Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Objective
Tacheometric survey is carried out to produce the topographic and detail plan of the proposed
area using surveying software.
Theory
There are two short cross hairs above and below the main cross hair.
The stadia diaphragm essentially consists of one stadia hair above and the other an equal distance
below the horizontal cross-hair, the stadia hairs being mounted in the ring and on the same
vertical plane as the horizontal and vertical cross-hairs.
It is very simply, the distance between the two point is multiplied by 100 to give the
distance from the point are to where the staff is.
In this example (and here we will use the millimetres) the lower cross hair is at 2.163 metres
and the upper is at 2.218 metres so difference is 0.055 metres. This is multiplied by 100 and
the final distance is 5.50 millimetres
It is important to understand the basic principles of survey and even more important if using
sophisticated Total Stations and Electronics Distance Measurer (EDMs) only by understanding
the underlying concept we will understand what to achieved with the digital version.
Equipments
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Total Station
2 Mini Prism
Measuring Tape
2 Pole
Tripod
Fieldwork Procedures
Tacheometry or detail survey is a continuation of traversing and leveling where in all the details
are observed from the traverse point with (x, y, h).
a) All the traverse point must have the reduced level from leveling.
b) Refer to leveling data of traverse point.
1. All the details including topography and man-made features were observed.
2. The instrument over the total station (i.e: stn 2) was set up. The pole was put with mini
prism at the backsight (stn1) and foresight (stn 3).
i. The temporary adjustment (leveling, centering) was performed over the point.
ii. The height of instrument (HI) was measured and recorded.
iii. The bearing for line 1-2 was set as a datum. The distance of of datum1-datum2 was
measured and recorded. (A final bearing from traverse sheet was used.)
iv. A pole was used as a target over the point. The pole height (HT) was measured and
the reading was recorded.
3. The horizontal bearing (HR), horizontal distance (HD) and vertical distance @height
difference (VD) was recorded for each observation.
4.
All the features surrounding the stn 2 were observed. The HT for each observation was
measured and recorded.
5.
The instrument was moved to the next station (i.e:stn3). A bearing for line 2-3 was set as
a datum. The process was repeated and all the features from stn 3 were observed, The IH
at each station setup was measured.
6.
Additional control point was setup when it found missing or disturbed; or obstruction of
the features from observed station.
Booking Procedures
1. All the readings were recorded in a form at attachment 1 or automatically recorded by
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Data analysis
Fro
m
Stn
To
Stn
RL
Stn
Ins.
Height
Bearing
Horizont
al
Distance
Targe
t
Heig
Vertica
l
Distan
RL
Poin
t
Remarks
2
1
2.25
6
2.12
6
ce
30.047
1.55
-0.052
3.642
1.55
0.089
3.720
1.55
0.085
4.247
1.55
0.073
4.142
1.55
0.078
3.641
1.55
0.033
4.220
1.55
0.019
3.598
1.55
0.122
3.816
1.55
0.131
4.400
1.55
0.144
4.218
1.55
0.139
3.405
1.55
-0.067
3.081
1.55
0.036
3.664
1.55
0.013
7.592
1.55
-0.061
7.435
1.55
-0.112
8.211
1.55
-0.089
10.380
1.55
0.056
8.484
1.55
0.115
10.867
1.55
0.474
7.298
1.55
0.424
7.440
1.55
0.319
1.414
1.414
L1
1.414
L2
1.414
L3
1.414
L4
1.414
BM
1.414
1.414
APH
1
APH
2
APH
3
APH
4
ht
(m)
1.414
1.414
1.414
1.414
GL1
1.414
GL2
1.414
GL3
1.414
GL4
1.414
GL5
1.414
GL6
1.414
P1
1.414
GL7
1.414
GL8
1.414
GL9
1.414
GL1
0
1.414
74 10'
00"
47 32'
00"
40 36'
40"
42 41'
10"
48 51'
50"
38 51'
40"
38 25'
20"
23 28'
10"
19 03'
20"
25 17'
00"
29 25'
20"
75 17'
00"
35 48'
40"
349 53'
30"
74 06'
50"
61 55'
10"
44 09'
30"
27 53'
20"
14 52'
20"
352 55'
10"
333 59'
40"
359 42'
50"
Stn 1
Corner
cover
Corner
cover
Corner
cover
Corner
cover
of drain
of drain
of drain
of drain
BM
Paip bomba
Api peti hos
Api peti hos
Api peti hos
Api peti hos
Ground level
Ground level
Ground level
Ground level
Ground level
Ground level
Tree
Ground level
Ground level
Ground level
Ground level
GL1
1
1.414
P2
1.414
GL1
2
GL1
3
Fro
m
Stn
1.414
1.414
D1
1.414
D2
1.414
D3
1.414
To
Stn
RL
Stn
Ins.
Height
D4
1.414
D5
1.414
D6
1.414
D7
1.414
D8
1.414
D9
1.414
P3
1.414
GL1
4
GL1
5
GL1
6
GL1
7
1.414
1.414
1.414
1.414
S1
1.414
S2
1.414
S3
1.414
S4
1.414
340 23'
10"
13 59'
40"
19 28'
20"
35 03'
30"
70 56'
20"
70 55'
50"
71 09'
40"
Bearing
21 46'
50"
23 27'
10"
24 12'
50"
353 21'
50"
359 03'
00"
359 43'
50"
5 49'
00"
341 40'
20"
347 53'
50"
0 35'
40"
358 02'
40"
344 19'
10"
343 56'
30"
353 46'
10"
352 55'
30"
9.914
1.55
0.490
15.968
1.55
0.153
13.906
1.55
-0.103
14.602
1.55
0.166
5.863
1.55
-0.289
6.098
1.55
-0.622
6.239
1.55
-0.430
Horizont
al
Distance
Targe
t
Heig
ht
(m)
Vertica
l
Distan
ce
9.458
1.55
-0.107
9.590
1.60
-0.444
9.773
1.55
-0.067
23.490
1.55
-0.216
23.538
1.55
-0.588
23.624
1.55
-0.215
21.254
1.55
0.048
19.497
1.55
0.475
15.906
1.55
0.458
16.909
1.55
0.061
21.036
1.55
-0.044
23.092
1.55
0.057
25.360
1.55
0.577
23.474
1.55
0.557
25.680
1.55
0.579
Ground level
Tree
Ground level
Ground level
Drain
Drain
Drain
RL
Poin
t
Remarks
Drain
Drain
Drain
Drain
Drain
Drain
Tree
Ground level
Ground level
Ground level
Ground level
Shelter
Shelter
Shelter
Shelter
Fro
m
Stn
R1
1.414
R2
1.414
R3
1.414
R4
1.414
D10
1.414
D11
1.414
B1
1.414
R5
1.414
R6
1.414
R7
1.414
R8
1.414
J1
1.414
TL1
1.414
D12
1.414
D13
1.414
D14
1.414
D15
1.414
D16
1.414
D17
1.414
D18
1.414
To
Stn
RL
Stn
Ins.
Height
D19
1.414
D20
1.414
71 56'
50"
72 18'
40"
40 55'
30"
44 33'
20"
37 51'
20"
37 35'
20"
36 36'
40"
232 58'
10"
213 35'
40"
82 29'
30"
94 05'
10"
153 06'
10"
225 04'
10"
248 47'
20"
248 39'
50"
250 14'
20"
319 30'
30"
317 16'
40"
315 51'
30"
335 41'
30"
Bearing
334 53'
10"
334 13'
00"
14.753
1.55
0.124
16.591
1.55
0.122
17.112
1.55
0.133
19.120
1.55
0.129
15.839
1.55
0.172
16.322
1.55
0.201
17.979
1.55
0.287
4.310
1.55
0.325
5.135
1.55
0.216
8.147
1.55
0.282
8.720
1.55
0.272
4.302
1.55
0.239
2.160
1.55
0.109
2.772
1.55
-0.205
3.046
1.55
-0.627
3.334
1.55
0.328
7.048
1.55
0.104
7.112
1.55
-0.237
7.256
1.55
0.225
23.020
1.55
0.425
Horizont
al
Distance
Targe
t
Heig
ht
(m)
Vertica
l
Distan
ce
23.006
1.55
0.064
23.035
1.55
0.669
Pedestrian road
Pedestrian road
Pedestrian road
Pedestrian road
Drain
Drain
Corner of
Building
Pedestrian road
Pedestrian road
Pedestrian road
Pedestrian road
Tar road
Light pole
Drain
Drain
Drain
Drain
Drain
Drain
Drain
RL
Poin
t
Remarks
Drain
Drain
J2
1.414
J3
1.414
312 07'
20"
275 40'
20"
6.726
1.55
0.336
6.349
1.55
0.260
30.072
1.55
-0.186
7.797
1.55
0.386
4.423
1.55
0.421
6.561
1.55
0.389
3.842
1.55
0.127
3.846
1.55
0.064
3.956
1.55
0.025
5.668
1.55
0.083
9.632
1.55
0.110
16.013
1.55
-0.154
17.186
1.55
-0.373
12.624
1.55
-0.390
9.914
1.55
-0.334
17.080
1.55
-0.534
17.057
1.55
-0.697
17.230
1.55
-0.575
7.477
1.55
-0.544
7.827
1.55
-0.711
8.151
1.55
-0.552
8.586
1.55
-0.559
8.632
1.55
-0.702
8.670
1.55
-0.624
Tar road
Tar road
1.456
4
2.34
1
1.456
B2
1.456
B3
1.456
B4
1.456
GL1
8
GL1
9
GL2
0
GL2
1
GL2
2
1.456
1.456
1.456
1.456
1.456
P4
1.456
P5
1.456
P6
1.456
P7
1.456
D21
1.456
D22
1.456
D23
1.456
D24
1.456
D25
1.456
D26
1.456
D27
1.456
D28
1.456
D29
1.456
77 59'
30"
196 29'
55"
24641 '
50"
300 52'
00"
341 08'
40"
31 32'
50"
101 42'
05"
133 04'
00"
153 46'
30"
138 43'
50"
128 53'
35"
116 06'
15"
88 42'
25"
136 50'
50"
136 26'
10"
135 56'
30"
72 13'
30"
73 00'
40"
72 28'
15"
96 18'
25"
96 58'
25"
97 34'
45"
Stn 4
Corner of
Building
Corner of
Building
Corner of
Building
Ground level
Ground level
Ground level
Ground level
Ground level
Tree
Tree
Tree
Tree
Drain
Drain
Drain
Drain
Drain
Drain
Drain
Drain
Drain
Fro
m
Stn
D30
1.456
D31
1.456
D32
1.456
B5
1.456
D33
1.456
D34
1.456
To
Stn
RL
Stn
Ins.
Height
D35
1.456
B6
1.456
GL2
3
GL2
4
GL2
5
1.456
1.456
1.456
D36
1.456
D37
1.456
D38
1.456
D39
1.456
D40
1.456
D41
1.456
D42
1.456
D43
1.456
D44
1.456
88 45'
35"
88 04'
05"
88 13'
10"
91 02'
20"
82 52'
55"
81 51'
35"
Bearing
81 18'
10"
75 51'
30"
69 51'
35"
103 25'
45"
121 18'
35"
74 10'
35"
74 05'
45"
73 52'
50"
164 27'
15"
165 36'
00"
167 26'
00"
330 24'
25"
323 35'
05"
318 08'
00"
14.187
1.55
-0.121
14.585
1.55
-0.166
14.474
1.55
-0.397
16.104
1.55
-0.086
13.764
1.55
-0.120
13.937
1.55
-0.401
Horizont
al
Distance
Targe
t
Heig
ht
(m)
Vertica
l
Distan
ce
14.036
1.55
-0.114
15.160
1.55
-0.028
10.184
1.55
-0.420
11.963
1.55
-0.435
15.536
1.55
-0.407
13.551
1.55
-0.194
13.748
1.55
-0.478
13.959
1.55
-0.172
15.460
1.55
0.197
15.477
1.55
-0.267
15.331
1.55
0.280
2.566
1.55
0.161
2.666
1.55
-0.195
2.672
1.55
0.328
30.072
1.55
0.306
13.188
1.55
0.100
Drain
Drain
Drain
Corner of
Building
Drain
Drain
RL
Poin
t
Remarks
Drain
Corner of
Building
Ground level
Ground level
Ground level
Drain
Drain
Drain
Drain
Drain
Drain
Drain
Drain
Drain
1.500
3
D45
2.53
0
1.500
1.500
257 59'
30"
256 04'
Stn 3
Drain
D46
1.500
D47
1.500
D48
1.500
D49
1.500
D50
1.500
GL2
6
GL2
7
Fro
m
Stn
1.500
1.500
S5
1.500
S6
1.500
S7
1.500
S8
1.500
B7
1.500
B8
1.500
B9
1.500
D51
1.500
D52
1.500
D53
1.500
D54
1.500
To
Stn
RL
Stn
Ins.
Height
D55
1.500
D56
1.500
B10
1.500
D57
1.500
50"
255 10'
45"
254 33'
30"
249 51'
35"
249 36'
30"
248 52'
55"
251 25'
20"
251 59'
50"
258 56'
40"
244 49'
55"
242 22'
45"
260 56'
00"
266 12'
10"
238 39'
50"
198 56'
55"
227 46'
45"
231 32'
30"
236 01'
20"
263 11'
55"
Bearing
266 15'
25"
269 24'
35"
237 34'
40"
171 49'
13.157
1.55
-0.158
13.132
1.55
0.094
14.488
1.55
0.048
14.490
1.55
-0.342
14.496
1.55
0.047
10.100
1.55
0.014
14.261
1.55
0.013
7.349
1.55
0.120
7.360
1.55
0.003
5.715
1.55
-0.010
5.678
1.55
0.126
9.941
1.55
0.212
10.066
1.55
0.105
2.864
1.55
0.083
2.632
1.55
-0.058
2.627
1.55
-0.321
2.548
1.55
-0.074
2.681
1.55
0.085
Horizont
al
Distance
Targe
t
Heig
ht
(m)
Vertica
l
Distan
ce
2.695
1.55
-0.117
2.755
1.55
0.080
2.248
1.55
0.101
2.967
1.55
-0.035
Drain
Drain
Drain
Drain
Drain
Ground level
Ground level
Shelter
Shelter
Shelter
Shelter
Corner of
Building
Corner of
Building
Corner of
Building
Drain
Drain
Drain
Drain
RL
Poin
t
Remarks
Drain
Drain
Corner of
Building
Drain
D58
1.500
D59
1.500
D60
1.500
D61
1.500
D62
1.500
S9
1.500
S10
1.500
S11
1.500
S12
1.500
D63
1.500
D64
1.500
D65
1.500
D66
1.500
D67
1.500
D68
1.500
D69
1.500
GL2
7
1.500
TL2
1.500
1.500
45"
168 03'
35"
164 48'
50"
152 08'
55"
149 06'
20"
145 28'
20"
162 04'
40"
162 28'
50"
122 19'
30"
136 47'
45"
166 03'
45"
164 44'
05"
163 27'
35"
161 49'
35"
164 28'
15"
163 59'
20"
163 02'
35"
141 05'
25"
150 37'
45"
140 29'
25"
2.982
1.55
-0.374
2.974
1.55
-0.076
3.216
1.55
0.159
3.186
1.55
-0.040
3.232
1.55
0.141
4.002
1.55
0.180
7.103
1.55
0.204
5.216
1.55
0.089
7.857
1.55
0.123
7.476
1.55
-0.022
7.503
1.55
-0.326
7.548
1.55
-0.043
7.345
1.55
-0.183
12.721
1.55
-0.080
12.702
1.55
-0.298
12.694
1.55
-0.008
12.664
1.55
-0.056
9.488
1.55
-0.034
3.449
1.55
-0.063
30.047
1.55
0.159
3.143
1.55
0.052
6.667
1.55
0.127
11.223
1.55
0.161
3.604
1.55
0.317
Drain
Drain
Drain
Drain
Drain
Shelter
Shelter
Shelter
Shelter
Drain
Drain
Drain
Drain
Drain
Drain
Drain
Ground level
Light pole
Wall
1.520
2
GL2
8
GL2
9
GL3
0
R9
2.25
6
1.520
1.520
1.520
1.520
1.520
254 10'
00"
34 46'
50"
3 35'
00"
354 27'
55"
81 04'
Stn 2
Ground level
Ground level
Ground level
Pedestrian road
Fro
m
Stn
R10
1.520
GL3
1
1.520
U1
1.520
U2
1.520
U3
1.520
U4
1.520
To
Stn
RL
Stn
Ins.
Height
TL3
1.520
P8
1.520
P9
1.520
D70
1.520
D71
1.520
D72
1.520
B11
1.520
J5
1.520
J4
1.520
R11
1.520
R12
1.520
R13
1.520
15"
109 04'
25"
292 04'
25"
262 32'
10"
268 47'
40"
266 06'
00"
260 43'
35"
Bearing
251 19'
00"
283 29'
40"
288 34'
40"
336 36'
10"
335 41'
25"
335 07'
40"
329 49'
15"
185 31'
35"
233 53'
55"
246 07'
55"
288 48'
38"
317 10'
50"
4.071
1.55
0.352
3.582
1.55
0.083
7.289
1.55
0.267
7.484
1.55
0.249
9.020
1.55
0.252
8.617
1.55
0.291
Horizont
al
Distance
Targe
t
Heig
ht
(m)
Vertica
l
Distan
ce
9.323
1.55
0.312
7.011
1.55
0.056
13.840
1.55
0.127
9.964
1.80
0.445
10.200
1.80
0.227
10.303
1.80
0.441
11.709
1.80
0.591
3.507
1.55
0.250
9.994
1.55
0.235
4.669
1.55
0.082
5.680
1.55
0.090
10.872
1.55
0.168
Pedestrian road
Ground level
UTHM signboard
UTHM signboard
UTHM signboard
UTHM signboard
RL
Poin
t
Remarks
Light pole
Tree
Tree
Drain
Drain
Drain
Corner of
building
Tar road
Tar road
Pedestrian road
Pedestrian road
Pedestrian road
Discussion
1. Tacheometry is a system of rapid surveying by which the position, both horizontal and
vertical, of point on the earth surface relatively to one another are determine without
using a chain or tape or separate leveling instrument. There are 2 common methods that
usually used in engineering works.
(i) Stadia System: The theodolite is directed at the level staff and the distance is
measured by reading the top and bottom stadia hairs on the telescope view. For
further information about this process is provided in Theodolite Tacheometry.
(ii) Electronic Tacheometry: Uses a total station which contains an EDM, able to
read distance by reflecting off a prism.
2. In this survey camp, we carry out electronic tacheometry method by using total station
and reflected of mini prism. This method is generally conducted for contouring and
plotting the details of area on conducted ground. It is conducted by measuring the reduce
level of every features in the area such as building, drain, tree, lamp post, fence, road and
field level with reference to the traverse station in this survey control, our main area is at
EDANI.
3. The reduced level taken is apply on plotting the tacheometry data. A map is defined as the
final product of a tacheometry survey while detailing is the process of typing the
topographic details to the control stations fixed by previous traversing that we done.
4. The reduced level is then applying to obtain the map layout and contour. A map should
consist of north direction, legends and title map. A contour is an imaginary line
connecting all points of the same elevation above or below a datum. Contour of different
elevation cannot cross each other except in the case of overhanging cliff or a cave.
5. Apart from all the error had discussed in previous lab, sources of error that need to be
mentioned in tacheometric observation is:
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
Staff reading
Horizontal and vertical angle
Tilt of the pole or staff
Error in equipments
Conclusion
We had achieved the objective of this survey camp that is to produce the topographic and
detail plan of the proposed area using surveying software. Tacheometry is used for:
Preparation of topographic map where both horizontal and vertical distances are
required to be measured.
Survey work in difficult terrain where direct methods of measurements are
inconvenient.
Reconnaissance survey for highways and railways.
Establishment of secondary control points.
References
Barry F. Kavanagh, 2012001. Surveying with construction application, New Jersey.
Prentice Hall.
http://www.scribd.com/doc/20745951/Tacheometric-Surveying
http://www.scribd.com/doc/37901523/Stadia-Tacheometry