Chapter 10 Image Segmentation

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.
Gonzalez &
Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com
Chapter 10
Segmentation
19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Gonzalez &
Woods
Chapter 10
Segmentation

Gonzalez &
Woods
Chapter 10
Segmentation

Gonzalez &
Woods
Chapter 10
Segmentation

Gonzalez &
Woods
Chapter 10
Segmentation
Find the location of the points as follows:

w=[-1 -1 -1; -1 8 -1; -1 -1 -1];
g=abs(imfilter ( double(f), w);
T=max(g(:));
g=g >=T;
imshow(g);

Gonzalez &
Woods
Chapter 10
Segmentation

Gonzalez &
Woods
Chapter 10
Segmentation

Gonzalez &
Woods
Chapter 10
Segmentation
w=[2 -1 -1;-1 2 -1; -1 -1 2];

g=imfilter(double(f), w);
imshow(g, []) %Fig.10.4-b
g=abs(g(:));
figure, imshow(g, [ ]) % Fig.10-4-e
T=max(g (: ));
G=g >= T;
figure, imshow(g, [ ]) % Fig.10-4-f

Gonzalez &
Woods
Chapter 10
Segmentation

Gonzalez &
Woods
Chapter 10
Segmentation

Gonzalez &
Woods
Chapter 10
Segmentation

Gonzalez &
Woods
Chapter 10
Segmentation

Gonzalez &
Woods
Chapter 10
Segmentation
The image Gradient and its properties

The total of choice for finding edge strenth and direction at
location (x,y) of an image, f, is the gradient, denoted by f,
and defined as the vector
gx
f grad ( f )
g y f
y

Gonzalez &
Woods
Chapter 10
Segmentation
The image Gradient and its properties

Magnitude (length) of vector f, denoted as M(x,y)
The direction of the gradient vector is given by the angle (x,y)
M ( x, y ) mag (f ) g x2 g y2
gy
( x, y ) tan
gx

Gonzalez &
Woods
Chapter 10
Segmentation

Gonzalez &
Woods
Chapter 10
Segmentation

Gonzalez &
Woods
Chapter 10
Segmentation

Gonzalez &
Woods
Chapter 10
Segmentation

Gonzalez &
Woods
Chapter 10
Segmentation

Gonzalez &
Woods
Chapter 10
Segmentation

Gonzalez &
Woods
Chapter 10
Segmentation
IPTs function edge provides several derivative estimators. For

some of these estimators, it is possible to stecify whether thye
edge detector is sensitive to horizontal or vertical edges or to
both. The general sytax for this function is
[g, t]= edge (f, method , parameters)
Where f is the input image, method is one of the approaches
listed in Table and parameters are additional parameters
explained later.

Gonzalez &
Woods
Chapter 10
Segmentation
The general calling syntax for the Sobel detector is

[g, t] = edge (f, sobel , T , dir)
where T is a specified threshold, and dir specifies the
preferred direction of the edges detected: horizontal,
vertical , or both ( the default).
As noted earlier, g is a logical image containing 1s at
locations where edges were detecfted and 0s
elsewhere.

Gonzalez &
Woods
Chapter 10
Segmentation
The Prewitt edge detector uses the masks in Fig.10.14 to

approximate digitally the first derivatives Gx and Gy. Its
general calling synax is
[g,t]=edge(f,prewitt, T, dir)
the parameters of this function are identical to the Sobel
parameters.

Gonzalez &
Woods
Chapter 10
Segmentation

Gonzalez &
Woods
Chapter 10
Segmentation

Gonzalez &
Woods
Chapter 10
Segmentation

Gonzalez &
Woods
Chapter 10
Segmentation

Gonzalez &
Woods
More Advanced Techniques for Edge Detection

Chapter 10
Segmentation
Marr-Hildreth edge detector

Marr and Hildreth argued that
(1) intensity changes are not independent of image scale
and so their detection requires the use of operators
different sizes and
(2) that a sudden intensity change will give rise to a
peak or trough in the first derivative or, equivalently, to
zero crossing in the second derivative.

Gonzalez &
Woods
Chapter 10
Segmentation
Marr-Hildreth edge detector

Marr and Hildreth argued that the most satisfactory operator fulfilling these
conditions is the filter 2G where, 2 is the Laplacian operator, and G is the 2-D
Gaussian function
x2 y 2
2
G ( x, y ) e 2
2 G ( x, y ) 2 G ( x , y )
G ( x, y )
x 2
y 2
2
x y
x 2 2
2
G ( x, y )
e
2
x
2
x
1
e
4
2

2G ( x, y )
y x y2

e 2
2
y
x2 y2
2 2
x y 2
4
2G ( x, y )
y
1
e
4
2

x2 y2
2 2
x2 y2
2 2
This expression is called Laplacian of a Gaussion (LoG)

Gonzalez &
Woods
Chapter 10
Segmentation

Gonzalez &
Woods
Chapter 10
Segmentation
The general calling syntax for the LoG

detector is;
[g,t]= edge (f, log, T, sigma)
where sigma is the standard deviation and the
other parameters are explained previously.

Gonzalez &
Woods
Chapter 10
Segmentation
Zero Crossing Detector:

This detector is based on the same concept as the LoG method,
but the convolution is carried out using a specified filter
function, H. The calling syntax is
[g,t]= edge(f, zerocross, T, H)
The other parameters are as explained for the LoG detector.

Gonzalez &
Woods
Chapter 10
Segmentation

Gonzalez &
Woods
Chapter 10
Segmentation

Gonzalez &
Woods
Chapter 10
Segmentation

Gonzalez &
Woods
Chapter 10
Segmentation

Gonzalez &
Woods
Chapter 10
Segmentation

Chapter 10 Image Segmentation

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Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Find the location of the points as follows:

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

w=[2 -1 -1;-1 2 -1; -1 -1 2];

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

The image Gradient and its properties

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

The image Gradient and its properties

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

IPTs function edge provides several derivative estimators. For

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

The general calling syntax for the Sobel detector is

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

The Prewitt edge detector uses the masks in Fig.10.14 to

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

More Advanced Techniques for Edge Detection

Marr-Hildreth edge detector

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Marr-Hildreth edge detector