Assignment 1 task 2

Digital Graphics
Pixel:

A pixel is a single graphic image which is displaying graphics by dividing the display into
thousands of pixels into rows and columns. The physical size of a pixel depends on how
you've set the resolution for the display screen. If you've set the display to its maximum
resolution the pixels will become visible from close up and the pixels will be bigger. The
number of pixels used to create an image is also known as resolution. If the resolution of the
screen is small for example is 256 x 224 and you have a resolution of 1080 x 720 this means
the highest resolution is the better quality of image. 1080p is full high definition which
means that it is the highest quality of high definition also known as HD. The number of
bits to a pixel is colour depth. 8, 16 and 34 are the most common colour depths. 8 bit has
256 colours, 16 bits has 536 colours knows as high colour and 24 bits has 16 million
colours which is known as true colour. The highest is 32 bits which involves greyscale.
Graphics, e.g. buttons, icons, that are going to be used on the web commonly use 8 bit,
whereas photo realistic images use 16 or 24 bit. This is because the higher the bit the higher
the image quality will be.

Image Resolution
The image resolution Image resolution is the detail an image holds. The term applies to
raster digital images, film images, and other types of images. Higher resolution means more
image detail. Image resolution can be measured in various ways. A computer display system
will have a maximum resolution that depends on its physical ability to focus light in which
case the physical dot size, the dot pitch - matches the pixel size.
High resolution High resolution (300 dpi or more) means that the image has more than
300 dots per inc. If you were to use a magnifying glass and have a look a a picture you may
be able to see the dots. The higher resolution the harder it is too see the pixels in the
picture.
Low resolution - Low Resolution (A.K.A less than 300 dpi) means that the dots on the image
is less than 300 dots per inch. This means that if you were to go close up to the image you
will be able to see the pixels of the image easily compared to the higher resolution in which
the pixels are harder to see.
The positives of having low resolution images is that if the images are used on a product for
example a website the file size of the image will be small. This wont affect the performance
of the product unlike a very large file might make the website run slower.

However the disadvantages is that the image will look pixelated and wont look appealing to
users using the website.
The positives of using high resolution images is that the image will look clear and look
professional on websites. This will look appealing to user and make the website look
cleaner. However the negatives is that high resolution images file sizes are big. The problem
with this is that if you are using images on websites the website storage may get full and the
site will run slower than usual.

Intensity

Pixel intensity is a grey tones numbering 256 starting from black and ranging to white.
Intensity takes a look at how bright or dull a colour is. The brightest intensity would be the
pure colour from the colour wheel while the dullest would be where you can't even discern
what the colour is other than it looks like grey. Other words used to describe intensity are:

SATURATION
CHROMA
CHROMATICITY

Raster Images

Raster graphics are made up of a set grid of dots called pixels In which where each pixel is
assigned a colour value. Unlike a vector image a raster images are resolution dependant.
When changing the size of the raster image it will shrink the pixels themselves which can
lead on to a blurry image. Raster images in Photoshop are for good for adding effects on to
the image and textures. When compressing a raster image it will recreated the original
image but will break down the file into a smaller file so it is easier to for storage. Different
raster formats have different file sizes for example a JPEG is a well know format which
mostly every camera can support JPEG. The compression method of a JPEG is a lossy
compression method. This works very effectively by compressing unnecessary bits of
information and makes the file size smaller but still keeps the quality of the image the same.
Also other formats are compatible with raster images. Formats such as BMP, PNG, GIF, TIF,
JPG and PSD all have their own format which do different things.
BMP
BMP file format also known as bitmap is a file format which is used to store digital images
on operating systems such as Microsoft OS/2 operating systems mainly. The BMP format is
capable of storing two dimensional images however BMP files are uncompressed, and

therefore large and lossless. Their advantage is their simple structure and wide acceptance
in Windows programs.
PNG
The PNG file format is created for an alternative to the GIF however the file format supports
8-bit images and 34-bit true colour which is (16 million colours) or a 48-bit true colour.
While GIF can only support 256 colours. PNG formats are usually viewed on applications like
web browsers just like the GIF format. Also the PNG file uses lossy compression so it is
suited to store images because of the compression method.
GIF
A GIF format is very popular when storing image files. GIF format is limited to 8-bit which is
256 colours. Why this is because gifs are usually used for storage images which dont
contain a lot of colours for example diagrams, shapes and logos. Also the GIF format
includes animation capabilities and is popular using animation on programs such as flash
and director. However the compression of the file format isnt good because the
compression ratio is low in comparison to other video formats.
TIFF
TIFF format is an image format which is used for applications and for scanning images. Most
cameras have an option to create images in TIFF formats. TIFF is a standard file format
found in most paint, imaging, and desktop publishing programs such as Photoshop.

PSD
A PSD file format is tailored to the program Adobe Photoshop. How the format works is by
when you have created your image Photoshop can format the image into different formats
such as JPEG, GIF, and TIFF etc. However the PSD format allows you to save the image but
keep all of the layers used to create the image. If you save the image in a format such as
JPEF the image cannot be changed or work with the different layers so therefore a PSD
format can be used to just save the Photoshop file.

Vector Images
Vector images are created in graphic packages which consists of shapes. Vector is used in
geometrical primitives such as points, lines, curves and points. Vector graphics are created

in graphics packages and consist of shapes called objects. It is possible to edit each object
separately, for example, change the shape, colour, size and position. Even if an object in a
vector graphic is quite large, it doesn't need a lot of computer memory. Therefore the file
size of a vector graphic is often very small

There is different file extensions which can be saved in to a vector image. The extensions are
JPG, PNG or GIF. Vector file types such as EPS, AI and PDF are excellent for creating graphics
that frequently require resizing. A company logo and brand graphics should be created as a
vector and saved as a master file so you can use it with smaller items such as your business
card and on products.

This is an example of a vector image. Instead of

the image being filled with pixels vector uses
shapes and points. When zoomed the vector
image doesnt pixelate and remains the quality
the same.

Bit Depth

Colour depth, also known as bit depth, is the number of bits used to indicate the colour of a
single pixel, in a bitmapped image or video frame buffer, or the number of bits used for
each colour component of a single pixel.
The sampling rate is then the number of equally spaced samples that we take for one
second of signal, and the bit depth is the number of bits used for encoding each sample in
memory. For example, a sampling rate of 48kHz. and a bit depth of 16 bits
Bits per pixel:
8-bit colour
An 8 bit colour is the standard amount of pixels for cheaper cameras. They allow RGB colour
which involves Red Green and Blue. However you can produce hundreds of colours from
however the maximum number of colours that can be displayed at any one time is 256

This is an example of what 8 bit

colours they are

16 bit- 16 bit is double the amount of 8 bit. With 16-bit colour, also called High colour,
computers and monitors can display as many as 65,536 colours, which is adequate for most
uses. However, graphic intensive video games and higher resolution video can benefit from
and take advantage of the higher colour depths.
24-bit colour
Using 24-bit colour, also called True colour, computers and monitors can display as many as
16,777,215 different colour combinations.
32-bit colour
Like 24-bit colour, 32-bit colour supports 16,777,215 colours but has an alpha channel it can
create more convincing gradients, shadows, and transparencies. With the alpha channel 32bit colour supports 4,294,967,296 colour combinations.
As you increase the support for more colours, more memory is required. However, almost
all computers today include video cards with enough memory to support 32-bit colours at
most resolutions. Older computer and video cards may only be able to support up to 16-bit
colour.
Bit monochrome can also be referred to as a Binary Image, only two colours can represent
each pixel, these colours are mainly black and white. Some pieces of hardware can only
handle images that are binary, for example Laser Printers and Fax machines.

Colour Space
A device colour space simply describes the range of colours that a camera can see, a printer
can print, or a monitor can display. An RGB is a colour module in which red green and blue
are the main colours. The purpose of an RGB is that it displays different colours by simply
only having red green and blue they contain different shades and colours. Typical RGB input
devices are colour TV and video cameras, image scanners, video games, and digital cameras.
HSL and HSV are the two most common cylindrical-coordinate representations of points in
an RGB colour model. HSL stands for hue, saturation, and lightness. All possible colours can
be specified according to hue, saturation, and brightness just as colours can be represented
in terms of the R, G, and B components.

Saturation is similar to contrast however instead of increasing the shadows and highlights
they increase the separation between colours .In graphics and images, colour saturation is
used to describe the intensity of colour in the image. A saturated image has overly bright
colours. Using a graphics editing program you can increase saturation on under-exposed
images. As the saturation increases, the colours appear to be more pure. As the saturation
decreases, the colours appear to be more washed-out or pale.

Image Capture
Scanners have become an important part of the home office over the last few years. Scanner
technology is everywhere and used in many ways:

Flatbed scanners, also called desktop scanners, are the most commonly used scanners. In
fact, this article will focus on the technology as it relates to flatbed scanners.
Sheet-fed scanners are similar to flatbed scanners except a sheet-fed scanner looks a lot like
a small portable printer.
Handheld scanners use the same basic technology as a flatbed scanner, but rely on the user
to move them instead of a motorized belt. This type of scanner typically does not provide
good image quality. However, it can be useful for quickly capturing text.

Resolution

Image resolution is the detail an image holds. The term applies to raster digital images, film
images, and other types of images. Higher resolution means more image detail. In
computers, resolution is the number of pixels individual points of colour contained on a
display monitor, expressed in terms of the number of pixels on the horizontal axis and the
number on the vertical axis. The sharpness of the image on a display depends on the
resolution and the size of the monitor.
Display resolution is not measured in dots per inch as it usually is with printers. However,
the resolution and the physical monitor size together do let you determine the pixels per
inch. Typically, PC monitors have somewhere between 50 and 100 pixels per inch.

Digital Cameras

256x256 - Found on very cheap cameras, this resolution is so low that the picture quality is very bad
and this is 65,000 total pixels.

640x480 - This is the low end on most "real" cameras. This resolution is ideal for e-mailing pictures or
posting pictures on a Web site.

1216x912 - This is a "megapixel" image size -- 1,109,000 total pixels -- good for printing pictures.

1600x1200 - With almost 2 million total pixels, this is "high resolution." You can print a 4x5 inch print
taken at this resolution with the same quality that you would get from a photo lab.

2240x1680 - Found on 4 megapixel cameras -- the current standard -- this allows even larger printed
photos, with good quality for prints up to 16x20 inches.

4064x2704 - A top-of-the-line digital camera with 11.1 megapixels takes pictures at this resolution. At
this setting, you can create 13.5x9 inch prints with no loss of picture quality.

Memory
For mobile phones and tablets, the type of memory card you'll need is a micro SD. Cards of this type
are barely bigger than your fingernail, but can store enormous amounts of data.
Inside every SD card, rows of tiny memory chips are at work storing all your documents, music,
photos and more. And because there are no moving parts, it's all done quickly and effortlessly.
The standard file size for a SD card are 1MB up to 4GB however most SD cards can only 2GB of
storage.
How SD cards work

You can add an SD card to a small device, like a mobile phone, to extend the storage space
available for ringtones, texts, apps, music and other data.

When one SD card in your camera fills up with photos and videos, you can swap it out for an
empty SD card instead of deleting any files.

You can save files to an SD card to transfer them between devices or give them to someone
else.

Optimising

When making a product, optimising all of the assets is really important. Such as saving
images in different formats for example an image created in Photoshop which is saved in a
PNG file could be a smaller file size than saving the image as a JPEG.
Also uploading images to different websites have criterias of different file sizes and
requirements. For example when uploading a banner to YouTube the file resolution of the
image must be 940 x 180 to be able to fit on the screen. This is the same with websites such
as twitter and Facebook. Profiles on Facebook also has a requirement resolution for images
such as the profile picture and cover. If the image is too small or too big you can change the
resolution in programs such as Photoshop.

When it comes to social media, there is no denying the fact that the images we use in our
content can have a huge impact on how the content is perceived by users. Having a
professional profile or website can have a big impact.
Different Social Media Websites
YouTube:
YouTube recommend when uploading a banner it must be 2560 x 1440 pixels. If this is met the
quality of the image will look better than if the image is smaller or bigger because the image will be
stretched or be pixelated.
Also the profile icon has a set image resolution in order to get the best quality image. There
recommendations are

Square and rounded images which render at 98 x 98 px

We recommend uploading an 800 x 800 px image
JPG, GIF, BMP or PNG (no animated GIFs)

Twitter:
Twitter has the same concept of image uploading. They also have recommendations for
images. The recommendations for using banners is Profile Header: 1500px by 500px.
Panoramas work well. While 1500px x 500px is the recommended size, if you don't want
Twitter to resize the image, you can get away with 1263px x 421px.
Also Photos can be in any of the following formats: JPG, GIF, or PNG. But Twitter does not
support animated GIFs for profile or header images.
Twitter also has a recommendation for a profile picture which is 400px by 400px

Facebook
Facebook also includes having a recommendation for different uploaded images such as a
cover photo and profile photo.
Profile Picture

Displays at 160x160 pixels on your Page on computers, 140x140 pixels on

smartphones and 50x50 pixels on most feature phones
Must be at least 180x180 pixels
Will be cropped to fit a square
Is located 16 pixels from the left and 176 pixels from the top of your cover photo on
computers
Is located 24 pixels from the left, 24 pixels from the bottom and 196 pixels from the
top of your cover photo on smartphones

Cover Photo

Displays at 851 pixels wide by 315 pixels tall on your Page on computers and 640
pixels wide by 360 pixels tall on smartphones
Doesn't display on feature phones
Must be at least 399 pixels wide and 150 pixels tall

Social media website have file size recommendations because it makes the quality of the
image suitable for anyone to view on any platform such as Mobile Phone, Tablet, PC. These
different devises display the image in different resolutions however the quality of the image
stays the same.