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Themes and connectionsHistory of movement in the U.S.


nRole of gender
nRole of religion
nRole of diverse populations
nRole of world tragedies
nRole of research/new discoveries

Perspectives on movement in Early America


Colonial period: 1600 and 1700s
nEarly settlers perception of movement reflected their religious
beliefs, customs and pastimes

Colonial America (17th and 18th Centuries)


nAttitudes of the church related to everyday life: Industrious,
frugality, sobriety
nIDLE HANDS ARE THE
DEVIL'S TOOLS

nDaily life dominated by survival needs


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1800s: Turnverein Movement by Jahn


nTwo primary goals
nOutdoor exercises
nTurners
nBanned from Germany
nSet up programs in U.S.

1800s: Swedish Gymnastics


(Ling)
nBackground
nMedical gymnastics
nRequired thorough understanding of anatomy and physiology
nIndividualized
nBeginning of therapies
nBrought to U.S.

19th century exercise: Dio Lewis and the gymnastics era

19th Century women


nCatherine Beecher
- Piety, purity, submission and domesticity!

nRequired thorough understanding of anatomy and physiology


nIndividualized
nBeginning of therapies
nBrought to U.S.
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19th century exercise: Dio Lewis and the gymnastics era

19th Century women


nCatherine Beecher
- Piety, purity, submission and domesticity!

Victorian women

19th Century Research


nDr. Edward Hitchcock
-anthropometrics
nDudley Sargent
-exercise testing
nConcern about the
athletes heart
nBeginning of science base

nhttp://www.chesshistory.com/winter/pics/cn5530_hitchcock1.jpg
19th Century
Perspectives on health and medicine (so little known!)
nGerm theory

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nCivil War injuries


Womens health
nTaboos against body

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nSlowed advances in obstetrics


nPoor African-American women became subjects
nControversy about using pain relievers during childbirth
19th Century
History of Sport

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Religious justifications for sport:


nTom Browns School Days
nMuscular Christianity
-Sport and fitness were seen as important avenues through
which moral and religious purposes were developed.
nhttp://media.ask.com/Movies/amgmov/dvd/cov150/dru700/u785/
u78569y2rci.jpg

19th Century
History of Sport

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Religious justifications for sport:


nTom Browns School Days
nMuscular Christianity
-Sport and fitness were seen as important avenues through
which moral and religious purposes were developed.
nhttp://media.ask.com/Movies/amgmov/dvd/cov150/dru700/u785/
u78569y2rci.jpg

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19th Century
History of Sport
Gender justifications for sport:
nMasculinity
nMcKenzie: The football is the only field we have, in the absence
of actual fightingfor that training in presence of mind, audacity,
courage, endurance of pain and fatigue, pluck and sand that
must characterize the youth of a nation which must play a
leading part in the work of the world (Whorton, 1982, p. 33).

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History of Sport: Passing from gymnastics era to athletic


era
nRole of YMCA-cultural
relevance
nBasketball, volleyball,
baseball
History of women in sport
nSlow growth! Evidenced by Olympics

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nPlay day mentality


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20th Century: Two events set the stage for therapies


nPolio epidemics of 1916 and 1952

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nWWI and WWII

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Physical/Occupational Therapy
nReconstruction aides/physical therapy
-Backgrounds in nursing and physical education
nOccupational therapy: use of domestic tasks to improve function

20th Century: Two events set the stage for therapies


nPolio epidemics of 1916 and 1952

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nWWI and WWII

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Physical/Occupational Therapy
nReconstruction aides/physical therapy
-Backgrounds in nursing and physical education
nOccupational therapy: use of domestic tasks to improve function

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Explosion of Youth Sports!


nFrom free play to organized sports
-compulsory school
-athletics for immigrant children
-fee-based programs after depression
-competitive frenzy for college admission

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World War II
nResearch on fitness programs

nGovernment funded motor learning research


nProsthetic devices to help those wounded
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Changing perspectives on health and fitness: 1950s-1980s


nEisenhowers heart attack
nRealization of some correlation between
regular exercise and health
n1975 ACSM guidelines: vigorous exercise at 60-90% of MHR
nBy 1990 recognized that exercise can affect health even at lower
intensity levels (moderate)

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Civil Rights Issues related to movement


nTitle IX (1972)
nIDEA (1975)
nMinority participation in sport

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Title IX: What is it?


nSection of the Education Amendment of 1972 prohibiting gender
discrimination in federally funded programs.
nNo person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be

Civil Rights Issues related to movement


nTitle IX (1972)

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nIDEA (1975)
nMinority participation in sport
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Title IX: What is it?


nSection of the Education Amendment of 1972 prohibiting gender
discrimination in federally funded programs.
nNo person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be
excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be
subjected to discrimination under any educational programs or
act receiving Federal financial assistance.
nEnforced by the Office of Civil Rts.

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History of Title IX: evidence that changes in how we socialize


women is having an effect!
Facts:
n1971 only 18% of women completed college compared to 26%
of males
nOver 60% of bachelors and masters degrees now earned by
women
nIn 1971, only 8% of high school athletes were female. By 2009,
41% were female.
nIn the first decade after Title IX was passed, there was a 400%
increase in participation of high school and college age women
participating in sports. By 2007, there was a 904% increase!
nWomen receive 37% of sports dollars on college campuses,
although they make up 57% of students and 43% of athletes on
campus (cited in Title IX at 35).

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Minority participation in sport


nJackie Robinson/Roberto Clemente breaking color barrier
nExplosion of participation in minority sport
nInequality in participation rates across all sports
nInequality in hiring

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Sampling of issues for 21st Century: Special populations


nChildren
-Obesity epidemic
-Participation/specialization in early sport
nCollege athletes
-Exploitation of college athletes
-injuries, especially concussions
nOlder adults (gerontology)
-Providing heath care for older populations

nInequality in hiring
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Sampling of issues for 21st Century: Special populations


nChildren
-Obesity epidemic
-Participation/specialization in early sport
nCollege athletes
-Exploitation of college athletes
-injuries, especially concussions
nOlder adults (gerontology)
-Providing heath care for older populations
-balance training
-Compressing morbidity
nPeople with disabilities
-prosthetic advances
-techno doping
-inclusion in education and sports
nAdults and Nutrition
-Government role in curbing obesity epidemic
-understanding how fats and sugars really affect health
-surgery for weight reduction?
nAdult athletes
-Traumatic brain injury
nKinesiology and global health:
- What role can exercise play?

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Latest in prosthetic devices

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Images
nhttp://www.hickoksports.com/images/jahn.jpg
nhttp://michellemoran.blogspot.com/2008_03_23_archive.html
nhttp://www.pilgrimhall.org/samplers11.htm
nhttp://www.princeton.edu/~hos/pasteur2.jpg
nhttp://www.cl.utoledo.edu/canaday/quackery/civil4.gif
nhttp://www.leafpile.com/TravelLog/Italy/Florence/David2.jpg
nhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/horse/images/1200_pixels/
anat_vesalius_p174.jpg
nhttp://www.swarthmore.edu/news/history/images/
1905_football1.jpg
nhttp://farm4.static.flickr.com/
3382/3190500901_72c10ca6fb_o.jpg
nhttp://mcdowellfamilychiropractic.com/pages/conditions.html
nhttp://4.bp.blogspot.com/-wi0nxEDs-rA/UdAkKMsjT-I/
AAAAAAAAAGo/4-mBzNG0XfI/s600/portrait-of-a-young-womanwith-a-white-coif--1541-hans-holbein-the-younger.jpg

nhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/horse/images/1200_pixels/
anat_vesalius_p174.jpg
nhttp://www.swarthmore.edu/news/history/images/
1905_football1.jpg
nhttp://farm4.static.flickr.com/
3382/3190500901_72c10ca6fb_o.jpg
nhttp://mcdowellfamilychiropractic.com/pages/conditions.html
nhttp://4.bp.blogspot.com/-wi0nxEDs-rA/UdAkKMsjT-I/
AAAAAAAAAGo/4-mBzNG0XfI/s600/portrait-of-a-young-womanwith-a-white-coif--1541-hans-holbein-the-younger.jpg

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