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Foundations of Kinesiology

The Discipline of Kinesiology

nWatershed moments
n60s and 70s
nWhy the interest?
WWII!
nResult?

What is Kinesiology?
nDefinition of Kinesiology
-kinesis
nArt and science!

Sources of knowledge: Scholarly study, experience and

professional practice

Sphere of Scholarly Study

Physiology of Exercise: biophysical sphere

napplied science
ndefinition
ntypical topics of research

nChildren
nFemale Athlete
nOlder Adult
nClinical Populations
nDiabetic
nCardiac patient
nPeople with disabilities
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Biomechanics: biophysical sphere

nDefinition

nAreas of research
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Michael Phelps

nCardiac patient
nPeople with disabilities
Biomechanics: biophysical sphere
nDefinition

nAreas of research

Michael Phelps

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Internal and external forces

nExternal
nInternal
nForces can lead to injuries!

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Figure 10.4

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Oscar Pistorius

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Psychology of sport and exercise: behavioral sphere

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nDefinition
nTypical topics
/research areas
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Motivation
nIntrinsic v. extrinsic: which works the best?
nHow is intrinsic motivation developed? Positive cycle of
motivation!
nStrong need to achieve or strong need to avoid failure?

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Todd Eldrich or Sarah Hughes?

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Intervention strategies
nMental imagery
nNeuromuscular relaxation
nSelf-talk
nGoal setting
nSocial (audience) facilitation
nHypnosis
nAttention/focus training

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Todd Eldrich or Sarah Hughes?

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Intervention strategies
nMental imagery
nNeuromuscular relaxation
nSelf-talk
nGoal setting
nSocial (audience) facilitation
nHypnosis
nAttention/focus training

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Children and Sport

Pictures by Brad Elliott

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Are we doing something wrong?

By the age of 12, over 80% of kids have dropped out of youth
sports.

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Needs of parents or kids?

One of the major criticisms of youth sports is that the programs
are set up to meet the needs of parents, not kids. What are the
needs of parents?
Picture: blogs.timesunion.com/.../2007/02/kicking1.jpg

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Need: Development of self-worth

nChildren overcome inferiority by experiencing success
nWe tend to shift kids from learning skills to performance much
too soon! Kids learn that their self-worth comes from
accomplishments, not their personhood (who they are!).
(Martin)
nDont kids need to learn about failure in their lives?

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Need: Confidence, not fear

nFear of failure is a powerful force
nThe primary issue regarding failure in the sporting environment
is that it is a very public experience
nFear of disapproval from others is one of the top reasons why
kids quit sports

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Need: High self-efficacy

n A persons belief or perception regarding their ability to do a
task
n We develop high or low self-efficacy in many areas of our
lives. How is it developed?

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Goal: Educate parents

nPut needs of kids above their own
nIs it the childs choice to participate?
nAvoid the inevitable question and substitute it with this

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Need: High self-efficacy

n A persons belief or perception regarding their ability to do a
task
n We develop high or low self-efficacy in many areas of our
lives. How is it developed?

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Goal: Educate parents

nPut needs of kids above their own
nIs it the childs choice to participate?
nAvoid the inevitable question and substitute it with this
nDont tolerate inappropriate comments from parents during
games

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Philosophy of movement: sociocultural sphere

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nDefinition
nTopics/areas of research
nSubtopic: ethics and sport
nDoes sport promote ethical behavior?
Ethical Guidelines on Everest?
nSocietal guidelines?

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nSelf-interest?
nMoral high road?
Everyday ethical problems in sport
nIssue of truth telling

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nScenario: You are playing in a volleyball game. You attempt to

block an approaching hitter and the ball barely grazes off your
fingers and lands out of bounds. The referee does not see you
touch the ball. Your team wins the championship game
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Role of Christians in sport?

nHigher calling?
nIn the world, but not of it?
nResponsibility to follow Scriptural mandates?
nExamples from sport?

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Motor Behavior: Behavioral sphere

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nDefinition

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Role of Christians in sport?

nHigher calling?
nIn the world, but not of it?
nResponsibility to follow Scriptural mandates?
nExamples from sport?

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Motor Behavior: Behavioral sphere

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nDefinition
nThree sub disciplines:
nAreas of research
Motor Learning
Changes occur as a result of experience and practice
Which variables can be manipulated to enhance learning?

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Variables related to practice.

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Correct practice and appropriate feedback!

nLimit instruction
nObservational learning
nVerbal rehearsal
nCognitive rehearsal
nTransfer
nIntrinsic and extrinsic feedback
nRealistic situations
nSuccessful experiences
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Sandlot!

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Motor Control
nDefinition
nWhat are the brain, nervous system and muscles doing to
direct movement?
nHow does the brain know which movement to make?
nStored movements (schema theory)
nVariations (degrees of freedom)

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Motor Development

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Sandlot!

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Motor Control
nDefinition
nWhat are the brain, nervous system and muscles doing to
direct movement?
nHow does the brain know which movement to make?
nStored movements (schema theory)
nVariations (degrees of freedom)

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1

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Motor Development
nNature and nuture, but nature emphasized in motor
development!
nStages of life are studied carefully in motor development
nKey word is maturation
nProgression same, but rate varies
nDifferences related to gender, cognition, aging, diseases
Movement Pedagogy: behavioral sphere
nDefinition
nAreas of influence
nTopics/research

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Sociology of movement: sociocultural sphere

nDefinition
nFocus
nTopics

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Title IX: What is it?

nSection of the Education Amendment of 1972 prohibiting
gender discrimination in federally funded programs.
nNo person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be
excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be
subjected to discrimination under any educational programs or
act receiving Federal financial assistance.
nEnforced by the Office of Civil Rts.

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History of Title IX: evidence that changes in how we

socialize women is having an effect!
Facts:
n1971 only 18% of women completed college compared to 26%
of males

nNo person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be

excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be
subjected to discrimination under any educational programs or
act receiving Federal financial assistance.
nEnforced by the Office of Civil Rts.
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History of Title IX: evidence that changes in how we

socialize women is having an effect!
Facts:
n1971 only 18% of women completed college compared to 26%
of males
nOver 60% of bachelors and masters degrees now earned by
women
nIn 1971, only 8% of high school athletes were female. By 2009,
41% were female.
nIn the first decade after Title IX was passed, there was a 400%
increase in participation of high school and college age women
participating in sports. By 2007, there was a 904% increase!
nWomen receive 37% of sports dollars on college campuses,
although they make up 57% of students and 43% of athletes on
campus (cited in Title IX at 35).