Mé dau Phuong trinh dao him riéng duge nghién ciru lin dau tién vao gidta thé ky 18 trong cde cOng tinh ciia nhiing nha todn hoe nh Euler, Dalambert, Lagrange va Laplace nhur 1a mét céng cu quan trong dé mé ta ede m6 hinh cia vit ly va co hoc. Nhiing bai toan c6 ngi dung tuong ty van con durge nghién citu dén tan ngay nay va 1d mét trong cée ngi dung co ban cua ly thuyét phuong trinh dao ham riéng. Chi dén gitta thé ky 19 va dac biét 1 trong cdc céng trinh cia Riemann, phuomg trinh dao ham riéng m tro thanh cong cu manh trong nhimng linh vuc khée cia toan hoc Iy thuyét va nguge lai. Phuong trinh dgo ham rigng thudng xuyén xuat hin trong céc bai tofin tng dung cia ly thuyét thuy déng hoe, co hc lugng tr, din hc, dién — tir trudng,, Ba sé cde bai toan nay rit phitc tap, khéng cé phuong phap gidi ding. N bai todn khOng c6 nghiém theo nghia cé dién. Van dé tim nghiém diing eta cde phurong trinh dao ham riéng khng thé va cing khong can thye trong moi trrémg hgp. Bai vay ta din dén vige chi tim durge nghiém gin dung cia cde phiong trinh dgo him riéng va cing tir dé xuit hign ede phuong phip 8 giai gin dang cae phuong trinh dé, Trong s6 cae phuong phép giai gan ding phuong trinh dao ham riéng, phuong phap sai phan (cin goi la phuong phap ludi) duge sit dung phd bi nha, ‘Tuy nhién, ngay nay ching ta cing ngay cdng ting cudng vige img dung céng nghé théng tin vio viée day va hoc todn, Va mOt trong nhiing cong cu hitu higu dé 1a sir dung phin mém Maple. Nhém em xin gidi thiéu dé tii “ing dyng Maple gidi gan dang phwong trinh dao ham riéng” dé thay duge tinh wu vigt cla viée img dung céng nghé thong tin trong giai todn.Chuwong 1. Co sé ly thuyét 1.1 Ly thuyét co ban vé phwong trinh dao ham riéng Xét phuong trinh tuyén tinh cdp hai Lae Ao gp OU gc OM, OU, OH oy = f(x,y) aa eur” exdy ay? “ax” ay Néu cde hé sb A,B,C khOng phy thude vao x,y thi ta lap bigt thie AB 7 AC-B° BC Khi dé ta néit Phncong trinh (1.1) cé dang elliptic néu D>0 Phncong trinh (1.1) cé dang parabolic néu D=0 Phucong trink (1.1) 06 dang hyperbolic néu D <0 Dang ciia phuong trinh khéng thay doi sau mét phép bién doi khong suy bién §=e(x.y), v=y (xy), tite a ae a 0 V(xavleG lay ay|” (9) Trong dé G 1a mién thay ddi ctia (x,y) trong phuong trinh (1.1) Cée dang pho bién: Phuong trinh Laplace (Elliptic) A= 24 4 4 ar ay Phncong trinh truyén nhiét (Parabolic) oo a” oe1 Maple Phong trinh day rung (Hyperbolic) @ ar 1.2. Ly thuyét vé phwong phap lw6i Phuong php luéi 18 mot trong cdc phuong phap s6 thong dung dé giai an bién di véi ede phuong trinh dao him rigng. § twang cia phuong phap lui duge thé hign niu sau: trong mign bién thién cia ede bién de lip ching ta tg0 ra mot Indi nhis cae during thing song song véi hai truc toa dé. Diém giao nhau cia cdc duvmg thing dé goi la cic nit ludi (diém ludi). Tai cae diém lwéi thay dao ham trong phuong trinh ké ca digu kign bién bang cae biéu thite sai phan, Nghigm ciia hé phuong trinh nay chinh [a ede gid tri gin ding cia nghiém bai toan ban dau tai cdc diém Indi, Khi gidi bai toan phong trinh dao ham riéng bing phuong phap Idi ngudi ta thudng phai the hign cde bude sau: Bude 1. Roi rac hoa mién G. Sai phan hod diéu kign bién, Bue 2. Thay toan tir vi phan bang ton tir sai phan. Buéc 3. Giai hé phuong trinh dai sé tuyén tinh thu duge. Bude 4. Khao sit su hoi tu va dn dinh cia huge dé sai phan. Trude hét, ta chon bude Indi theo x,y 1a h,/ twong tng, Ké trén mién G=GUT ohitng duong thing x= x, yey ail. Giao diém cia céc duéng thing 46 goi la diém lu6i (i, /) a) Diém ké ciia (i, /) la céc diém (/+1,/) va (i, £1). Ky higu G, la tip hop {GAGE G} Tap cae diém trong G" = {(i,)eG:(F+1./)(i,j+1) eG} G,\G" 1a tap hop cae diém bién.ny duny Maple git yin ding phuciay tink doo him Ta sé tim gan ding ngh w tai cc diém cia G,. Néu lui cang mau thi nghigm gan ding cho ta hin dung nghiém cia bai todn lién tye cang chin xée hon,Chuong 2. tng dung phuong phap Iw6i giai mot sé bai toan phuong trinh dao ham riéng 2.1. Phuong trinh elliptic Xét phuong trinh elliptic sau ou +d + gua a2) a ox Vi a,b,c,d,g, fla céc him cia hai bién de lap x vay. Chiing xc dinh trong mién hitu han G véi bién Gia str a,b,cd,g,f lién tue trong GUT va a>0, 6>0, g<0, V(nz)e Ching ta di tim nghiém w cia (1.2), we C(G) va u|,=9, @ lién tue trén T (1.3) Xét hai ho dudng thaing song song véi cdc true tog do =x, +ih, 1=0,41,42 — 42, Yori, j=dyny Maple wy phuiony trials do be Trong 46 h>0,/>0 li cic s6 da cho (bute hréi theo Ox,Oy). Diém giao nhau ca ede dudng thing nay goi li diém ludi (hay diém nit). ‘Chang ta chi xét nhitng diém lwéi thude G. Néu hai diém lwdi céch xa hau theo truc Ox hose true Oy mot khodng bude ca ludi thi ta n6i dé 1a ac diém ke, Nhiing diém luéi (cia G) ma bén diém ké cing thudc tap cac diém ludi_ cla G goi la cde diém ludi trong. Tap hop tit e4 ede diém Indi trong ki higu la G". Nhitng diém Indi dit chi c6 mét diém Indi ké khdng thude tép ede diém ludi cua G goi la diém ludi bién. Tap hgp cde diém Iudi bién goi 1a bién ciia mién lui va ki higu la T Bay gid ching ta sé xp xi phuong trinh (1.2) ‘Vai moi diém luGi trong (i, /) ta lap biéu thie sai phan thay thé cac go ham tgi ede diém (x, + ih,y) + jf) . ta 06: u(x, +h,y,)-u(x,-h,y,) 2hA+ Billy = Sy ay Trong 46 aj.bj.cj.dy.8,./, Bi gid tri cde hé s6 cia (1.2) tai ede diém ludi (i,j). Phuong trinh (1.3) chi co thé viét tai c: digm ludi trong, Néu (i, f) la digm ludi bién thi u, tai diém ludi nay 1a gia tri cia g tai diém cia T gin nhat voi diém luéi do. Kollats dua ra mét phuong phap xAp xi cdc diéu kign bién tuong déi thug Igi nhur sau a h Hinh 2 Tir hinh 2 19 rang v6i diém ludi A ta c6 phuong trinh + huts » vOi 5, = BA, h= AC O,th Phuong trinh Kollats c6 nghia li gid tri u, nhn duge bing ndi suy tuyén tinh cae gid tri u, vi 9,dyny Maple wy phuiony trials do be Sai s6 nhiin duge co fic h?. Vay dé xde dinh w, ta c6 hé phuong trinh tuyén tinh (1.4). S6 an cia né bang s6 phuong trinh. Nghigm cia hé nay 18 gid tri gin ding eda nghigm ciia bai toan (1.2), (1.3) 18 (s.9,)o My Bay gid ta ching minh hg (1.4) e6 nghigm duy nhit va sir dung phuong phap lip dom ta sé tim duge nghiém ciia né. Bién déi (1.4) thanh dang sau ay, = Agta + By ay + Cytigan + Dyt ys —Eyty = fy 4 by dy 2ay | 2b, oy fs Beton ve aby Cpt ap Ray Bi Tit cae diéu kign vai cde hé so ciia (1.2) ta thay khi 2,/ dit nho, cdc hé 4,,By.Cy,D;.E, sé duong tai tit cd cée diém Indi cia mién Indi va Ay + By + Cy + Dy ~ Ey = By Bé dé 1. Gia sir day {v,}, v, # const xe dinh trén G thod man diéu kién 0,20 V(is)EG" hode tv, <0 V(i,)ee Khid6 v, khing dat max dieong (hode min dm) trong G". Ching minh, Gi ty, 20 va M=maxy, 20. Lic dé tim duge (ip, jo) €G", sao cho v,,, = M vied it ra mot diém ke (i, /) sao cho v, 0. Tim nghiém cua (2.1) trong mién G, thoa man diéu kign dau: u(x.0)=9(3 , (x O)=y (x), 0 Ta sit dung so d6 hign 4 diém: Véi bube ink, bude theo #18; @ 19 = (ih) 12a) j tat, + (J!) tay H(I=2a)u, +, (7=2.=2) eats 5 #(0 2a) a, +) Tra trink man Giing pluicing tein dio tien Explicit Scheme hs Ln la T/J; al (1-2er)u, tau, tay, =2a)u,, +a, Biui litmm tra trink min Gea tick 20én ding phuiing teink dao iin viényChuwong 3. ung dung Maple giai gan ding phuong trinh dao ham riéng M6t bai toan dang phuong trinh truyén nhigt > restart; with(plots): Néu u(x,t) Ld ham biéu thi nhigt dé x va thd gian € 141 dang eda phuong trinh truyén nhiét durge cho bai: pheat = diff (u(x,t) ,t)=dife (u(x,t) 2,2) 7 hear = Sus ue) Ta e6 cach gidi cu thé nhu sau >u_part := (x,t) -> exp( ~(k*Pi)*2 *t) * sin (k*Pi*x) ; apart = (x) 9€* *” sink mx) Néu k la s6 nguyén, >k ing u thoa min phuong trinh truyén nhigt > subs (u(x, t)=u_part (x,t) ,heat) ; > simplify (%) ; ef? sin(axy) sin nyin ding phuiing trinh igo hain ritny > uO i= u_part(0,t); ut := u_part(1,t); w0-0 Va digu kign ban dau: >u_part (x,0); >uinit vnapply( eval (u_part (x,0)), x): sin( mx) init =x sinn x) Diy la d6 thi cia nghiém trong khéng gian ba chiéuny duny Maple git yin ding phuciay tink doo him Déi voi nghiém sé Bay gid ching ta sit dung phuong phap Idi dé tim nghiém gan ding, ‘Dau tién, ching ta dinh nghia , 6 cia hrs va $6 bude ludi: >n r= 20; h r= 1/n; n=20 heap 1/800; steps 100; aaa 300 steps = 100 array (0..n,0..steps) ; v= array O..20, 0.100, ]) Sau dé tim nghiém ban dau: >for 4 from 1 to n-1 do vI3,0] := w_init(j*h) end do: ‘Va nhap tap hop diéu kign: >for m from 0 to steps do v{0,m] := 0; vin,m] := 0; end do: Dé tim nghiém sé ta cén sir dung cae nit >for j from 1 to n-1 do VIJ/11 := v[j,0] + tau/n*2 * ( vfJ-1,0] - 2*v15,01 + vI3+1,0] ) end do: Ta cé thé diing m6t vai bude Ini dé v8 dd thi > plott plot2 Listplot( [seq( v[5,0], 3=0..n)] Listplot( [seq( vfj/1], 3=0.-)] display (plott,plot2) ;ny duny Maple git yin ding puny tein do him 03 06 o4 02 2.4 6 &€ © 2 4 6 1 mw Dé gidi v6i tit ca cdc bude ludi ta cdn sit dung cdc nit tiép theo: >for m from 0 to steps-1 do for j from 1 to n-1 do vid,me1] := vEG,m) + tau/ne2 * ( v[3-1,m) - 2*v[3,m) + vis+tm) ) end do end do: Va ta c6 c6 dé thi nhu sau: >xesplot := [seq( listplot( [seq( v[j,m], 3=0..n)] ), m=1,.steps)]: > display (resplot, insequence=true) ;ny duny Maple git yin ding phuciay tink doo him a9 os 07 a6 os o4 03 02 a1 204 6 8 0 2 4 6 B ‘Tat nhién, ta c6 thé so sinh nghiém sé vai nghiém gidi tich. Tiép theo 46 thi chi ra ring né déng kin va rit dep... >exact_plot := listplot( [seq( upart(j*h, steps*tau) , sm) ): > display (resplot [steps] ,exact_plot) ;én ding phuiiny leink digo iim ous 10 0s 2 4 6 8 0 12 14 16 18 2 Ket luan ‘Trén day nhém em chi dua ra vi du vé gidi gin ding phong trinh dao ham rigng dang phuong trinh truyén nhigt dé minh hoa cho phyong phap isi. Bén canh d6 (mg dung giai bing Maple dé thy tinh wu vi t ctla cOng nghé th6ng tin. Do thai gian c6é han nén yéi cde dang khde cua pong trinh dao ham riéng ching em xin phép duye dé cap t QT