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PAN-AMERICAN MODEL

UNITED NATIONS 2015


United Nations Environment
Programme
Illegal Wildlife Trade

United Nations Environment Programme


Dear Delegates,
Welcome to the Pan-American School Model United Nations Conference of
2014. My name is Pablo Marin, I am a tenth grader in Pan-American School, and I
will be your Chair for the UNEP Council. Both my co-chair, Felipe Zamora, and I are
looking forward to this debate and that this years session will be an experience you
will never forget. Ive been participating in this program for over three years and I
know my co-chair and I will do an outstanding job with you, fellow delegates. We
hope the debate will lead to new ideas and ways to prevent the expansion of the
problem.
As part of the a United Nations Committee you will debate in representation
of your corresponding countries, this debate takes place in modern time. Our topic
for this two days of intense debate is the big issue that we are still facing today: Wild
Life Trafficking . Each day that passes, more and more animals are being captured
and sold illegally , and there must be a stop to this. Thats why we created this
council, to see the ideas that you have delegate.
We hope that during this two days we will enjoy a heated debate, and every
single one of you will in a way contribute in the finding of a solution that will meet
every countrys demands and political terms. The life of more than a million animals
lie within our hands, it all depends on what consensus you reach within this
weekend of debate. Always remember those delegates who strive to shine in
regards to others will, as always, be commended via honorary mentions or the best
delegate award.
Even though we need to find a viable solution to the issue being discussed
while trying to agree with every countrys terms, we believe this is also an
experience of self-development and growth as a person, you will meet new people
throughout the weekend as well as new friends. I trust you will enjoy the committee
and that you will give your best in the debate. Any question you have, feel free to
contact me or the co-chair.Sincerely,
Pablo Cesar Marin
Chair
pablo.marin@panam.ed.cr

Felipe Zamora
Co-Chair
felipe.zamora@panam.ed.cr

United Nations Environment Programme

Introduction
Through recent years, it has
become evident that the issue of illegal
wildlife trade has reached significant
global proportions. It is estimated that
the illicit trading of flora and fauna
across different continents, has grown
from 70 to 213 billion US dollars
annually. This issue is depriving
developing economies of billions of
dollars around the globe huge losses in
revenues
and
development
opportunities. The problem has
escalated to an extent that illegal
trading of wildlifes impacts goes well
beyond environmental impacts; world
economies are in danger. Furthermore,
global illegal wildlife trade is a vast
illicit economy that provides funding to
powerful militia and terrorist groups.
The consequences have become
evident; this issue has prevented both
sustainable
development
and
environmental sustainability in several
countries. As it is reflected in the
decisions made in the Convention on
International Trade in Endangered
Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
(CITES), the UN Office for Drugs and
Crime, the UN Commission on Crime
Prevention and Criminal Justice,
INTERPOL, the UN Security Council, the
UN General Assembly, the Economic
and Social Council (ECOSOC) and
others have ratified that illegal wildlife
trade and environmental crime are
now considered significant internal

threats
and must
be
tackled
immediately.
The illegal trade in wildlife is no
longer an emerging issue. The trade
involves a wide range of species
including insects, reptiles, amphibians,
fish, and mammals. This concerns both
dead and alive products that are used
for
pharmaceutical,
food,
pets,
ornamental or traditional purposes.
Animals such as gorillas, chimpanzees,
elephants, tigers, rhinos, Tibetan
antelopes, bears, corals, birds, and
pangolins suffer on a daily basis from
illegal trade. However, all of these
animals have a significant value not
only on the black market, but also to
national economies. Even though illegal
wildlife trade operates outside of
official government regulations and
management, it represents a significant
economic, environmental, and security
threat that has received little attention
in the past. It is estimated that out of a
population of 420,000 to 650,000
elephants in Africa, around 20,000 are
killed every year. Since 2002, the
population of forest elephants has
declined by 62%. For rhinos, 94% of
the poaching takes place in South
Africa and Zimbabwe, and it is
estimated that the rhino horn business
is worth around 192 million USD.
Furthermore, poaching has increased
dramatically in recent years from less
than 50 syndicates in 2007, to more
than 1 000 in 2013.
Moreover, as a result of Chinas
economic success, illegal ivory trade
has tripled over the past decade, while
at the same time; the number of
poached elephants in Africa has
doubled. A report conducted by
INTERPOL suggests that large-scale
ivory trading reached a global-high in

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2013. In the Chinese black market, the
rhino horn sells for $66 319 per
kilogram, which is more than the price
of platinum and gold. These activities
are not only conducted by poachers
trying to escape from poverty, they are
actually
controlled
by
highly
sophisticated and organized crime
networks.
The illegal wildlife trade directly
threatens the survival of endangered
species around the world, such as:
elephants, tigers, rhinoceroses, and
gorillas. The loss of these species will
have a devastating effect on their
respective habitat or environment.
However, the illegal wildlife trade has
many impacts that go beyond the
environment: motivating governmental
corruption, violent conflicts, human
rights abuses, and the exploitation of
impoverished communities. It is
evident that this issue poses an
imminent threat to the national
security and stability of countries
because of the many organized crime
networks that fund terrorists groups in
Africa.
Delegates, all this data reveals
that the illegal trafficking of wildlife is
no longer an emerging issue. I am
confident enough that in this years
Model UN, the delegates at the United
Nations Environmental Programme
will tackle illegal wildlife trade. Due to
the fact that illegal wildlife trade is
conducted
between
countries,
collaboration
and
coordination
between delegates will be primordial
to build an effective solution that fights
this alarming issue.
History of the Committee

The
United
Nations
Environmental
Programme
was
established after the 1972 UN
Conference
on
the
Human
Environment, held in Stockholm,
Sweden, proposed the creation of a
global body to act as the environmental
conscience of the UN system. In
response, the UN General Assembly
adopted Resolution 2997 on December
15, 1972 creating the UNEP Governing
Council, composed of 58 nations
elected for four-year terms by the UN
General Assembly, responsible for
assessing the state of the global
environment, establishing UNEP's
programme priorities, and approving
the budget. The UNEP Secretariat, with
its headquarters in Nairobi, Kenya, to
provide a focal point for environmental
action and coordination within the UN
system, headed by an Executive
Director, with the rank of UN UnderSecretary-General; and a voluntary
Environment Fund to finance UNEPs
environmental initiatives, to be
supplemented by trust funds and funds
allocated by the UN regular budget.
The Stockholm Conference
marked the formal acceptance by the
international
community
that
development and the environment are
inextricably linked. It prompted a
growing body of research that has
greatly improved understanding and
awareness of critical environmental
issues over the past three-plus decades,
and it provided the impetus for new
national, regional and international
environmental legislation worldwide.
In the subsequent two decades,
a proliferation of environmental
conferences
and
conventions
addressed
various
environmental
issues,
including
conserving

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endangered species, controlling the
movement of hazardous wastes, and
reversing the depletion of the ozone
layer. The most successful and wellknown convention from this period
was the 1987 Montreal Protocol of the
Vienna Convention for the Protection of
the Ozone Layer, an example of
international
environmental
cooperation
whose
inspiration
reverberates to this day.
History of the Problem
Illegal wildlife trade has
increasingly become a vast problem in
the recent years, now spanning to be
the fourth largest illegal trade just
below narcotics, counterfeit goods, and
human traffic. Demand for wildlife
trade is mainly divided into three
different categories: traditional east
Asian medicine, exotic pets, and
commercial products, while the most
profitable products, such as rhino
horns, tiger bones, and elephant ivory,
belong mostly to endangered species.
Illegal wildlife trade has become a
criminal enterprise spanning countries
and continents all around the world,
not only performed by poachers trying
to escape poverty, but by wellorganized crime networks.
Wildlife trade is something that
has been going on for thousands of
years,
happening since
ancient
civilizations like Egypt. For example,
pharaohs were gifted with giraffes,
baboons,
hippopotamuses,
and
leopards, all coming from Africa. In the
Roman coliseums, brutal battles were
held involving imported animals like
lions, tigers, elephants, and bears, all
coming from beyond the Roman
Empire.

Exchange of wildlife and other


derived products from America, Asia,
and Africa was facilitated through
European colonialism. During the late
1800s it was fashionable in Europe and
the United States to wear hats made of
the feathers of exotic tropical birds,
thus causing a mass killing of these
animals. This drove the first
regulations over wildlife trade to occur
in the 19th century. A similar occasion
happened with the Convention for the
Protection of Birds Useful to
Agriculture in 1902, which banned
trade of birds that were valuable in
controlling agricultural pests.
Treaties and regulations made
in the first half of the 20th century
regarding wildlife trade were only
directed to animals that had any
commercial value. For example, in
1911 Japan, UK, Russia, and the United
States signed the Treaty for the
Preservation and Protection of Fur
Seals, which banned the mass killing of
fur seals for fur trade. They agreed to
share seal pelts gained under
controlled hunts, and prohibited the
sale of pelts that had not been obtained
through those hunts. In 1933 the
Convention
Relative
to
the
Preservation of Fauna and Flora in
their Natural State was held in London,
involving the European powers in
Africa. Its purpose was to protect
valuable species from being hunted,
and created protected zones in Africa.
The Convention on Nature
Protection and Wildlife Preservation in
the Western Hemisphere, also known
as
the
Western
Hemisphere
Convention, held in 1940, was the first
international agreement that created
protection measures for all endangered
or threatened species, not just the ones

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with commercial value. However, there
was no governing body to help
governments
carry
out
these
regulations, and the list of protected
species was confusing.
To overcome these deficiencies,
the Convention on International Trade
of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna
and Flora, or CITES for short, was held
in 1973, and is known as the most
important
international
trade
agreement regarding wildlife trade.
CITES presently has 180 member
countries, and has been more
successful in enforcing regulations than
any past international conservation
effort. However, CITESs success has
been trampled in recent years due to a
resurgence in illegal wildlife trade,
posing new and complex problems.
Current Situation
Not all wildlife trade is illegal. It
is important to acknowledge, however,
that it has become a global crisis
because a big part, one that keeps
increasing, has become illegal, and is
therefore unsustainable. This situation
creates a negative impact on the
environment and the wildlife. The
problem with wildlife trade is that
regulations that determine which
species are legal for trading sometimes
vary from country to country, causing
controversy
between
what
is
considered to be illegal and legal
wildlife trade worldwide.
The supply chain of illegal
wildlife products, from the source
country, sometimes passing through a
transit country, and finally reaching the
consumer country, is very complex,
involving many different groups and
agencies. Poachers are enlisted by

criminal syndicates to obtain the


wildlife products in the source
countries smuggling the illegal wildlife
products to the trader and consumer
markets, often times in the same way
as weapons and drugs.
The huge participation and
operation of international organized
criminal groups, such as the criminal
syndicates, in illegal wildlife trade is
made possible because this kind of
trade is not yet considered to be a
crime of serious caliber, such as drug
and human trafficking, because the
only real victim is the wildlife, while
stakeholders
(crime
syndicates,
poachers, consumers, etc.) are the ones
who benefit.
Often times, the profit generated
in illegal wildlife trade is used to fund
other criminal activities, while it isnt
uncommon for terrorist organizations
to carry out the illegal trade themselves
and benefit from it. In fact, a connection
between numerous conflicts in central
Africa and illegal wildlife trade has
been made. For example, the terrorist
group al-Shebab earns around $38
million and $68 million practicing
illegal charcoal trade, while illegal ivory
trade is practiced by militias in the
Democratic Republic of Congo and the
Central African Republic, as well by
gangs in Chad and Niger. Even official
military armies like the Uganda and
Congolese army, and South Sudans
military have been involved in illegal
ivory trade. Illegal wildlife trade is the
means that fuels other major conflicts
around the world.
Rhino horns are another
product that like the elephant ivory,
constitute an important aspect of the
illegal wildlife trade, since they are
products in high demand. This illegal

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trade is done mainly from South Africa
to Vietnam, where they are sold for
their use as a cure for cancer, a
detoxifying
agent,
and
even
aphrodisiacs. Thanks to the increasing
demand from Asian countries, the
poaching of rhinos rose from only 13 in
2007 to 448 in 2011.
Illegal logging is also a critical
part of illegal wildlife trade, making
from $30 billion to $100 billion a year.
Research done by UNEP and INTERPOL
has concluded that around 50 to 90
percent of illegal logging in the
Amazons and various areas in Africa is
executed
by
criminal
groups.
Deforestation in these regions affects
the environment and endangers the
survival of many animal and plant
species. Illegal charcoal trade should
not be ignored either, since it is a
source of profit for various terrorist
groups.
Illegal wildlife trade has a
negative impact on the environment,
since
the
overexploitation
of
biodiversity and the ecosystems
threatens their survival. Many invasive
species that are introduced by illegal
traders and consumers- like illegally
imported Burmese pythons in the
Everglades, Florida, that are released
by pet owners- become a threat to the
native species. Non-target species are
also killed when caught in nets and
traps.
Many animals have become
extinct because of illegal hunting and
poaching for wildlife trade, like the
western black rhinoceros. Many others,
such as shark species, tigers, and
African elephants are endangered, and
their numbers keep declining.
As it can be seen in the figure
below, the illicit bushmeat trade

involves a series of underlying


socioeconomic factors that lead with
rising population densities to local
depletion of wildlife species.

Bloc Positions
Illegal
Wildlife
trade
is
considered a global problem, however,
there are certain regions where the
concentration and density of this
problem is greater than in others. Some
of these hotspots are: southeast Asia,
China, eastern and southern Africa,
eastern Europe, parts of Mexico and the
Caribbean, Indonesia, New Guinea, and
the Solomon Islands.
In Southern Africa, ambiguous
laws permit the hunting of rhinos as
trophies,
which
enables
illegal
poaching to occur. Due to this, illegal
poaching has tremendously increased

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in recent years. As a matter of fact,
countries like Mozambique, Thailand,
and Vietnam may face harsh economic
sanction from CITES if they do not
create a national rhinoceros action
plan. The demand of illegal ivory is
highest in China, and the demand for
rhino horn is highest in Vietnam.
Paradoxically, the demand for these
wildlife products has decreased in
other Asian Countries. For example, the
Republic of Korea has banned the use
of rhino horns and tiger parts for
medicine, due to the development of
herbal
substitutes.
Moreover,
Southeast Asia is a region that is
heavily involved in illegal wildlife
trade. For example, the domestic ivory
trade in Thailand is a key part of the
illegal ivory trade between Africa and
China, and even though the Thai
government promised to end ivory
trade
in
2013,
nothing
has
occurred. Due to this, Thailand was
forced to submit a revised national
ivory action plan including specific
actions to effectively control the
domestic trade and possession of ivory.
Furthermore, countries like Vietnam
could face sanctions if they do not show
evidence that they are taking solid
actions to prevent the smuggling of
ivory in their country.
Central and South American
Countries are heavily involved in the
illegal trafficking of wildlife. Even
though these countries do not face the
levels of population pressure on the
environment as in Asia and Africa,
illegal wildlife trade still represents an
urgent threat to the regions
biodiversity. In the Amazon, wildlife
trade focuses mainly on tropical birds,
reptiles, and mammals. America could
become a center of illegal wildlife trade

if the security at the borders is not


strengthen.
In
Eastern
Europe,
countries suffer from similar wildlife
crime enforcement issues as in other
nations: weak legislation and lack of
trained staff. Europe is considered a
transit hub for wildlife trade. It
receives wildlife products from
America, Asia, and Africa and supplies
them to other markets. Nevertheless,
Eastern Europe is an important
exporter of live reptiles, birds, and
caviar. Although Russia modified and
strengthen its wildlife crime laws in
2013, little progress has been seen in
the region. The European Union is a
major transit route for illegal ivory and
other products being smuggled from
Africa, which are then re-exported to
other consumer countries.
The
Schengen Agreement signed in 1985,
which removes the need for visas or
border control while travelling
between 26 European Countries has
allowed smugglers to traffic wildlife
illegally.
North America also plays a very
important role regarding the trafficking
of wildlife. The United States is a major
consumer of illegal wildlife products,
while Mexico is a source country for
illegal wildlife products. Even though
Canada, United States, and Mexico
created the North American Wildlife
Enforcement Group, there is still a lot
of work to do.
Possible Solutions
In essence, the illegal trafficking
of wildlife is motivated by factors such
as: political corruption, poverty, weak
regulations, unprotected borders, and
inadequate or weak enforcement of
laws. It is primordial to come up with

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solutions that tackle the cultural,
political, economical, and social causes
that directly affect illegal wildlife trade.
Furthermore, both short and long-term
solutions will require greater financial
investment and political support. For
example, short-term solutions should
focus on raising public awareness
about
this
alarming
issue,
strengthening
law
enforcement
(especially in developing nations), and
fighting against political corruption.
Long-term solutions need to focus on
an appropriate distribution and
management of natural resources and
the
implementation
of
green
economies in areas where illegal
wildlife trade is concentrated. Green
economies are economic systems in
which there is a balance between the
social, environmental, and economic
aspects of a country.
The transnational nature of
illegal wildlife trade makes it difficult
for law enforcement agencies to tackle
because many individual agencies are
unable to work effectively outside their
own countrys domestic jurisdictions.
This is why international collaboration
between countries, agencies, and
regions is the only effective strategy to
combat the illegal wildlife trade. For
example, the formation of a multiagency
National
Environmental
Security Task Forces (NESTs) is an
initiative encouraged by INTERPOL.
This agency seeks international
cooperation between environmental
and enforcement agencies to combat
illegal wildlife trade. Furthermore, an
agency with this nature will provide
countries with weak infrastructure and
inadequate technology the aid and
information necessary to succeed. In
many
countries,
primarily
in

developing countries, governmental


law enforcement agencies face many
challenges trying to control illegal
wildlife trade. In many countries,
inadequate legislation and lack of
funding creates an environment in
which criminals can operate without
the fear of facing legal charges. The
Multilateral Environment agreements
should incorporate funding and
guidelines for the enforcement of
regulations. To strengthen regulations,
countries can educate and train
personnel like police officers and
judiciary officials about how to deal
specifically with illegal wildlife trade.
Furthermore, judicial systems
around the world, especially in
developing countries which see illegal
wildlife trade as an unserious issue,
should
strengthen
the
legal
consequences of this illicit act. For
example, in April 2013 the UN
Commission on Crime Prevention and
Criminal Justice sought to declare
wildlife trafficking as a serious crime,
and called for a minimum of four years
of imprisonment when dealing with
criminals involved in the wildlife trade.
The most powerful factor that is
driving wildlife trade is consumer
demand; this means that without
demand, there is no trade. Due to this,
it is the task of every government
around the world to raise public
awareness about the seriousness of
this issue and the effects it has on the
environment and the people. The
Internet, social media, and propaganda
are adequate tools to raise awareness.
Up next, we will provide a list of
recommendations, provided by the
United
Nations
Environmental
Programme, you should address and

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evaluate during the debate to reach a
possible consensus.
1. Acknowledge
the
multiple
dimensions of environmental
crime and its serious impact on
the
environment
and
sustainable development goals,
and help support and balance
the appropriate coordination
and sharing of information from
stakeholders, such as civil
society,
private
sector,
indigenous
peoples,
governments and a wider UN
system with the need and
recognition of also the role of
law enforcement in good
environmental governance.
2. Call for a comprehensive
coordinated UN system and
national
approach
to
environmental crime by helping
coordinate
efforts
on
environmental legislation and
regulations, poverty alleviation
and development support with
responses from the enforcement
sector to curb environmental
crime, as part of a holistic
approach to challenge the
serious threat to both the
environment and sustainable
development caused by the
continued environmental crime.
3. Further call upon UNEP as the
global environmental authority
to address the serious and rising
environmental
impacts
of
environmental crime and to
engage
the
relevant
coordination mechanisms of the
UN system to support countries
and national, regional and
international law enforcement
agencies
with
relevant

environmental information to
facilitate their efforts to combat
the illegal trade in wildlife
species.
4. Calls
upon
the
entire
international
and
bilateral
donor community to recognize
and address environmental
crime as a serious threat to
sustainable development and
revenues, and to support
national, regional and global
efforts
for
the
effective
implementation of, compliance
with and enforcement of
targeted measures to curb
illegal trade in wildlife species.
5. Support immediate, decisive
and collective action to narrow
the gap between commitments
and compliance, such as the
ones expressed in multilateral
environmental
agreements,
through
national
implementation
and
enforcement, including the
relevant
decisions
and
resolutions taken by their
governing bodies intended to
combat the illicit trade in
wildlife.
6. Identify end-user markets and
systematically design, support
and
implement
where
appropriate
consumer
awareness campaigns focusing
on high consumer end-markets.
Call upon both Governments
and the UN system to effectively
work with and engage civil
society and the private sector in
efforts to identify alternatives to
consumer demands for traded
wildlife species.

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7. Strengthen institutional, legal
and regulatory systems to
further combat corruption to
effectively address wildliferelated offences and to ensure
that legal trade is monitored
and managed effectively.
8. Strengthen international and
development support to the
entire
enforcement
chain,
including frontline, investigator,
customs, prosecutors and the
judiciary,
with
particular
reference to environmental
crime to support legal revenues
and sustainable development,
and to reduce the impacts on the
environment
from
environmental crime.
9. Strengthen
support
to
INTERPOL, UNODC, WCO and
CITES, such as through ICCWC
as
well
as
individual
programmes, to enable them to
support member states and
other relevant stakeholders to
further identify, develop and
implement the most appropriate
responses to environmental
crime,
reflecting
and
acknowledging the
serious
threats and effects it has on
environmental
governance,
wildlife, ecosystems and the
services it provides.
10. Invest in capacity building and
technological
support
to
national environment, wildlife
and law enforcement agencies
to enable them to further
protect key populations of
iconic
endangered
species
threatened by poaching, such as
but not limited to, rhinos, tigers
and the African elephant as a

necessary response to safeguard


these species from poaching,
alongside renewed efforts to
strengthening habitat protection
and management.
11. Strengthen
environmental
legislation, compliance and
awareness and call upon
enforcement
agencies
and
countries to reduce the role of
illicit trade to threat finance to
non-state armed groups and
terrorism.
Moreover, as it was stated by
Mr. Achim Steiner, who is the UN
Under-Secretary General and the UNEP
Executive Director, A global and
holistic response needs to be
implemented to support national,
regional and international efforts by
strengthening
and
synchronizing
actions
targeting
coherent
environmental legislation, poverty
alleviation and demand reduction.
Questions our Council Must
Answer
1. How can a variety of
participants, such as poachers,
law enforcement, traders, and
consumers, be included in a
solution to end the illegal
wildlife trade?
2. How can the people concerned
in legal wildlife trade be
participants in ending the illegal
wildlife trade?
3. How would viewing wildlife
crime as connected to other
illegal trades like drug and
human trafficking lead to a more
effective global response?
4. How much responsibility and
impact do the consumer

10

United Nations Environment Programme


countries (developed countries)
have when it comes to ending
the wildlife trade in source
countries (developing
countries)?
5. Is there a need for separate
legislation governing the illegal
ivory trade, or the trade in any
particular illegal products?
6. How can management of
protected areas and endangered
species be improved to prevent
poaching, especially in
developing countries?
7. How can regional partnerships
become stronger and firmer to
fight the illegal wildlife trade
more effectively?
8. How can the wildlife trade
regulations be enforced in a
more effective manner in the
governments to end illegal
wildlife trade?
Suggestions
for
Further
Research
For further information you can visit
the following pages:
Cites Official Website:
https://cites.org/
UNEP Yearbook: it is a report about the
yearly progress the UNEP does
regarding certain issues, including the
illegal wildlife trade.
http://www.unep.org/yearbook/
UNEP News Centre
http://www.unep.org/newscentre/
Illegal Wildlife Trade Overview
http://www.worldwildlife.org/threats
/illegal-wildlife-trade

Statements in the Ministerial Dialogue


on Illegal Trade in Wildlife
http://www.unep.org/unea/docs_HL_I
llegal_Trade_in_Wildlife.asp
Global Impacts about the Illegal
Wildlife Trade
http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/f
iles/chathamhouse/public/Research/A
frica/0214Wildlife.pdf
International Illegal Trade in Wildlife:
Threats and US Policy
https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL
34395.pdf
Illegal Trade in Wildlife: A North
American Perspective
https://www.cbd.int/financial/monter
reytradetech/g-montrade-cec.pdf
The Environmental Crime Crisis
http://www.unep.org/unea/docs/RRA
crimecrisis.pdf
Closing Remarks
Delegates, I hope you have used
this study guide to learn about the
topic and its current situations and I
trust that you will also investigate your
countrys position on Illegal Wildlife
Trade thoroughly. I truly believe that
each and every one of you is capable of
accurately representing your country
in the debate, so always keep a
cooperative attitude. I am sure that we
will be able to maintain a fluent debate
and reach a consensus that will solve
the issues presented. Thank you and
enjoy the conference!

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United Nations Environment Programme

List of Countries in the Committee


BLABLA
Bibliography
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