 5 %

415 V level

Transformer
630 kVA, uk = 5 %
Series
resonance

Parallel
resonance

415 V level

DC drive
600 kW
cos
= 0.65

...
Capacitor
bank

300 kW
cos
= 0.65

...
Capacitor
bank

Component selection chart

All components for harmonic filters