Network Layer

IPv4

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ICND2 v1.02-1

Objectives
Explain the structure IP addressing and demonstrate the ability to
convert between 8-bit binary and decimal numbers.
Given an IPv4 address, classify by type and describe how it is used
in the network
Explain how addresses are assigned to networks by ISPs and within
networks by administrators
Determine the network portion of the host address and explain the
role of the subnet mask in dividing networks.
Given IPv4 addressing information and design criteria, calculate the
appropriate addressing components.
Use common testing utilities to verify and test network connectivity
and operational status of the IP protocol stack on a host.

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ICND2 v1.02-2

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

DataLink

Physical

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

L3Header

L2Header

IP Header Length

ICND2 v1.02-3

Why IP Addresses?

172.16.0.1

10101100
172.16.0.2
. 0001000 . 00000000 . 00000010172.16.0.254

172.16.0.3

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ICND2 v1.02-7

Why IP Addresses?

10101100 . 0001000 . 00000000 . 00000010

Network-id

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Host-id

ICND2 v1.02-8

Network-id vs Host-id
172.2.0.0
172.1.0.1

172.1.0.2

172.1.0.3

Internet

172.3.0.0

172.1.0.4

172.1.0.5
172.4.0.0
2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ICND2 v1.02-9

IP Address Format

10101100
00010000
10000000
00010001
10101100000100001000000000010001
172
16
128
17
Octet

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ICND2 v1.02-10

IP Class

Class A

10xxxxxxx
- 127

Class B

10xxxxxx
128
- 191

Class C

110xxxxx
192
- 223

Class D

Multicast

Class E

Reserved
127.0.0.0

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

.
.
.

host
network
network

.
.
.

host
host
network

.
.
.

is reserved for loopback testing TCP/IP

host
host
host

ICND2 v1.02-11

IP address Classes

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ICND2 v1.02-12

Class A

Class A

00000000
0
00000001
1
00000010
2
00000011
3

host

host

host

00000100
4
00000101
5
00000110
6
00000111
7
01111111
127
2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ICND2 v1.02-13

Class B

Class B

10000000
128
10000001
129
10000010
130
10000011
131

network

host

host

10000100
132
10000101
133
10000110
134
10000111
135
10111111
191
2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ICND2 v1.02-14

Class C

Class C

11000000
192
11000001
193
11000010
194
11000011
195

network

network

host

11000100
196
11000101
197
11000110
198
11000111
199
11011111
223
2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ICND2 v1.02-15

Binary

128

64

32

16

27

26

25

24

23

22

21

20

1
0

1
0

1
0

1
0

1
0

1
0

1
0

1
0

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ICND2 v1.02-16

Decimal -> Binary

i192sanggiatriBinary
128

64

32

16

64
192

64
0

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ICND2 v1.02-17

Bai t
p i s Decimal -> Binary

i80sanggiatriBinary
128

64

32

16

80

16

16

16
0

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ICND2 v1.02-18

Bai t
p i s Decimal -> Binary

i170sanggiatriBinary
128

64

32

16

170
42

42

10

10

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ICND2 v1.02-19

Bai t
p i s Decimal -> Binary

i187sanggiatriBinary
128

64

32

16

187
59

59

27

11

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ICND2 v1.02-20

Bai t
p i s Binary -> Decimal

i10111000sanggiatriDecimal
128

64

32

16

32

16

128

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

= 184

ICND2 v1.02-21

Bai t
p i s Binary -> Decimal

i01101010sanggiatriDecimal
128

64

32

16

64

32

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

= 106

ICND2 v1.02-22

Bai t
p i s Binary -> Decimal
128

64

32

16

Bai 1

0000 0011

=3

Bai 7

0001 1111

=31

Bai 2

0000 0100

=4

Bai 8

0010 0000

=32

Bai 3

0000 0111

=7

Bai 9

0011 1111

=63

Bai 4

0000 1000

Bai 10

0100 0000

Bai 5

0000 1111

=8
=15

Bai 11

0111 1111

=64
=127

Bai 6

0001 0000

=16

Bai 12

1000 0000

=128

Bai 13

1111 1111

=255

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ICND2 v1.02-23

Bai t
p i s Binary -> Decimal
128

64

32

16

Bai 1

1010 1000

=168

Bai 10

0001 1010

=26

Bai 2

0110 1000

=104

Bai 11

0101 1100

=92

Bai 3

1101 1000

=216

Bai 12

1100 1101

=205

Bai 4

1110 1010

Bai 13

1011 1011

Bai 5

1001 1010

=234
=154

Bai 14

1101 0111

=187
=215

Bai 6

1111 0001

=241

Bai 15

0111 1111

=127

Bai 7

1011 1001

=185

Bai 16

0011 1111

=63

Bai 8

1101 1111

=223

Bai 17

1011 1011

=187

Bai 9

0010 0101

=37

Bai 18

1101 0001

=209

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ICND2 v1.02-24

Cac gia tri co th co vi n bit

n=2
00
01
10
11

decimal=0
decimal=1
decimal=2
decimal=3

VinbitBinarytaco2ngiatricothco,n=2taco22(4)giatri
2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ICND2 v1.02-25

Cac gia tri co th co vi n bit

n=3
000
001
010
011
100
101
110
111

decimal=0
decimal=1
decimal=2
decimal=3
decimal=4
decimal=5
decimal=6
decimal=7

VinbitBinarytaco2ngiatricothco,n=3taco23giatri
2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ICND2 v1.02-26

Cac gia tri co th co vi n bit

n=4
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111

decimal=0
decimal=1
decimal=2
decimal=3
decimal=4
decimal=5
decimal=6
decimal=7

1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111

decimal=8
decimal=9
decimal=10
decimal=11
decimal=12
decimal=13
decimal=14
decimal=15

24
2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ICND2 v1.02-27

Cac gia tri co th co vi n bit

n=8
00000000
00000001
00000010
00000011
00000100
00000101
00000110
00000111

decimal=0
decimal=1
decimal=2
decimal=3
decimal=4
decimal=5
decimal=6
decimal=7

00001000
00001001
00001010
00001011
00001100
00001101

11111111

decimal=8
decimal=9
decimal=10
decimal=11
decimal=12
decimal=13
decimal=255

28
2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ICND2 v1.02-28

IP Class

Class A

network

Class B

network

Class C

network

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

.
.
.

host
network
network

.
.
.

host
host
network

.
.
.

host
host
host

ICND2 v1.02-29

IP Class

Class A

network

Class B

network

Class C

network

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

.
.
.

16.777.214
224-2
network
network

.
.

65.534
216-2
network

8
2254
-2

ICND2 v1.02-30

256 IP

192.168.1.0
192.168.1.0000
0000
192.168.1.1

Network Address

192.168.1.0/26

192.168.1.254
192.168.1.1111
192.168.1.255 1111
2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Broadcast Address
ICND2 v1.02-31

Network-id

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ICND2 v1.02-32

Unicast
10.0.0.3

10.0.0.1
2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

10.0.0.2

20.0.0.1

20.0.0.2
ICND2 v1.02-33

Unicast
10.0.0.3

Data

10.0.0.3

10.0.0.1
2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

10.0.0.1

10.0.0.2

20.0.0.1

20.0.0.2
ICND2 v1.02-34

Directed Broadcast
10.0.0.3

Data

10.0.0.3

10.0.0.1
2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

10.255.255.255

10.0.0.2

20.0.0.1

20.0.0.2
ICND2 v1.02-35

All subnets broadcast

10.0.0.3

10.0.0.1
2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

10.0.0.2

20.0.0.1

20.0.0.2
ICND2 v1.02-36

All subnets broadcast

10.0.0.3

Data

10.0.0.3

10.0.0.1
2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

10.255.255.255

10.0.0.2

20.0.0.1

20.0.0.2
ICND2 v1.02-37

All subnets broadcast

10.0.0.3

Data

10.0.0.3

10.0.0.1
2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

20.255.255.255

10.0.0.2

20.0.0.1

20.0.0.2
ICND2 v1.02-38

All subnets broadcast

10.0.0.3

Data

10.0.0.3

10.0.0.1
2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

255.255.255.255

10.0.0.2

20.0.0.1

20.0.0.2
ICND2 v1.02-39

Router ch
n Broadcast
10.0.0.3

Data

10.0.0.1
10.0.0.3

10.0.0.1
2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

10.255.255.255
255.255.255.255
20.255.255.255
20.0.0.2

10.0.0.2

20.0.0.1

20.0.0.2
ICND2 v1.02-40

Public vs Private IP

Class A

network

Class B

network

Class C

network

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

.
.
.

host
network
network

.
.
.

host
host
network

.
.
.

host
host
host

ICND2 v1.02-41

Public vs Private
Public IP

Private IP

Class A

1.0.0.0 - 9.255.255.255
11.0.0.0 126.255.255.255

10.0.0.0
10.255.255.255

Class B

128.0.0.0- 172.15.255.255
172.32.0.0-191.255.255.255

172.16.0.0
172.31.255.255

Class C

192.0.0.0192.167.255.255
192.169.0.0223.255.255.255

192.168.0.0
192.168.255.255

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ICND2 v1.02-42

NAT

IP Public

IP Private

ADSL

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Internet

ICND2 v1.02-43

prefix-length

prefix

172

16

prefix-length

128

17

/16

network-id

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ICND2 v1.02-44

subnet-mask

prefix-length

172

16

128

17

255

255

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

/16

ICND2 v1.02-45

subnet-mask
0
0
1
1

and
and
and
and

0
1
0
1

=
=
=
=

0
0
0
1

10101100 00010000 10000000 00010001

.
.
.
172
16
0
0
. 00010000
. 00000000
. 00000000
10101100
11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ICND2 v1.02-46

172 .

1.0.1

172 .

2.0.1

255 . 255 . 0 . 0

255 . 255 . 0 . 0

172 .

172 .

1.0.0

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2.0.0

ICND2 v1.02-47

Default Prefix-length

Class
/8 A

network

Class
/16 B

network

Class
/24 C

network

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

.
.
.

host
network
network

.
.
.

host
host
network

.
.
.

host
host
host

ICND2 v1.02-48

Default Subnet-mask

Class A

255

Class B

255

Class C

255

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

.
.
.

0
255
255

.
.
.

0
0
255

.
.
.

0
0
0

ICND2 v1.02-49

Subnet-mask

Class A

10.

0.

0.

255.

0.

0.

/8

11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ICND2 v1.02-50

Subnet-mask

Class A

10.
255.

0.

0.

128.

0.

/9

11111111.10000000.00000000.00000000

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ICND2 v1.02-51

Network Connection

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ICND2 v1.02-52

ipconfig

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ICND2 v1.02-53

 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ICND2 v1.02-54