TheProfessionofOralSurgery

GraceDirig

EnglishIIIHonors
Mrs.Kopp
February26,2014

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GraceDirig

Mrs.Kopp

EnglishIIIHonors
26February,2015
TheProfessionofOralSurgery
StudentsintheUnitedStatesfacetheissueofpickingacareerchoicethatwillembody
theirpersonality.Mostpeopletendtopickafieldthatconstantlychangesduetotechnology
peoplealsoseekoutprofessionsthatprovidefinancialsupport.Acareerinoralsurgery,a
branchofdentistrythatfocusesonthesurgicalandadjunctivetreatmentofdisease,infectionand
deformitiesoftheoralandmaxillofacialregion,fulfillsthesecriteria.Oralsurgeryservesasa
practicalandbeneficialcareerchoiceforayoungpersonintodayssocietyduetothefactthat
thefieldconstantlyimproves.
Oralsurgeonsworklengthydaysthattypicallybeginaround7:30AMandendaround
5:30PM.Adaymightconsistofremovingwisdomteethorinfectedteeth,placingimplants,or
boneandsofttissuegrafting.Anoralsurgeonmightalsofindthemselvesinthehospitalsetting
becausesomeproceduresrequiresedatedpatientsortraumarelatedinjuries(Coleman).Oral
surgeonsconductgruelingsurgeriesincludingcorrectivejawsurgery,traumacases,andsevere
infections.
Dr.MichaelColemanobtainedhisundergraduatedegreeinBiologyfromtheUniversity
ofNorthCarolinaatCharlotte,aDoctorateofDentalSciencefromtheUniversityofBuffalo,
andcompletedhisresidencyinoralandmaxillofacialsurgeryatVirginiaCommonwealth
University.Dr.Colemanalsotrainedinafouryearsurgicalresidencyprogramwithan

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emphasisonanesthesiaandsurgicaltechniques.Additionaltrainingincludestheplacementof
manydifferenttypesofdentalimplantsandbonefixationdevices.Dr.Colemanstartedhis
careerinoralsurgerywhenhejoinedhisuncle'spractice(Coleman)."Themostchallenging
partsaresedatingyoungerchildrenintheofficeandthelargercorrectivejawsurgeries,"stated
Dr.MichaelColeman.Correctivejawsurgeriesrequiretheoralsurgeontostrategicallybreak
thejawboneandresetittoafavorableposition.Whensedatingyoungerpatientsthesurgeon
mustpresentagentlesidetocalmthechildthiscalmingdemeanorprovidesthechildwitha
senseofsecurityandallowsthesurgeontosuccessfullysedatethechildtoadesiredtherapeutic
level.
Oralsurgeonstypicallyworkfiftyhoursaweekandinitiallyanticipateayearlyincome
of$200,000$250,000.Withmoreexperience,oralsurgeonscanpotentiallyearntwotothree
timestheirinitialincome.In2012,oralsurgeonsrankedamongstthehighestpayingjobsinthe
UnitedStates(Nylander,John).Theroadtobecominganoralsurgeontypicallyrequiresfour
yearsofhigherundergraduateeducation,followedbyfouryearsofintensedentalschool
training,thenanotherfourtosixyearsofanoralsurgeryresidencyonlyuponacceptanceintoan
oralsurgeryresidencyprogram(Coleman).Dr.Colemanrecommendstakingbiologyand
chemistryinhighschooltohelpacademicallypreparefordentalschool.Healsoproposed
spendingextratimeintheoralsurgerydepartmentandattendingdentalconferences,viewing
surgeriesandparticipatinginoralsurgeryinternshipswhileindentalschool.
Thefieldofdentistryconstantlychangesandmakesmanynewdiscoveries.
Forexample,
recentbreakthroughsintheareasofbonegrafting,dentalimplants,anddigitalplanningfor
implantsandjawsurgeryexemplifysometechnologicalchangesinthefieldoforalsurgery.

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Respectedoralsurgeonspossessafantasticworkethicandtheabilitytoputtheirpatients'care
beforetheirpersonalgains.Dilemmasarisewhenasurgeondecidesthattheydesireafamily
lifestylethesurgeonmustlearnhowtobalancefamilyneedsandtheneedsoftheirpractice.In
ordertoleadabalancedlife,anoralsurgeonlimitstheamountofweekendcallsthattheyaccept
inordertobalancethetimethattheyspendwiththeirfamilyandtheirpatients.
Surgeonsfallunderalotofstressoralsurgeonsencountersituationsthatexposesthemto
psychologicalandphysiologicaloutcomes,suchasdepression,mentaldisorders,secondary
hypertension(highbloodpressure)andcardiovasculardisease(Marrelli,Massimo,etal).The
mentalanguishatworksometimesimpairstheimmunesystemsoforalsurgeons.Theextreme
stressthatanoralsurgeonendurescanalsocauseobesity,metabolicdisorders,andoxidative
stress(Marrelli,Massimo,etal).Oralsurgeonsplacethemselvesunderalotofpressure
surgeonsconstantlycheckthevitalsofthepatientmakingsurethepatientremainsstablewhile
performingthetaskofthesurgerysimultaneously.
Dentalimplantsregularlyappearasaprocedureinanoralsurgeonsoffice.Adental
implantactsasabonefixatedartificialtoothrootsthattheoralsurgeonplacesintothejawofthe
patienttoholdareplacementtoothorbridgeinplace(AmericanAcademyofPeriodontology).
ThetwomaintypesofdentalimplantsincludeEndostealandSubperiosteal.Endosteal,themore
commonofthetwotypesofimplants,involvesusingscrews,cylindersorbladestosurgically
placetheimplantintothejawbone.OralsurgeonsgenerallyuseSubperiostealimplant
prostheticswhenthepatientsdevelopminimalbonesupportintheirjawduetoatrophy.
Subperiostealimplantssitontopofthejawwithmetalframedpoststhatthesurgeonplaces
throughthegumstoholdtheprosthesis.Fromthetimeadentistororalsurgeonsuggestsan

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implant,thewholeprocesstakesapproximatelyfourmonths.Thefirststepinreceivingan
implantrequiresanxrayofthejawtomakesurethatthepatientpossessesenoughboneinthe
jawtosupportanimplant(DentalImplants:WhenTeethGoMissing).Thesurgeonthen
discussesthecasewiththepatientandreferringdentisttoensureadisciplinarytreatment.The
nextappointmentconsistsofthesurgicalpreppingoftheareawheretheoralsurgeonwillmake
anincisioninthegingivaltissuethatcoverstheboneandinitiateaperforationthroughthe
corticalbonethesurgeonthenplacestheimplantinthepatient'sjaw.Afterthattheoralsurgeon
stitchestheattachedgingivabacktogetherovertheimplant,thepatientreturnshomefor
recoveryasoutpatientsurgery.Thepatientthenmustwaitseveralmonthsfortheimplanttoheal
andattachtothebone(DentalImplants:WhenTeethGoMissing).Theentireimplantprocedure
takesonetothreehourstocompletedependingonthelocationinthemouthandjawaswellas
thedifficultyoftheprocedure.Oncetheimplantandbonebindtogether,thesurgeonwillreopen
theincisioninthegingivatoexposetheimplant.Theoralsurgeonthenplacesanabutmenton
theimplant.Implantabutmentssimulatethecoreofthetoothandconsistsofametalcylinder
thatholdsacrownorfaketooth.Ittakesseveralmoreappointmentstofabricateandadjustthe
crownorbridgetoensurethatitfitsproperlyovertheimplant.
DentalImplantshaveevolvedtremendouslythroughoutthecenturies.Egyptiansand
Etruscansuseddifferentversionsofimplantstheytriedplacingivory,goldandevenbabyteeth
toreplacemissingteeth(DentalImplants:WhenTeethGoMissing).In1809,thefirst
documentedimplantappearedwithaveryunpredictablesuccessrate.Theinitialdoctorsto
experimentwiththisprocedure,Drs.GoldbergandGershkoff,recordedthefirstsuccessful
implantunderagingivalflap.Thegingivalflapprocedurerequiredsurgeonstoseparatethe

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patientsgingivaandperiosteumfromtheboneandfoldbackthegingivatemporarily,allowing
accesstotherootorboneofthetooth(Moldovan2).Thisinitialdiscoveryallowedthe
rudimentaryimplanttoexistinthemaxilla(upperarchofthemouth)ormandible(lowerarchof
themouth).Drs.GoldbergandGershkoffstudiesreporteda60%successrateandevenlower
survivalrateafter15yearsforthistypeofimplantbecausetheimplantwouldnotbindtothe
bone(Moldovan2).Thisstyleofimplantnolongerexistsbecauseoftheinitiallyhighimplant
failurerate.Laterin1968anewimplantsystemappearedthatrequiredthesurgeontoinsertthe
implantthroughthechin.Dr.SmallcalledthesystemtheTransosseousImplant.Thesespecific
implantsusedtitaniumoragoldalloy(Moldovan2).Theseimplantsutilizedaflatboneplateon
theinferioraspectofthemandibleincombinationwithimplantscrewsthattransversedthrough
themandibularbone.Thissystemrequiredthepatienttoundergoinggeneralanesthesiaina
hospital.AnotherconsequenceofusingtheTransosseousImplantinvolvedbonelossaroundthe
transversingpostswithbleedingandlocalizedinfection.Studiesshowedthatthistypeof
implanthadahighersuccessrateof91%after10to16yearsoffunction(Moldovan2).Oral
surgeonsnolongerusethisprocedurebecauseofthelongtermconsequencesandthe
unfavorablesettinginthejaw.In1966,Dr.Linkowpresentedthebladeimplant,whichwas
insertedintraorallyintothebonebymakingagrooveinthealveolarandcancellousbone.Over
50%ofbladeimplantsfailedbecausetheimplantsbecameinfectedandloosenedthusrendering
thesurgeontoremovetheimplant(Moldovan2).Oralsurgeonsdecommissionedtheblade
implantbecauseitneversuccessfullyhealedorjoinedtothebonetocreateastrongbond.Inthe
early1960'saphysicianaccidentallydiscoveredtheconceptofosseointegration.When
professorPerIngvarBrnemarksetouttoworkonhisthesisaboutboneregenerationinrabbits.

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Hetestedthisideaofregeneratingbonebydevelopingatitaniumchamberthathewouldinsert
intothelegboneofarabbit(Moldovan3).Attheendofhisstudywhenheattemptedtoremove
thetitaniumchamber,hecouldnotbecausetheboneandtitaniumchamberhadfusedtogether
whichintermedtodayasosseointegration(Moldovan3).AfterBrnemarksdiscovery,
professionalsinthedentalfieldadoptedthisnobeltheory.Thefirstimplantprocedureexecuted
in1965onGstaLarsoninGothenburg,SwedenrequiredBrnemarktoplacefourimplantsinto
Larsonsmandible(Moldovan3).Frombirth,Larsonsufferedfromseverechindeformitiesand
missingteeththatdidnotallowhimtoproperlychewfood.Brnemarksuccessfullycompleted
thesurgeryprovidingLarsonwithfourimplantsandabetterlife(Moldovan3).Sixmonthsafter
theproceduretheprostheticsattachedtoLarsonsmandibularimplants,preciselyhow
Brnemarkpredicted.FortyyearslatertheimplantsstillfunctionperfectlyinLarsonsmouth
withoutanyfailure.
In1982,theUnitedStatesintegratedBrnemarksimplantconceptintodentaloffices.
TheUnitedStatestriedtoimprovehistechnologybyplacingahydroxyapatite(HA)witha
titaniumplasmacoatingontheoutsideoftheimplant(Moldovan4).TheU.S.soonlearnedthat
theHAwithatitaniumplasmaspraycoatingontheimplantcausedaseparationbetweentheHA
coatingandthebodyoftheimplantmakingtheimplantseparatefromthebone.Thisseparation
causedtheimplanttobecomelooseinthepatient'smouth.DuetothehighlevelofHAcoated
implantsfailures,surgeonsanddentistdiscontinuedtheuseoftheseHAwithatitaniumplasma
sprayimplants(Moldovan4).Inthelate1980s,oralsurgeonsimprovedtheresultsofimplants
byloweringdrillspeedandinternallyflushingthedrilledareawithwater(DentalImplants:
WhenTeethGoMissing).Oralsurgeonslearnedthatusingwaterandlowerdrillspeedscaused

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reductionoffrictionheatwhichcausedlessdamagetothebonearoundtheimplantandallowed
theimplanttohealfasterandcreateastrongerbondwiththebone.

Technologyhasplayedacrucialroleintheadvancementoforalsurgery.Thebluelight
tool,anewpieceoftechnologyproducedbyVELscopeinVancouver,Canada,helpsoral
surgeonsbettervisualizeanddetectoralcancer.Thehandheldtoolusesfluorescence
visualizationandallowssurgeonstodetectcancerouscellsthattheymightnotoriginallydetect
withwhitelight.Thesurgeonscanthenremovealloftheaffectedtissuesandpreventthecancer
fromspreadingorrecurring(Bains1).Thebluelighttoolallowssurgeonstoremoveonlythe
canceroustissueratherthanremovinghealthypartsofthemouth.Thebluelighttoolalso
impactsthewaysurgeonstreatoralcancer,specificallychangedclinicalpractices(Bains2).Oral
surgeonsinCanadadetect3,400casesoforalcancereveryyear.Onceoralcancerspreadstothe
throat,neckandlymphnodesthecancerthencanpotentiallybecomeslethal.Thankstotheaid
ofthebluelighttool,patientsdiagnosedwithoralcancernowgainafightingchancetobeat
cancerwithvigulantdiagnosisandlessinvasivetreatment.
AnotherformoftechnologicaladvancementincludeshowsurgeonstakeXrays.Digital
radiographyhelpsdoctorsandsurgeonscreateatreatmentplanthatbestsuitstheirpatient.A
disadvantageofusingtwodimensionalimagingdoesnotallowthedoctortogetatruethree
dimensionalimageoftheirpatientsproblem(Wojtowicz,Andrzej,etal.441).InJapan,
panoramicradiographscommonlyassistthesurgeoninapreoperativeevaluation(Kazunobu,
Shiki,etal.3).WhenusingatwodimensionalXray,adoctorlosestheabilitytoeffectively
visualizesofttissueinthemaxillary(uppermouth)orsinuses(Kazunobu,Shiki,etal.3).Latein
the1990s,anewimagingtoolcalledConeBeamComputedTomography(CBCT),alsoknown

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asDigitalVolumetricTomography,becameanextremelyhelpfultoolwhendentistsororal
surgeonsplaceadifficultimplantorbetterassessdeeplyimpactedwisdomteeth.Thenewform
ofdigitalradiographywentfromtwodimensionaltothreedimensionalimages.Thethree
dimensionalimagingavoidsoverlappinganatomicalstructuresthattwodimensionalimages
wouldpotentiallynotdetect(Wojtowicz,Andrzej,etal.441).Duringtheimagingscan,anarm
rotatesaroundthepatient'sheadcapturingaseriesofprojections.Thedatagatheredduringthe
rotationofthedeviceallowsthedoctortoobtainoneimagethatpreviouslyrequirednumerous
Xrays.Theimagesgatheredfromtherotationresultinathreedimensionalimagethatthe
surgeoninterpretsinanynumberofways.CBCTscansalsoseektoeliminatetheradiationdose
absorbedbythepatientduringthetest(Wojtowicz,Andrzej,etal.441).Thistechnological
advancementrevolutionizedsurgicalproceduresanddentaldiagnostics.TheCBCTallowsthe
surgeontodecideifthepatientpossessesenoughbonefordentalimplantsorwhetheranimplant
mayinvadeanimportantanatomicalstructure.
Dr.RiosecoisthedirectoroftheCenterforCosmeticDentistryinEastWhitePlains,
NewYorkandamemberofseveralrespecteddentalorganizations,includingtheAmerican
AcademyofCosmeticDentistry.Dr.RiosecolecturedattheSirona3DSummitinNewYork
CitytoteachoralsurgeonsanddentistsabouttheORTHOPHOSXG3Dimagingmachineand
theCERECmillingmachine(Marketwire).TheORTHOPHOSXG3Dincludesathree
dimensionalimagingtoolandtheCEREC,anewtypeofprostheticfabricationdeviceinactual
dentalofficesthatcandesignandmillthedentalprostheticsimmediately.TheCERECand
ORTHOPHOSXG3Dcanalsocreateasurgicalguideandcustomtemplatefortheoralsurgeon,
whichallowstheoralsurgeontoplacethetemplateintheexactlocationandangleoftheimplant

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properly.TheORTHOPHOSXG3Dtakesintoaccountthepatientsnerves,sinuscavitiesand
availablebonethuscreatingtheperfectsurgicalguide(Marketwire).Thecombinationofthe
ORTHOPHOSXG3DandCERECallowsthesurgeontoplacetheimplantandcrowninone
visitratherthanthepatienthavingtowaitthreeweekstohavethecrownplacedontheirtooth.
Oralsurgeonsnowusemoredesignbasedretentiveendosseousimplants,atechnologyresulting
fromrecentadvances,whichultimatelybenefitsthepatientandthedentistbecauseittakesa
shorteramountoftimefortheprocedureanddecreasesthepatientshealingtime.Conebeam
technologypreciselyvisualizesteethandsurroundingstructureswithexceptionallyhigh
resolution.ThetechnologybehindCBCThelpsoralsurgeonsdiscoverifthepatienthas
sufficientboneintheirjawstofollowthroughwithroutineimplantprotocolwithouthavinga
secondaryorpossiblyathirdsurgeryforadvancedbonegraftingtreatment.Advancesin
technologyalsoallowtheoralsurgeonstoprovideexceptionalcarefortheirpatients.
Alargepartofanaspiringoralsurgeon'slifeincludeseducation.Dr.Coleman
recommendtakingseveralmathandscienceclassesinhighschool.Studentsoftencomplete
biochemistry,physics,biology,organicchemistryandgeneralchemistryinundergraduateschool
inordertoallowacertainlevelofmedicalbasicstheywouldneedinthemedicalordentalfields
(Coleman).Oncecompletingtheseclasseswithanaverageof80%orhigher,theDental
AdmissionsTest(DAT)isarequiredtestforstudentstocompletethatwishtoapplytodental
school.Onceastudentobtainsanadequatescore,thestudentcanbegintoapplyingtodental
schools.Thisstudentthenmustfinishfouryearsofdentaltrainingwithhighacademicsuccess.
Adentalstudentcanthenobtainthegoalofbecominganoralandmaxillofacialsurgeonduring
theirfourthandfinalyear.Thefourthyearstudentcanapplyforasurgicalresidencyapproved

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bytheAmericanDentalAssociationsCommissionofDentalAccreditation.Surgical
residenciesfororalandmaxillofacialsurgeonstakefourtosixyearstocomplete.After
completionoftheirresidency,surgeonscantakeawrittenandoralexamtobecomeboard
certifiedinoralandmaxillofacialsurgery(Perssons).Somemedicaldoctorshavebecomeoral
surgeonsbyearningadualdegreeindentistryandamedicaldoctorate.Severaltraining
programsandresidenciesprovidemedicaleducation,whichincorporatetheoraland
maxillofacialresidency.Althoughtheprogramvaryinlengths,itoftentakessixyearsto
completeadualdegree(Perssons).Otherprogramsintegratedifferentdegreesintothesurgical
residency.Oralandmaxillofacialsurgeonsworkforhospitals,largemedicalcenters,dental
practicesorowntheirownbusinesses.
Similartodoctorsinotherspecialties,oralsurgeonsneedstrongleadershipskills.
Educationalprogramsrequiremeticulousstudiestoprepareforsurgicalproceduresthatdemand
attentiontodetailinordertoachieveoptimaloutcomes.Surgeonsneedsteadyhandsand
stamina.Surgeonsalsoneedtohandlestressandstaycalmindifficultsituations.After
becomingalicensedoralsurgeon,otheropportunitiesoftenpresentthemselves,including
becomingaprofessoratadentalschoolorsupervisingresidentsintraining.
Theprosandconsofacareerinoralsurgeryvarygreatly.Theamountoftimeand
educationittakestobecomeanoralsurgeoncantakeuptofifteenyears:fouryearsof
undergraduatework,fouryearsofdentalschoolandfourtosixyearsofresidency.Somepeople
mayseetheyearsofschoolasanegativeandthecostofschoolingforyearsalsoneedstobe
takenintoconsiderationwhenchoosingtheprofessionoforalsurgery(Perssons).Inaddition,
oralandmaxillofacialsurgeonsoftenworkverylonghours.Surgerieswithintheoralcavityand

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maxillofacialareaoftenputthesurgeonunderhighpressurebecauseoftheircomplexityandthe
precisionrequired.Oralsurgeonsmayalsostayoncallforemergenciesthatrequireimmediate
treatment.Workfororalsurgeonsvariesindifficultybuttheworkstaysinterestingsurgeons
oftentreatpatientswithavarietyofconditionsandinjuries.Everypatientandprocedureoffers
challengesandvariablesthatkeepthesurgeononhisorhertoes.Mostpeoplewhopursuea
careerinoralsurgeryenjoylearningaboutpatientsandthenewproceduresandtechnology.Oral
surgeryconstantlyevolvesandpresentsmanyopportunitiestolearnnewskillsandprocedures.
Thefieldoforalsurgeryremainsarewardingfieldbecausethesurgeoncanfollowtheirpatients
surgicalprocessesandcreatebondswiththeirpatients.Facialandoralabnormalitiesnotonly
interferewithapersonsabilitytofunctionnormally,theyimpacteveryaspectoftheirlife.
Surgeonsoftenrestoreapersonsabilitytoeat,talkandlivenormally.Oralandmaxillofacial
surgeonsnotonlyrestorefunctionandappearancetheyrestorelives(Persson).Thefieldof
oralsurgerycontinuestogrowandthedemandfororalsurgeonsremainsatahighlevelin
todayssociety.
Oralsurgeryconstantlychanges,allowingapracticalandbeneficialprofession.
Technologicalbreakthroughssuccessfullyalteredhoworalsurgeonspractice,makingthefieldof
oralsurgeryapotentialcareerchoiceforyoungpeopleintodayssociety.Acareerinoral
surgeryrequiresextensiveeducationbutthefinancialfuturehelpscompensateforanintenseand
extensiveeducation.Oralsurgeonshavethepowertochangesomeoneslife,providingthe
patientwithalongterm,beautifulsmile.

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