Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2. Which of the following set-ups should be connected to the delivery tube to collect the gaseous products
formed?
A.
C.
B.
D.
Ans: D
Process II
A.
is a chemical change.
is a physical change.
B.
is a chemical change.
is a chemical change.
C.
is a physical change.
is a physical change.
D.
is a physical change.
is a chemical change.
Ans: D
2
Pollutions
8. HKCEE 1997 Q38
Which of the following statements about using ethanol as a car fuel is correct?
(1) Ethanol is a cleaner fuel than petrol.
(2) Using ethanol as a car fuel is economical in agricultural countries with sugar canes the main crop.
(3) A car engine has to be suitably modified when using ethanol as a fuel.
A. (1) and (2) only
B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)
Ans: D
9. HKCEE 1998 Q7
Which of the following environmental problems is NOT caused by excessive burning of fossil fuels?
A. the corrosion of marble status
B. the formation of smog
C. a higher incidence of liver diseases
D. global warming
Ans: C
10. HKCEE 1999 Q30
Which of the following combinations is INCORRECT?
Pollutant
Harmful effect
A. hydrocarbons
B. carbon monoxide
causing unconsciousness
C. lead compounds
D. carbon particles
Effect
A. carbon monoxide
B. sulphur dioxide
global warming
darkening of building walls
C. lead compounds
liver disease
D. unburnt hydrocarbons
lung cancer
Ans: D
natural gas
(2)
wind power
(3)
nuclear energy
A. (1) only
B. (2) only
C. (1) and (3) only
D. (2) and (3) only
Ans: B
14. HKCEE 2009 Q26
Which of the following measures can help reduce the level of carbon monoxide at the road side?
(1)
(2)
(3)
acid rain
(2)
greenhouse effect
(3)
photochemical smog
(2)
(3)
General formula
A.
alkanes
CnH2n
B.
alkenes
CnH2n+2
C.
alkanols
CnH2nOH
D.
alkanoic acids
CnH2n+1CO2H
Ans: D
A.
1,1,2-trimethylpropane
B. 2,3,3-trimethylpropane
C. 1,2-dimethylbutane
D. 2,3-dimethylbutane
Ans: D
A. 2-chloro-2-ethylpropane
B. 2-chloro-2-methylbutane
C. 1-chloro-1,1-dimethylpropane
D. 2-chloro-2,2-dimethylpropane
Ans: B
29. HKCEE 2008 Q6
An organic compound has the following structure :
A.
2-bromobut-3-ene
B.
3 -bromobut-1-ene
C.
1 -bromo-1-methylpropene
D.
3 -bromo-3-methylpropene
Ans: B
2-methylbutan-3-ol.
B.
3-methylbutan-2-ol.
C.
1,1-dimethylpropan-2-ol.
D.
3,3-dimethylpropan-2-ol.
Ans: B
Alkanes
32. HKCEE 2003 Q33
Ethane reacts with bromine under suitable conditions. Which of the following statements concerning this
reaction is/are correct?
The reaction occurs readily in the dark.
The reaction is a substitution.
The reaction gives a mixture of organic products.
(1) only
(2) only
(1) and (3) only
(2) and (3) only
Ans: D
33. HKCEE 2004 Q42
The structure of two organic compounds are shown below:
Which of the following statements concerning the two compounds are correct?
(1) Both compounds are members of the same homologous series.
(2) Both compounds have the same molar volume at room temperature and pressure.
(3) Both compounds undergo substitution when treated with bromine.
A. (1) and (2) only
B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)
Ans: D
Which of the following statements concerning ethene and ethyne are correct?
(1) Both are unsaturated hydrocarbons.
(2) Both are insoluble in water.
(3) Ethyne burns with a more sooty flame than ethene.
A. (1) and (2) only
B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)
Ans: D
10
addition
B.
cracking
C.
polymerisation
D.
substitution
Ans: A
Ans: B
11
propene
(2)
(3)
12
13
Alkanols
HKCEE 1996 Q23-24
Directions : Q.46 and Q. 47 refer to the following experiment.
46. A reaction mixture containing acidified potassium dichromate solution and ethanol is heated using the set-up
shown below :
14
Alkanoic acid
A. methanol
ethanoic acid
B. methanol
propanoic acid
C. ethanol
ethanoic acid
D. ethanol
propanoic acid
Ans: B
15
conc. H2SO4
CH3CH2OH
CH2=CH2 + H2O
cracking.
B.
condensation.
C.
addition.
D.
dehydration.
Ans: D
55. Which of the set-ups shown below can be used to collect the ethane produced?
(Relative atomic masses : H = 1.0, C = 12.0, N = 14.0, O = 16.0)
(1)
(2)
(3)
16
is/are correct?
A. (1) only
B. (2) only
C. (1) and (3) only
D. (2) and (3) only
Ans: C
57. HKCEE 2009 Q25
Which of the following hazard warning labels should be displayed on the reagent bottle of methanol?
A.
B.
C.
D.
17
+6 to +3.
B.
+3 to +6.
C.
+3 to +2.
D.
+2 to +3.
Ans: A
Which of the following statements concerning these two compounds is/are correct?
(2) They have the same relative molecular mass.
(3) They have the same chemical properties.
(4) They are both soluble in water.
A. (1) only
B. (2) only
C. (1) and (3) only
D. (2) and (3) only
Ans: A
18
C.
D.
When the resultant mixture was added to the cold water, a white precipitate was formed.
Ans: C
CH2O
B.
CH2O2
C.
C2H2O2
D.
C2H6O2
Ans: B
19
perfumes.
(2)
food additives.
(3)
B.
C.
D.
20
Polymers
68. HKCEE 1995 Q22
The formula below can be used to represent the structure of some polymers.
Name of polymer
A.
polyethene
B.
Cl
polyvinyl chloride
C.
CH3
perspex
D.
C6H5
polystyrene
Ans: C
21
Some concentrated sulphuric acid was poured into a sink connected to a catchpot made of polyvinyl chloride
(PVC). After some time, the catchpot became deformed. Which of the following explanations for the
deformation of the catchpot is/are correct?
(1) The heat liberated when the concentrated sulphuric acid mixed with the water in the catchpot caused PVC
to soften.
(2) PVC was decomposed into its monomers by the concentrated sulphuric acid.
(3) PVC was oxidized by the concentrated sulphuric acid.
A. (1) only
B. (2) only
C. (1) and (3) only
D. (2) and (3) only
Ans: A
22
CH2 = CHCl
B. CH2 = CCl2
C. CHCl = CHCl
D. CCl2 = CCl2
Ans: A
75. HKCEE 2003 Q36
Which of the following statements concerning thermoplastics is/are correct?
(1) They soften upon heating
(2) They are cross-linked polymers.
(3) They are addition polymers.
A. (1) only
B. (2) only
C. (1) and (3) only
D. (2) and (3) only
Ans: A
76. HKCEE 2004 Q15
The structure of polymer X can be represented by
H
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
23
Ans: D
24
Detergents
80. HKCEE 1996 Q18
When a little detergent is added to a drop of water on a piece of woollen cloth as shown above, the drop
spreads. Which of the following statements correctly explains this observation?
A. The detergent dissolves readily in water.
B. The detergent has a polar end which is hydrophilic.
C. The detergent can form an emulsion with water.
D. The detergent can reduce the surface tension of water.
Ans: D
HKCEE 1996 Q28-29
Direction : Q.81 and Q.82 refer to the following experiment used to study the causes of hardness of water.
81. A student added some soap solution to four test tubes containing the same volume of different aqueous
solutions of the same molarity. He shook the tubes and measured the minimum volume of soap solution needed
to form a permanent lather. The results are tabulated below:
Aqueous solution
Sodium chloride
0.6
Calcium chloride
9.3
Potassium chloride
0.9
Magnesium chloride
8.5
Which of the following apparatus would be most suitable for measuring the volume of soap solution?
A. 50 cm3 burette
B. 50 cm3 measuring cylinder
C. 25 cm3 pipette
D. 10 cm3 beaker
Ans: A
25
82. Which of the following substances is/are responsible for the hardness of water?
(1) sodium chloride
(2) calcium chloride
(3) potassium chloride
(4) magnesium chloride
A. (1) only
B. (2) only
C. (1) and (3) only
D. (2) and (4) only
Ans: D
83. HKCEE 1998 Q15
A detergent has the following structure :
26
27
vegetable oil
B.
C.
D.
28
(2)
(3)
The structure of a soap particle consists of a hydrophilic part and a hydrophobic part.
A.
B.
C.
D.
(2)
(3)
petroleum fractions
(2)
sodium hydroxide
(3)
sulphuric acid
A. (1) only
B. (2) only
C. (1) and (3) only
D. (2) and (3) only
Ans: B
96. HKCEE 2008 Q35
Which of the following statements concerning a soapy detergent is correct?
A. It can increase the surface tension of water.
B. It contains a hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain.
C. It can be manufactured from petroleum products.
D. It contains a positive ionic part for carrying out emulsification.
Ans: B
29
CH3(CH2)15COO Na+
Which of the following statements concerning this detergent is correct ?
A. It is non-biodegradable.
B. It forms scum in sea water.
C. It is manufactured from petroleum.
D. The hydrophilic part responsible for its cleansing action is Na+
Ans: B
Miscellaneous
98. HKCEE 1996 Q14
One mole of each of the following compounds is burnt completely in oxygen. Which compound requires the
greatest volume of oxygen, measured at the same temperature and pressure, for complete combustion?
A. carbon monoxide
B. ethane
C. ethene
D. ethanol
Ans: B
99. HKCEE 1998 Q29
X is a compound containing four carbon atoms. It gives negative results with the following tests.
Test
(1) Treating X with sodium hydrogencarbonate solution
(2) Treating X with a solution of bromine in 1,1,1-trichloroethane
(3) Heating X with acidified potassium dichromate solution
The structure formula of X may be
A. CH3CH2CH=CH2.
B. CH3CH2CH2CH2OH.
C. CH3CH2CH2CO2H.
D. CH3CO2CH2CH3.
Ans: D
100. HKCEE 1999 Q3
Which of the following substances has the lowest boiling point?
A. ethanol
B. propan-1-ol
C. propane
D. butane
Ans: C
30
CH3CH2OH
46
CH3CH2OCH3
60
CH3CH2CO2CH3
88
C6H12O6
180
When 1 g of each of these compounds undergoes complete combustion, which one will produce the greatest
number of moles of carbon dioxide?
A. CH3CH2OH
B.
CH3CH2OCH3
C.
CH3CH2CO2CH3
D. C6H12O6
Ans: B
103. HKCEE 2010 Q38
Compound E rapidly decolourises cold acidified potassium permanganate solution. When E is added to sodium
hydrogencarbonate solution, effervescence occurs. Which of the following compounds may E be?
Ans: A
104. HKCEE 2008 Q36
Which of the following processes does NOT involves redox reaction(s)?
A. bromination of methane
B. electrolysis of sea water
C. thermal decomposition of limestone
D. removal of air pollutants in car exhaust by catalytic converter.
Ans: C
31
B.
C.
D.
32
(b)
(c)
Nuclear power is used as an alternative to fossil fuels in many countries. Suggest ONE advantage and
ONE disadvantage of using nuclear power.
(d)
Suggest ONE energy source, other than nuclear power, that can be used as an alternative to fossil fuels.
(6 marks)
33
2. HKCEE 1997 Q9
The photograph below shows a gas burner with a can of fuel. The can contains 250g of liquid butane.
(i)
(ii)
(1)
(2)
Suggest a chemical test for EACH of the products formed when butane is
completely burnt in air.
(3)
(iii) Explain why it is dangerous to use such gas burners in a poor-ventilated room.
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0, O = 16.0;
molar volume of gas at room temperature and pressure = 24.0 dm3)
(9 marks)
34
petrol/naphtha
C5 C10
kerosene
C11 C18
diesel
C18 C25
C20 C34
(i)
(ii)
(1)
Explain why the global demand for petrol is greater than that for kerosene.
(2)
Cracking kerosene can produce petrol. State the conditions required for the
cracking process.
(iii) In Hong Kong, naphtha instead of coal is used to manufacture town gas.
(1)
State ONE advantage of using naphtha instead of coal to manufacture town gas. (You are NOT
required to consider the price of the materials.)
(2)
Explain why an additive with a foul smell is added to town gas before it is delivered to
consumers.
(iv)
35
4. HKCEE 2001 Q1
The photograph below shows a burning candle:
(a)
The candle was is a petroleum product. What type of compounds is mainly present in the wax?
(b)
(i)
In which of the following states does wax act as the fuel in a burning candle?
solid, liquid, vapour
(ii)
(iii) Suggest a reason why a burning candle can be extinguished by a strong wind.
(c)
Explain why it is hazardous to add cold water to a tray containing molten wax at a high temperature.
(7 marks)
Both LPG and diesel are petroleum products. State the origin of petroleum.
(ii)
With reference to their chemical constituents, explain why LPG is a cleaner fuel than diesel.
(iii)
State ONE problem that may occur in the initial stage in launching this plan.
(5 marks)
36
(ii)
One of the reactions involved in the cracking of octane gives two hydrocarbons, each containing
the same number of carbon atoms.
(1)
(2)
Suggest a chemical test to distinguish the two hydrocarbons from each other.
(9 marks)
37
7. HKCEE 2007 Q2
A student performed an experiment to crack paraffin oil and collect the gaseous products by using a boiling
tube.
(a)
Draw a labelled diagram to show how this experiment can be performed in the laboratory.
(3 marks)
(b)
(i)
The student added a few drops of bromine water into the boiling tube containing the
gaseous products.
(ii)
Why?
The student then dropped more bromine water into the boiling tube until the brown colour
of the bromine water persisted.
Why?
(4 marks)
38
8. HKCEE 2008 Q7
Crude oil can be separated into different products such as petrol, diesel oil and fuel oil by a process called
A. The fuel oil obtained can then be converted into smaller molecules by another process called B.
(a)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
(c)
(i)
(ii)
One of the compounds in fuel oil is C 28 H 58 , which can be converted into smaller molecules as
shown in the following equation.
(1)
(2)
39
Pollutions
9. HKCEE 1999 Q3
The illustration below shows the exhaust from a motor car using unleaded petrol:
(b)
(c)
(1) Write TWO chemical equations for the formation of acid rain from nitrogen oxides.
(2) State ONE undesirable effect of acid rain.
(d)
(e)
(f)
Suggest a device that can be installed in the motor car to reduce the emission of carbon monoxide and
nitrogen oxides.
(7 marks)
40
Suggest ONE organic waste that can be used for this purpose.
(ii)
(iii) Suggest ONE advantage of using organic wastes as an alternative energy source.
(iv)
Suggest ONE reason why organic wastes are not yet widely used as an energy source.
(4 marks)
41
average concentrations of the two gases in the atmosphere in 1900 and in 2000.
(a)
Suggest TWO reasons why there was a large increase in concentration of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere in the past ten decades.
(2 marks)
(b)
Suggest ONE reason why there was a large increase in concentration of methane in the atmosphere in
the past ten decades.
(1 mark)
(c)
However, too
much greenhouse gases in the atmosphere can cause global warming, which may lead to severe
environmental consequences.
(i)
(ii)
(iii) Suggest ONE possible way to prevent further increase in the concentration of each of the
following greenhouse gases in the atmosphere without sacrificing our present standard of living:
(I)
carbon dioxide
(II)
methane
(4 marks)
42
Homologous series
13. HKCEE 2005 Q5
Both pentane (C5H12) and octane (C8H18) are members of the same homologous series.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Using pentane and octane as examples, illustrate TWO characteristics of the members of a homologous
series.
(4 marks)
Which compound, pentane or octane, will burn with a more sooty flame? Explain your answer.
(2 marks)
Draw TWO structures which have the same molecular formula C5H12.
(2 marks)
(b)
43
44
(i)
Explain why it is dangerous to use the above set-up to carry out the experiment.
Suggest a
modification to the set-up so that the experiment can be carried out safely.
(ii)
After the set-up has been modified as suggested in (i), can it be used to separate hex-1-ene from hexane
effectively? Explain your answer.
45
Alkanols,
Draw a labeled diagram of the experimental set-up used for heating the mixture under reflux.
(ii)
Why is it necessary
(1)
(2)
What would be observed when the resulting mixture was poured into the saturated sodium chloride
solution?
(7 marks)
46
(ii)
(1)
(2)
Draw a labeled diagram of the laboratory set-up for the conversion of ethanol to Y.
(v)
Ethanol can be detected in the breath of a drunken driver. Suggest ONE chemical test to show the
presence of ethanol in his breath and state the observable change produced by the test.
(9 marks)
47
(i)
Name apparatus X.
(ii)
Explain why some pumice stones were added to the reaction mixture before heating.
The student used the propanoic acid obtained to carry out the following experiment:
(v)
Why is a water bath, instead of a naked flame, used for heating the test tube and its contents?
(vi)
(1)
State TWO observable changes when the contents of the test tube were added to the
sodium carbonate solution.
(2)
Give the systematic name of the carbon compound formed in the experiment.
(8 marks)
48
(ii)
Draw a labeled diagram of the set-up used for heating the mixture under reflux.
(iii) Ethyl ethanoate is commonly used as a solvent. Explain why ethyl ethanoate can dissolve iodine but
cannot dissolve sodium iodide.
(iv)
Which ONE of the following hazard warning labels should be displayed on a bottle of
ethyl ethanoate?
(v)
Draw the structure of another ester which has the same molecular formula as ethyl ethanoate, and give
its systematic name.
(9 marks)
49
50
State the principle underlying the test of ethanol using a dichromate breathalyser.
(ii)
The driver claimed that he had just rinsed his mouth using ethanol-containing mouthwash.
Without using other instruments, suggest how the policeman could check whether the drivers
claim was valid or not. Explain your answer.
(4 marks)
Draw a labelled diagram to show the set-up used in heating the reaction mixture under reflux.
(ii)
Suggest ONE reason why it is necessary to heat the mixture under reflux.
(3 marks)
51
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
State the expected observation when X reacts with acidified potassium dichromate solution.
(e)
State the function of concentrated sulphuric acid in the reaction of Y with methanol.
(5 marks)
52
A student attempted to oxidise ethanol to ethanoic acid using the set-up shown below.
used
Quickfit apparatus to perform the experiment. After some time, ethanoic acid was finally obtained.
(l mark)
(i) Draw a labelled diagram to show how to set up Quickfit apparatus for carrying out the
experiment.
(ii) Explain why ethanoic acid could finally be obtained.
53
54
Plastics
27. HKCEE 1994 Q3
The following diagrams show some items made of synthetic polymers.
(a)
Which of the above items is most likely to be made of thermosetting plastics? Explain your answer.
(b)
Name one synthetic polymer which is suitable for making the plastic bag.
(c)
(d)
Terylene, the polyester fibre used for making the shirt is synthesized from ethane-1,2-diol,
HOCH2CH2OH and benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid, HOOCC6H4COOH.
(i)
(ii)
55
(i)
What is the process involved in obtaining heavy oil from crude oil in Stage I?
(ii)
(1)
(2)
What are the TWO main processes involved in the production of monomer A from heavy
oil in Stage II?
(iii) What are the TWO main processes involved in the production of polypropene bottles from monomer A
in Stage III?
(iv)
Suggest ONE reason why the disposal of polypropene wastes can cause pollution problems.
(v)
(2)
56
Substances
polyethene,
polystyrene,
urea-methanal
(3 marks)
57
Write the chemical equation for the formation of PVC from its monomers.
(ii)
(3)
(4)
(iii) Incineration of PVC wastes produces hydrogen chloride which causes air pollution.
(1)
State ONE harmful effect of the discharge of hydrogen chloride into the atmosphere.
(2)
Suggest how hydrogen chloride can be removed from incinerator flue gas prior to its discharge to
the atmosphere.
(3)
Suppose that all the chlorine in PVC is converted to hydrogen chloride upon incineration.
Calculate the volume of hydrogen chloride produced, measured at room temperature and
pressure, when a plastic waste containing 1000 kg of PVC is incinerated.
(You may assume that no other chlorine-containing compounds are present in the waste.)
58
Task
(a) To make water pipes
polyvinyl chloride
iron
perspex
glass
polyethene
paper
(ii)
59
Draw a labeled diagram of the set-up used for heating the mixture under reflux.
(ii)
Suggest ONE safety precaution that should be taken when heating the mixture. Explain your answer.
(iv)
(1)
(2)
Suggest ONE reason why polystyrene should be expanded before it is used to make disposable
lunch boxes.
(2)
State whether you agree with the following statement. Explain your answer.
Landfilling is better than incineration for the disposal f polystyrene wastes.
(8 marks)
60
61
62
(i)
(ii)
PET is a polyester formed from two monomers. Draw the structures of the monomers.
(3 marks)
63
64
are decomposed at high temperature in the absence of air to give a mixture of products, including methane
and ethene.
(i)
Explain why it is necessary to carry out the pyrolysis in the absence of air.
(ii)
Suggest a method that can be used to separate methane from other pyrolysed products.
(iii)
Give ONE major use of methane and ONE major use of ethene in industry.
(iv)
(1)
Suggest another method which is commonly used for treating plastic wastes.
(2)
For each of the two methods, pyrolysis and the method you have suggested in (1) above, state ONE
advantage.
(7 marks)
65
(i)
(ii)
Suggest why polystyrene does NOT have a constant relative molecular mass.
(2 marks)
(b)
Polystyrene can be prepared from styrene using the set-up shown below:
(i)
Name apparatus A.
(ii)
Suggest, with explanation, a safety precaution that should be taken in the preparation.
(iii) Name the type of polymerisation involved in the formation of polystyrene from its monomer.
(4 marks)
(c)
Many objects previously made with metals are now made with plastics.
For each of the following objects, suggest ONE advantage of using plastics over using metals in making the
object.
(i)
(ii)
a drainage pipe
66
Explain, in terms of bonding and structure, why thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics before
differently upon heating.
(3 marks)
(b)
Write the chemical equation for the formation of PE from its monomer.
(ii)
(2 marks)
(c)
Some scientists suggested using polylactic acid (PLA) instead of PE to make shopping bags as this can
help reduce environmental problems.
following structure:
(i)
(ii)
(ii)
Explain, in chemical terms, why the disposal of PLA poses less harm to the environment than
that of PE.
(4 marks)
67
(ii)
Write the repeating unit of teflon, and suggest a possible monomer of teflon.
(3 marks)
(b)
Nylon is a polymer that can be used to make carpets . A portion of the nylon structure is shown below:
(i)
With reference to the given structure, explain whether nylon is a thermoplastic or a thermosetting
plastic.
68
(ii)
Suggest one reason why recycling of used carpets to recover nylon is difficult.
69
Superglue can join objects together quickly through the polymerization of the active ingredient in the
presence of water vapour.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Assuming that the active ingredient comes from esterification of two compounds, write the structural
formulae of these two compounds.
(d)
In addition to putting back the cap for the superglue that remains after use, what storage method could help
extend the lifetime of the superglue?
(5 marks)
70
(a)
Write the structural formulae of two monomers that can be polymerised to PET.
(2 marks)
(b)
(c)
Name the type of the above polymerisation and give the reason.
(2 marks)
(d)
Suggest a moulding method that can be used to make soft drink bottles from PET beads.
(1 mark)
(e)
PET bottles CANNOT be used to store drain cleaners containing concentrated sodium hydroxide solution
because PET reacts with strong alkalis.
(i) What is the reaction involved ?
(ii) Write the structural formula of one of the products of the reaction.
(2 marks)
(f)
Polypropene (PP) can be used to make bottles for storing drain cleaners containing strong alkalis. Write a
chemical equation for the polymerisation to form PP.
(1 mark)
71
72
Detergents
42. HKCEE 1995 Q9a
Sodium hydroxide can be used as a raw material in the manufacture of both soapy and soapless detergents.
(i)
Briefly describe how a soapy detergent can be prepared from a vegetable oil in a school laboratory.
(ii)
The formula of a certain soapy detergent is CnH2n+1COONa and its formula mass is between 300 and
310. Calculate the value of n.
(1)
What other raw materials, apart from sodium hydroxide, are required in the manufacture of this
soapless detergent?
(2)
Give ONE advantage and ONE disadvantage of using this soapless detergent for domestic
cleaning compared with using a soapy detergent.
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0, O = 16.0, Na = 23.0)
(10 marks)
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In cold weather, a person trying to warm up a room with a coal fire soon gets dizzy.
(ii)
Soap powder usually contains washing soda, a hydrated form of sodium carbonate, which can help
reduce the hardness of water.
(i)
(ii)
With the help of an ionic equation, explain why washing soda can help reduce the hardness of
water.
(4 marks)
(b)
In an experiment, 0.933g of a sample of washing soda (Na2CO3.xH2O) was dissolved in some distilled
water. The solution was titrated against 0.258M hydrochloric acid with methyl orange as indicator. 25.4
cm3 of the acid was required for the completion of the following reaction:
Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O + CO2
(i)
From the titration result, calculate the number of moles of sodium carbonate in the sample of
washing soda.
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Briefly describe the procedure that should be followed to prepare a burette containing the
hydrochloric acid for the titration.
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0, O = 16.0, Na = 23.0)
(9 marks)
(c)
(i)
State the structural characteristics of a detergent. Hence, explain why detergents can remove oily
dirt.
(ii)
Suggest, with explanation, an environmental consequence associated with the discharge of waste
water containing detergents into rivers and lake.
(5 marks)
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CH3(CH2)16CO2 Na+
(i)
This detergent, when shaken with a mixture of water and paraffin oil, gives an emulsion.
With
An oil tanker was wrecked and split a lot of crude oil in the sea.
suitable for treating the oil spill.
have high calorific values comparable to diesel, they are not used directly as fuel in cars.
reasons is due to their high viscosity.
One of the
solution, vegetable oils can be converted to less viscous esters, methyl carboxylates.
These methyl
The equation below shows the conversion of vegetable oil X to methyl carboxylate Y and alcohol Z:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
term catalyst?
(iv)
(b)
The term biodiesel refers to the methyl carboxylates obtained from vegetable oils.
Suggest TWO
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(c)
State the expected observation while shaking the test tube. Explain your answer.
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(3 marks)
(e)
(f)
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Miscellaneous
49. HKCEE 1999 Q9b
Cracking of naphtha gives alkane X (relative molecular mass 44), alkene Y (relative molecular mass 42) and
other products.
(i)
(ii)
(v)
(2)
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By heating a small amount of each of the colourless liquids to dryness, ONE of the liquids can be
distinguished.
Suggest which liquid can be distinguished, and state the observation involved.
(2 marks)
(b)
By applying a flame directly to a small amount of each of the colourless liquids, TWO of the
liquids
(ii)
For the two liquids that would catch fire, the observations involved during combustion are
different.
(iii) Without using other chemicals apart from the above colourless liquids, suggest another
method to distinguish the two liquids that would catch fire.
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results:
(I)
(II)
1.0 g of Z, upon complete vaporisation, occupies 400 cm3 at room temperature and pressure.
(III) There are no observable changes when potassium carbonate solution is added to Z.
(IV) Brown colour of bromine remains unchanged when several drops of bromine in organic solvent are
added to Z.
(Molar volume of gas at room temperature and pressure = 24 dm3)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(i)
(ii)
Give the systematic name for the compound represented by the structure you suggested in
(i).
(2 marks)
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(ii)
Which TWO compounds can be used to make a condensation polymer? Draw the repeating unit of the
polymer formed.
(iii) Upon heating with sodium hydroxide solution, one of these compounds produces a soapy detergent.
(4)
(5)
(6)
Briefly explain the emulsifying action of the detergent when it is used to remove greasy dirt.
(10 marks)
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