SPM 2015 Exam Study Tips

SPM 2015 Bahasa Melayu Tips
SPM Bahasa Melayu
Paper 1
2 hr 15 min
Section A: Karangan Berpandukan Ransangan
Write an Essay based on the attached reference

Section B: Karangan Umum
Write an Essay based on one (1) of the five (5) choices

given
Paper 2
2 hr 30 min
30 Marks
100 Marks
Question 1: Rumusan
Summarize the passage
30 Marks
Question 2: Pemahaman
Answer ALL comprehension-based questions
35 Marks
Question 3: Pengetahuan dan Kemahiran Bahasa
Answer ALL grammatical and vocabulary-based

questions.
30 Marks
Question 4: Novel
Answer ALL questions regarding Novels.

15 Marks
General Tips
! Speak in Bahasa Melayu as this will help strengthen the command of the
language.
! Read more Bahasa Melayu novels and newspapers. You can also improve your
proficiency by reading Karangan books.
! Learn a new peribahasa and simpulan bahasa every day from now till SPM. This
will help you score extra marks during essay writing.
Kertas 1
Bahagian A - Karangan Berpandukan Rangsangan:
! Based on an analysis from Year 2007 - 2013, Karangan Berpandukan
Rangsangan has always been either on Gambar Foto/Ilustrasi or Gambar Rajah.
Familiarize yourself with such formats.
! Read the question carefully; focus your essay content on the bolded words to
avoid being terpesong.
! Be careful to not write anything below 200 words as this might put you at a
disadvantage.
! Anything around 220 to 500 words will be good. Spend more time on the next
question instead.
! Write one (1) Pendahuluan, three (3) Isi and (1) Penutup. There should be 3
points given in the diagram. If there is lesser, you will need to come up with the
remainder point. If there is more points, you will need to combine certain points as
one point.
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Bahagian B - Karangan Umum:

! Read the Questions carefully and underline the keywords of the Questions.
! Pick the Question that you can come out with the most points for.
! If the Essay requires you to write in a specific format, only pick that question if you
are familiar with the format.
! Write between 600-1000 words.
! More often than not, your format should always have one (1) Pendahuluan, four
(4) Isi and one (1) Penutup.
! The best way to way to write an Isi is by elaborating the main points by giving
further examples.
Kertas 2
Soalan 1 - Rumusan:
! Start by reading the question and focus on the bolded parts. There are 2 parts to
the bolded words which are the Isi Tersurat and Isi Tersirat.
" From the passage, underline all points that fulfill the Isi Tersurat stated in the
Question.
! Come up with at least two (2) points that answers the Isi Tersirat stated in the
Question. These points are not in the passage and it requires you to think critically
to get the points.
! You should answer in 4 paragraphs ; Pendahuluan, Isi Tersurat, Isi Tersirat, and
Penutup.

! Start the first paragraph (Pendahuluan by Petikan membincangkan.. The Isi

Tersurat stated in the Question must be replaced with a synonym in the
Pendahuluan. Eg: Kesan-kesan merokok must be changed to Akibat merokok.
! For the second paragraph (Isi Tersurat), paraphrase the points underlined in the
passage. Do not include the elaborations, only the main points are needed.
Reminder to not write the exact words, but to use as many synonyms as possible.
! For the third paragraph (Isi Tersirat), write your own points. Do not overthink the
points, as long as the points make sense, they are good.
! For the last paragraph (Penutup), just write a one-line general statement that
looks towards the future. Eg: Semua pihak perlu bekerjasama membanteras
gejala sosial ini supaya masyarakat akan sejahtera.
Soalan 2 - Pemahaman:
! There are 4 sub-questions to this Question. The first sub-question is based on the
passage in Question 1. The other three sub-questions are based on KOMSAS.
! To answer these questions, good understanding of KOMSAS is needed. There is
not much memorization needed as the KOMSAS excerpt will be given.
! There will also be questions that requires you to give your own opinions and
ideas.
! Answer all questions in complete form and not point forms.
Soalan 3 - Pengetahuan dan Kemahiran Bahasa

! There are 4 sub-questions to this Question.Sub-question 1 is on making
sentences. You are not allowed to add any imbuhan unless stated so.
! Sub-question 2 to 4 is one correcting mistakes to the sentences. By practicing
more, you will get sharper in spotting the errors.
! Sub-question 5 is related to peribahasa. There are a few main peribahasa that can
v be used in this sub-question or in the essays:
Air beriak tanda tak dalam : Empty vessels make the most noise
Alang-alang menyeluk pekasam, biar sampai ke pangkal lengan : If you are
doing something, do it to your best efforts and get some rewards from it.
Bagai cendawan tumbuh selepas hujan : Too much of something at a time
period.
Bagai cincin dengan permata : A pair that matches
Bagai layang-layang putus tali : Someone that has lost faith and hope.
Bagai menatang minyak yang penuh : Nurturing someone and bringing

them up with lots of love.

Bagai minyak dengan air : Two people that cannot mix or see eye-to-eye.
Bagai murai dicabut ekor : Someone who loves to talk.
Bagaimana acuan begitulah kuihnya : A child takes after whoever who
brings him up.
Baik membawa resmi padi daripada resmi lalang : Its good to be humble.
Berat mata memandang berat lagi bahu memikul : The biggest suffer is on
the person who is experiencing it.
Soalan 4 - Novels
! The novels asked in this question are novels from Form 4 and Form 5.
! Read up on the tema, persoalan, sinopsis, nilai murni and read the full novels at
least twice.

SPM 2015 Bahasa Inggeris Tips
Paper 1
Section A: Directed Writing
General Tips
Read the question properly and jot down some points before begin writing.
Allocate only 45 minutes on this section. You may want to time yourself by
dividing your time based on the paragraph. Theres no point dwelling on
this section more than 45 minutes because the maximum score is just 35
marks.
Ensure that your essay format is correct as the format gives you 15 marks.
Use all the points that are given and cross out the points that have have
already been used. You may elaborate in 1 or 2 sentences.
Try using a variety of sentences when you write this essay.
Each points can be elaborated in the form of examples, facts, figures and
other information.
Avoid grammatical, spelling and punctuation error. Re-read your essay after
you finish.
Common Mistakes
- Poor time management. If you spend too much time on this section, you will
not have enough time for the following question.

Long-winded essay. This section just require you to write a short and straight
to the point writing. The more you write, the more mistakes you will make.
You are not required to allocate 1 paragraph for 1 point. It can be too lengthy.
Informal languages. Avoid the usage of slang words such as guys, dudes,
contractions such as cant, dont.
Flowery words. You do not need to use too flowery or idiomatic words in this
section. Leave it to the following section of continuous writing.
Types of Essays
- Formal Letter, Informal Letter, Speech/ Talk, Speech
- You may want to learn up the common phrases or the sentence structure for
each type of essay. Example: (Informal Letter: I hope this letter finds you in
the pink (of health).

Section B: Continuous Writing

Guidelines
5 questions will be given. Usually 2 questions are argumentative/ factual essay,
2 are narrative/descriptive essay and 1 word-topic essay.
Choose the one that you are confident with.
To score in this section, your essay needs to be free from grammar error,
variety of sentence structure, wide vocabulary, relevant points, coherent in
paragraphing, well organise and the essay shows originality as well as
interesting.
Tips For Scoring Well
Excellent Grammar: know your past tense, past-participle, spelling and
punctuation
Variety of sentence structures: You can play around with active/passive voice.
You can structure a simple, complex, compound sentences depends on your
preference.
Wide Vocabulary: Use synonyms for the common words such as happy, you
can replace this word with delighted, joyful or hungry to famished.
Relevant points: Do ensure that you dont run out of topic when answering the
essay. Therefore, it is important that you jot down the points beforehand.
Coherent Paragraphs: The flow of your paragraphs need to be in smooth. Try
not to hop on to different points between the paragraphs. The marker will be
confuse.
Originality: Your story needs to be plotted well. It needs to have a climax that
can keep the readers attention. In other words, do not bore the marker.

Paper 2
Section A: Objective Questions
This part of the paper is also one of the easiest to score. Therefore, read carefully.
Stimuli & Graphic Materials
- Basically this part of the paper is the easiest to score. If possible try to nail all
the questions right.
- Do more practices from the revision books.
- When answering, narrow down your answers by eliminating wrong options
that are given.
Rational Cloze
- Use the process of elimination to determine the right answer.
Section B:Information Transfer

- Carefully analyse the material given in the paper.
- When answering, try not to use your own words but you can copy exactly the
same from the material shown.
- Your answer needs to be clear and precise. Avoid unnecessary details and
writing extra answers.
- Most importantly, avoid spelling mistakes.
Section C: Reading Comprehension

Long Text and Open Ended Question
- Read the questions and the passage carefully.
- As you read the passage, you can underline which are the important facts.
- If questions doesnt requires you to write down your own opinion, you may
copy directly from the passage.
- If questions wants your person opinion, structure your answers carefully.
Only write down relevant and logic answers.
- Your answer needs to be clear and precise. Avoid unnecessary details and
writing extra answers.
- Most importantly, avoid spelling mistakes.

Summary Writing
- Firstly, read the questions before you read the passage.
- This will help you identify the important points that is needed from the
questions. Do underline when the points are identified.
- Opening and Closing is not needed. This is a continuous writing, you should
not answer this section in point form.
- Try identifying 10 points and omit the examples and elaborations.
- Calculate your word count and ensure it doesn exceeds 130 words. Convert
long phrases to short sentences. This will reduce your word count. Do write
your word count below your answer.
Section D: Literature Writing (Poem)

Structure Response
- For this part of the paper, try imagining yourself in the poet perspective.
- You should translate the poem and simplified it to your own words.
- Your answers can be short and precise.
- Avoid spelling error.
Novel
- Before exams, you should be very familiar on the novel and covered all the
questions from the revision books.
- Usually the questions revolves around (Themes / Settings / Plot /
Characters / Moral values / Lessons). Therefore, you have to understand
beforehand the ins and outs of the novel.
- When you write down the points, your answer should be related back to the
novel. Perhaps, you can related it to the character. This will show the marker
you are able to apply what youve understood from the novel.
- Its advisable that you write 3 points of elaboration and 1 personal view. You
may write more than that but be careful not to write wrong points. Though
marks will not be deducted but it affects the markers impression on you
understanding towards the novel.
- Your answers must be in full sentences. Structure your sentences in proper
grammar and avoid spelling mistakes.

SPM 2015 Bahasa Cina Tips
Paper 1A
.
PREPARATION:
- Remember formats of Formal Letters, Reports & Notice.
- Memorise sentences that are commonly used (refer to revision books &
model answers). Apply in your essay.
Always apply the Important details: time, date, venue, objective,
invitation (included in the essay)
WHEN ANSWERING
- 2 questions - Only answer the the question that youre more confident at.
- If 2 were answered, examiner will only mark the first essay.
- Avoid: Informal Languages, Hanyu Pinyin,
- Do refer back to the question when youre writing to avoid going off topic.
AFTER ANSWERING
- Recheck your essay to detect any errors.
- Take note on the word count. Max word count: 120 words. Remove
unnecessary sentences.
NOT TESTED IN THIS PAPER

- Conversation of text (
).
- Report of meeting (
)

1B. Continuous Writing

- 5 types of questions will be given but choose only 1 that youre most
confident at.
- The main types of essay that is most popular in the exam are:
- Factual (
),
- Argumentative (
),
- Narrative (
)
- Descriptive (
),
- Sentimental (
)
- Be familiar with the types of essays and do memorise good sentences,
opening and closings. This will give your more points and impress the
marker.
WHEN ANSWERING
- Read the questions carefully. List down the important points beside the
questions. Gather your thoughts on what to write in the opening and body.
Factual/Argumentative Essay
6 paragraphs will be efficient (1 opening, 4 Body, 1 Closing)
Avoid 5 arguments as you will run out of time in your exam. Give you focus
on the 4 main bodies and elaborate clearly on the topics. Give examples and
only formal language should be used.
Descriptive/ Sentimental/Narrative Essay.
5 Important Points to be taken note

Interesting Story, Clear, Detailed on the story, 5 or more paragraph

depending on the structure of your story, include some idioms or flowery
sentences if you can (gives you plus points)
General Topics
It can written as factual or descriptive essay as long as it is relevant to the
question.
Do address the topic of the question in every paragraph.
Overall
Avoid grammatical error, wrong word. Do replace a new word if youre
unsure on a word. Do not write any hanyu pinyin. Always diversify your
sentence structure.
Check your word count. You essay word count is advisable to be between
600-1000 words.
Paper 2A.
Modern Text Comprehension
Summary (
)
- Read the passages carefully. Underline the important and relevant points.
Identify the points but not the elaboration and examples.
- The points given are between 16-18 points. If you are lacked of points to
write in, re-read the paragraph to get more points.
- Convert the dialogues to text. Long sentences changed to shorter sentences
and phrases to lessen the word count. identify the similar words and combine
it to the same word. Do use sequence connector linking 2 or 3 points
together. However, do not overuse the connector as it becomes repetitive.
- Lastly, do a word count check. If your word count is above 120, reduce
unnecessary sentences or words.
- On the marking system, no points will be deducted if wrong points were
writen. Although no marks will not be given for your correct grammar but
marks will be deducted from grammatical error. Therefore, double check on
your grammar and the words use.
Comprehension (
)
- When tackling this part of the paper, read the questions first then only read
the passage/ poem. You need to understand in depth of the poem/passage.
- Questions related to the passage, you may copy and paste directly from the
passage. For poem, you need to use your own words in deciphering the
meaning of the poem.

Questions that requires your opinion, communicate your points clearly. The
number of points that you should write down is depending on the marking
scheme. 1 point might be given 1 or 2 marks.
Do take note that though you can pen down all the points but be careful to
only write acceptable answers as marks might be deducted if its irrelevant.
If the questions requires the exact number of answers. Only write down the
required number of answers. If you give extra, points may be deducted.
For Grammar (
)
- Type of word (
), phrase (
), components of sentences (
),
compound sentences (
), language & style (
) and idioms (
) will
only be tested. Familiarise yourself with the types of grammar stated.
- Do refer on revision books and past year questions. Learn from the
examples given by these sources.
Classical Text Comprehension (
)
- Questions will be based on 1 is Prose (
) and 1 is Poem (
tested in a form of Comprehension (
) and Translation (
). Youll be
).
Comprehension (
)
- When you revise, get yourself familiarized with the common used traditional
words.
- Go through the glossary that will be given in the exam. translate the classical
text-word-by-word to modern text. To avoid wasting time, do skip sentences
that arent familiar to you. As you go through the passage/poem, you will
understand the sentences that isnt familiar to you.
- For questions that can be found from the poem, do not copy directly. Instead,
structure you answer in your own words. You may have to change the
dialogues to your own text.
- Most questions require full understanding of the poem/ passage. Therefore,
try to understand by putting yourself in the passage.
- For your own opinion question, ensure your answer is relevant and logical.
Answer the questions based on the marks allocated. For example, 1 point is
for 1 mark and elaboration. Write only answers that are relevant, otherwise
marks will be deducted.
Translation (
)
- For preparation, ensure that you are familiar with all traditional words and the
meaning of it.
- When translating, replace every traditional word in the sentence or phrase
with a modern words but it has to be the same the same meaning.

For traditional words that is similar as modern words, convert the word into a
sentence.
Do not make a mistake by not translating all the words.
If you translate the words wrongly, marks will not be deducted.
Idioms (
)
- Important! Memorise all 230 Idioms that you learn from high school since
remove class to Form5. Ensure that you know all meaning (
), Author (
) and Source (
) of all idiom.
- A tip in memorising these idioms is by using your imagination and creativity
to remeber the author and source.
- When answering, do not explain every word. Try writing the actual meaning.
Its okay that the meaning runs a bit off from the meanings in the textbook.
Marks will not be penalised.
- Avoid making long sentences with the idioms but you have to use the idiom
correctly. Even a brief sentence with the usage of the idiom is sufficient.
- For question that requires you to write a idiom based on the situation, be
sure that you understand the situation clearly before giving it a idiom.

SPM 2015 Mathematics Tips
Paper 1
! Mathematics is a compulsory subject that you must pass in order for you to
get SPM certificate.
! SPM Mathematics has a much stricter marking scheme and a higher
minimum mark to get A+ as compared to SPM Additional Mathematics.
Hence, do study for it!
! Questions can be from Form 1 until Form 5.
! You are not required to show any workings.
Paper 2
! Go through past year questions and familiarise yourself with the pattern of
the questions. The pattern is similar from year to year.
! If you have the time, answer all the 5 questions in Section B.
The examiner will mark all 5 answers and choose the 4 answers with
the highest marks.
! Show all the workings and do not skip any important steps for every
questions!
One (1) mark is given to each important step and the final answer.
If you miss an important step, marks for that step, subsequent steps
and final answer will not be given.
Therefore, correct answer without workings will get a zero (0).
However, if your answer is wrong but you provide some correct
workings, you will get some marks for the correct workings.
! Express your answer in fraction or decimal accordingly as per instruction.
Round up to at least 4 significant figures for final answers with infinite
decimal places.
Marks can be deducted if final answer is less accurate.

! For questions involving Pi, read the instruction and use the right Pi value
(22/7 or 3.142).
! For questions involving diagrams, include all the important details on the
diagram.
! You are NOT allowed to write extra solutions / answers. Marks will be NOT
given for the correct solutions / answers, and marks will be deducted for
wrong solutions / answers.
Section A: MUST KNOW TOPICS

! Solid Geometry
Combined solid is the total volumes of the solids
Remaining solid is the subtraction of bigger solid and smaller solid
! Circles
Perimeter = 2r
Area = r2
! Linear Equations
Equalise the same unknown (e.g. x) and take it out.
Solve the other unknown (e.g. y) and back to solving the first unknown
(e.g. x).
! Quadratic Expressions and Equations
Solve the equation means find the unknown x.
Must state x = ?, x =?. There will be 2 answers.

! Mathematical Reasoning
Determine whether a given sentence is a statement.
Determine whether a statement is true or false.
Constructing statements using numbers and symbols.
Quantifiers All and Some.
Implications of the form x if and of if y.
! The Straight Line
y = mx + c
c is the point where the line touches the y-axis (y-intercept)
! Lines and Planes in 3-Dimensions
Use Trigonometry Rule
sin () = opposite side / longest side
cos () = adjacent side / longest side
tan () = opposite side / adjacent side
! Matrices
Part a) usually asks to solve problems involving inverse matrix.
Part b) usually asks to solve linear equations with matrices
! Gradient and Area under a Graph
The gradient of the distance-time graph of a particle is the speed of
the particle.
The gradient of the speed-time graph of a particle is the rate of
change of speed of the particle.
The area under a speed-time graph is the distance travelled.
Rate of change of speed = (Final speed - Initial Speed) / Time
! Probability
Probability = Number of outcomes / Total number of possible
outcomes
Final answer is always more than 0 and less than 1.
Paper 2 Section A: GOOD TO KNOW

! Sets (Year 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013)
Shading based on the questions (intersection or union)
denotes union, which is the combined area of the sets (or)
denotes intersection, which is the overlapping area of the sets
(and)
! Graphs of Functions (Year 2005, 2007 and 2009)
The inequalities (upper line is >, lower line is <).

If slanted line, you can imagine it into horizontal straight line.
Paper 2 Section B: MUST KNOW TOPICS

! Statistics
Histogram (Year 2004 and 2005)
x-axis the upper boundary with an additional lower boundary at
the front of the graph
y-axis is frequency
Frequency Polygon (Year 2006)
x-axis is midpoint
y-axis is frequency
Ogive (Year 2007)
x-axis is upper boundary
y-axis is cumulative frequency
additional upper boundary should be added to the table
x-axis and y-axis should be stated in the graph
! Graphs of Functions
Linear Functions (less likely to come out as its a straight line after
plotted)
y = ax + c
Quadratic Functions (Year 2004 and 2005)
y = ax2 + c
y = ax2 + bx + c
Cubic Functions (Year 2007)
y = ax3
y = ax3 + c
Reciprocal Functions (Year 2006)
y=a/x
! Transformations
Translation
Reflection
Rotation
Enlargement (be careful with the word to and from because it
determines the image would be smaller or bigger)
A combined transformation AB means transformation B followed by
transformation A.
! Earth as a Sphere
Longitude is the vertical line that specifies the east-west position of a

point on the Earth's surface.
Latitude is the horizontal line that specifies the north-south position of
a point on the Earths surface.
Nautical mile is the unit used to describe the distance between two
points along the common longitude.
Nautical mile = Distance between latitudes x 60
! Plans and Elevations
Orthogonal Projections
The edge which can be seen from view direction is drawn as a
full line.
The edge which is hidden from view direction is drawn as a
dashed line ( ------ ).
Plans and Elevations
Plan is looked from above.
Elevation is looked from the side of the solid.
The length and the edge (ABCD) should be stated correctly.

SPM 2015 Additional Mathematics Tips
General Tips
! Express your answer in fraction or decimal accordingly as per instruction.
Round up to at least 4 significant figures for final answers with infinite
decimal places.
!
!
!
Marks can be deducted if final answer is less accurate.

For questions involving Pi, read the instruction and use the right Pi value
(22/7 or 3.142).
For questions involving diagrams, include all the important details on the
diagram.
You are allowed to write extra solutions / answers. Marks will be given for the
correct solutions / answers, and no marks will be deducted for wrong
solutions / answers.
For a part of the question that require to use answer from the previous part of
the question, if your answer for the previous part is wrong and you use it for
this part, you will still get marks for correct workings although you will not get
marks for the final answer.
General Tips: Paper 1

! It is not compulsory to write full workings. You will be given full marks if your
final answer is correct.
! However, you are strongly advised to write full workings as they might earn
you some marks if your final answer is wrong.

General Tips: Paper 2

the highest marks.
! If you have the time, answer an extra question in Section C.
the highest marks.
A common strategy to tackle Section C would be to master both Form
4 topics (Solution of Triangles and Index Number) and study one of
the Form 5 topics (Motion along a Straight Line and Linear
Programming) as your back-up plan if you have extra time.
questions!
If you miss an important step, mark for that step will not be given.
However, you will still be given marks for the correct subsequent steps
and final answer.
Correct answer without workings will get 1 mark.

P1
Topic
(D - Definitely Tested;
C - Commonly Tested)
P2(A)
P2(B)
P2(C)
Form
12 Topics to Study First

Quadratic Equations
Quadratic Functions
Coordinate Geometry
Statistics
Circular Measures
Differentiation
Progressions
Linear Law
Integration
Vector
4
4
4
5
Trigonometric Functions
Probability Distributions
5
C
5 Topics to Study Next

Functions
Simultaneous Equations
4
C
Indices and Logarithms
Permutations and
Combinations
Probability
Choose 2 Topics to Study

Solution of Triangles
Index Number
Motion along a Straight Line
Linear Programming

SPM 2015 Physics Tips
PHYSICS
General Tips
! Physics is an elective subject taken by all pure science students and anyone
looking to pursue sciences in their higher education. It is especially important
for medicine and engineering.
! The total marks for all paper is 200 marks. This means that 1 mark awarded
is actually a mark. Thus it is essential to focus on scoring well in paper 2
and paper 3.
! Doing well in Paper 2 and Paper 3 will guarantee a pass to a B. Use Paper 1
to push your grade to an A.
! Chemistry requires thorough understanding - you must understand the
reactions of substances and compounds.
! You must take part in all lab activity and experiments conducted in school
because these practicals are essential for Paper 3 - as you must recreate
them step-by-step in the form of an essay.
! Use Youtube videos to visualise models for better understanding. Use some
of the institutes below to help you.
Tutorvista
GuideTuition
Khan Academy
! You must use correct units of measurements.
! Do not waste time studying Chapter 1 of Form 4 as no question has ever
been set from there. Jump directly into Chapter 2.

SPM PAPERS 2011 - 2013 ANALYSIS

Number of Questions
Paper 2
Chapters
Paper 1
Section A
Section B
Section C
11
12
'13
11
12
'13
11
12
'13
11
12
'13
CH 1
CH 2
CH 3
CH 4
CH 5
CH 1
CH 2
CH 3
CH 4
CH 5
FORM 4
FORM 5
TOTAL
50

Paper 1
! Always remove the answers you know arent possible and narrow down
possible answers to increase probability of correct answers.
! Be careful of words like except, all but which of the following is not
and other keywords that can trick you to choose the wrong answers.
! Questions are distributed evenly across all topics so you need a good overall
understanding.
! Paper 1 is filled with diagrams to be matched to names and functions, so
make sure you know important processes (i.e saponification).
Paper 2
the highest marks.
question!
! You are allowed to answer in table form or short sentences - grammar is
not a concern but misspelling names may result in your answer being
incorrectly marked. You can also use diagrams, equations or graphs where
suitable
! Do not not answer in point form. There is no penalty for answering in point
form, but some inexperienced examiners may deduct your marks if you do
so.
! Make sure you know the difference between the following:
State - Usually 1 mark question. Just answer the question directly. No
further information necessary.
Define - Give the standard definition using biological words and
keywords.
Describe - Simply write what you see.
Explain - Elaborate on how and why the process is happening and

what it means.
Suggest - Based on your knowledge of the topic, you must apply it to
solve the problem in the question. As long as your answer is logical
and relevant to the question, you should gain marks for this.
Paper 2: Must Study

Topics
Form 4:
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Form 5:
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Paper 3
Question 1
! Understand and know what exactly the question is asking for.
! Grammatical errors will not affect yours marks as long as the examiner
understands what you are writing.
! Do not use any short forms in your answer, or abbreviations without
first explaining them. The only time this is acceptable is when using for
metric units.
! All chemical compounds should be written fully before writing in formula.
! Calculations must show full workings as skipping steps will result in marks
deduction. Make sure to use the correct units.

! Answer in complete sentences as marks allocated for each part of the

question is always 3. Marks are given based on the quality of your answer,
so it does actually depend on the number of points in your answer.
! You can write extra points in your answer but take care that your points do
not contradict one another as marks may be deducted.
! Numerical data from instruments should follow the decimal places of the
instrument in the correct unit. For example, if recording the temperature
from a thermometer that gives measurements to the 0.01, then your answer
should also be in two decimal places.
! Axis on graphs must be titled and given units with proper scale. Your
graph should be at least of the graph paper.
! Where possible to draw your straight or curved line to all points, do so, if not,
use best-fit or straight lines if you need to connect them, based on the
question.
Question 2
! Design a suitable experiment based on the questions requirements
! Your answer must include:
Aim
Problem Statement
Hypothesis
Variables
State which are the manipulated, responding and fixed
variables.
List of Materials & Apparatus
State amount (with correct unit) and concentration of
substances
Data Tabulation
Data should be table of responding and manipulated variables.
You do not need to enter actual data, just show the recording
table.

fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
SPM 2015 Chemistry Tips
General Tips
! Chemistry is an elective subject taken by all pure science students and
anyone looking to pursue sciences in their higher education.
and paper 3.
! Chemistry requires thorough understanding - you must understand the
reactions of substances and compounds.
Tutorvista
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! You must use correct formulas (i.e CO2 for carbon dioxide, not 2CO)- as
the misplacing formulas can change the meaning of the substance.


Number of Questions
Paper 2
Chapter
s
Paper 1
Paper 3
Section A
Section B
Section C
11
12
'13
11
12
'13
11
12
'13
11
12
'13
CH 1
CH 2
CH 3
CH 4
CH 5
CH 6
CH 7
CH 8
CH 9
CH 1
CH 2
CH 3
CH 4
CH 5
TOTAL
50
50
50
FORM 4
FORM 5

11
12
'13
Paper 1
understanding.
make sure you know important processes (i.e saponification).
Paper 2
the highest marks.
question!


suitable
so.
keywords.
what it means.
Paper 2: Must
Study Topics
Form 4:
Chapter 4
Chapter 6
Form 5:
Chapter 2
Chapter 5

Paper 3*
(PAPER THREE WILL BE REPLACED BY LAB TEST BUT THESE TIPS ARE
USEFUL TO GUIDE YOU)
Question 1
metric units.
question.
Question 2
Aim
Problem Statement
Hypothesis
Variables
variables.


substances
Data Tabulation
table.
fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff

SPM 2015 Biology Tips
General Tips
! Biology is an elective subject taken by all pure science students and anyone
looking to pursue health/life sciences in their higher education.
and paper 3.
! Biology requires memorisation through understanding - if you view your
topics as a single story about life, it is much easier to connect your learning.
Tutorvista
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! You must use correct biological terms for body parts and processes as the marking scheme is based on keywords and not understanding of
theory, this means you must memorise the terms while being able to
understand and explain processes.


Number of Questions
Paper 2
Paper 1
Chapters
Section A
Section B
Section C
11
12
13
11
12
'13
11
12
'13
11
12
'13
CH 1
CH 2
CH 3
CH 4
CH 5
CH 6
CH 7
CH 8
CH 1
CH 2
CH 3
CH 4
CH 5
TOTAL
50
50
50
FORM 4
CH 9
FORM 5

Paper 1
understanding.
make sure you know main organs and processes like the lungs,
reproductive system, mitosis, osmosis.
Paper 2
the highest marks.
question!


suitable
so.
keywords.
what it means.
See the example below:
Diagram 1
alveoli
1.
State the organ where the alveoli is found.

a.
Lungs.
2.
Define respiration.
a.
A process of living organisms involving the production of
energy, typically with the intake of oxygen and the release
of carbon dioxide from the oxidation of complex organic
substances.
3.
Describe the function of alveoli.
a.
The function of the alveoli is to assist in oxygen
exchange by providing a large surface area.
4.
Explain how oxygen and carbon dioxide is exchanged in the
alveoli.
a.
The change in partial pressure from the alveoli (high
concentration) to the capillaries (low concentration) drives
the oxygen into the tissue and the carbon dioxide into the
Paper 2: Must Study Topics
Form 4:
Chapter 2 - Cell Structure
Chapter 5 - Meiosis & Mitosis
Chapter 8 - Dynamic Ecosystem
Form 5:
Chapter 1 - Transport
Chapter 4 - Inheritance
blood (high concentration) from the tissues (low

concentration), which is then returned to the lungs and
exhaled.
5.
Suggest how alveoli are similar to leaves in the photosynthesis
process.
a.
They both maximize the ratio of surface area to volume

to try to facilitate some type of exchange. In the case of a
leaf, it has a large surface area to help maximize the
amount sunlight that it can capture to produce food via
photosynthesis. In the case of alveoli, the more surface
area there is in the alveoli, the faster and more efficiently
the gas exchange happens.
Paper 3
(PAPER THREE WILL BE REPLACED BY LAB TEST BUT THESE TIPS ARE
USEFUL TO GUIDE YOU)
Question 1
metric units.

question.
Question 2
Aim
Problem Statement
Hypothesis
Variables
variables.
substances
Data Tabulation
table.

SPM 2015 General Science Tips
SPM SCIENCE
Paper 1
Paper 2
1 hr 15 min
2 hr 30 min
Multiple choice
- 50 questions
50 Marks
Section A: Structure Response

- 4 Questions
20 Marks
Section B: Structure Response

- 5 Questions
30 Marks
Section C: Essay
- 3 Questions (Choose 2)
30 Marks
Total
130 Marks
General Tips
! Science is a compulsory subject taken by all non-pure science students.
! The total marks for all paper is 130 marks. The balance marks will be
awarded via a lab practical. This means that 1 mark awarded is 1/2 mark.
Thus it is essential to focus on scoring well in both paper 1 and paper 2.
! Science requires memorisation through understanding - you must know key
concepts.
Tutorvista
GuideTuition
Khan Academy
! You must use correct biological terms for body parts and processes,
correct chemistry notations for substances, and correct units for
calculations and measurements - as the marking scheme is based on
keywords and not understanding of theory, this means you must memorise
the terms while being able to understand and explain processes.


Number of Questions
Paper 2
Paper 1
Chapters
Section A
Section B
Section C
11
12
13
11
12
'13
11
12
'13
11
12
'13
CH 1
CH 2
CH 3
CH 4
CH 5
CH 6
CH 7
CH 8
CH 1
CH 2
CH 3
CH 4
CH 5
CH 6
CH 7
CH 8
TOTAL
50
50
50
FORM 4
FORM 5

Paper 1
understanding.
Paper 2
! You must answer ALL questions in Section A and B, and Question 10 and
either Question 11 or 12 in Section C.
question!


suitable
so.
keywords.
what it means.
Paper 2: Must Study Topics
Form 4:
Chapter 2 - Body Coordination
Chapter 5 - Energy & Chemical
Changes
Chapter 6 - Nuclear Energy
Form 5:
Chapter 4 - Carbon Compounds
Chapter 5 - Motion

SPM 2015 Pendidikan Moral Tips
Note that Pendidikan Moral consists only of one paper, made of 2 parts; Section A
and Section B that needs to be answered in 2 hours and 30 minutes.
General Tips
1. Questions for SPM Pendidikan Moral will come from the list of 36 Nilai in
the syllabus together with the Definisi and Kata Kunci. Everything about
these 36 Nilai will help you in scoring for your paper so make sure to
memorize the exact thing as per the syllabus, from the spelling up to the
imbuhan. On top of that, take time to understand about each Nilai. If you
cannot understand the meaning of each Nilai by yourself, ask your teachers
and friends. Listening to different peoples perspective on how they
understand certain things will give you a very broad understanding.
2. Start by doing the questions topic by topic, Nilai by Nilai so that you know
where you need to improve yourself further on. When you think you have
sufficiently understand all the topics, you can proceed with doing SPM model
test papers, past year SPM trial questions and past year actual SPM
questions.
3. Do refer to the marketing scheme of past year SPM trial papers so that you
understand how scores are given for each question. This is important so that
you can formulate your strategy in answering those questions which help you
tremendously in maximizing your chances of getting marks for your answers.
Section A Tips:
1. Part A: Questions on Nilai require you to use only the Nilai in the syllabus
and this is where understanding what each Nilai meant plays a very
important role. By choosing the most suitable and relevant Nilai, you will be
able to answer the questions accordingly. Depending on the question and the
marks allocated for the question, the answers are usually separated into
these 3 elements: Nilai, Penerangan and Contoh.
1 Nilai = 1 Mark : You only need to list the Nilai
1 Nilai = 2 Marks : You will need to list the Nilai and Penerangan
1 Nilai = 3 Marks : You will need to list the Nilai, Penerangan and
Contoh
2. Part A: Ways to answer following elements:
Nilai : You should include the word Nilai in front of the Nilai that you wrote
Penerangan : Include the situation and one Kata Kunci of the Nilai
Contoh : Include an example that can allow the individual to relate to the
Penerangan
3. Part A: The spelling, imbuhan and susunan must be the same for all
Nilai, Kata Kunci and Situasi. The Definisi Nilai must also be the exact
definition as per the syllabus. Once again, any grammatical and spelling
errors may result in deduction of your marks (which is very easy in
Pendidikan Moral), hence you want to be as careful as you can be.
4. Part A: Opinionated questions, require you to give your own ideas. That is
how by listening to different peoples perspective on how they understand
certain things will give you a very broad understanding; which will allow you
to provide a very relevant explanation. This is where sometimes even if your
Nilai might not be particularly accurate on first glance, your explanation
may give them a newer perspective and understanding. Being specific is the
key here; instead of giving a general idea.
5. Part A: Questions regarding Akta, Tokoh and Pertubuhan (and any other
similar nature questions), will require your general knowledge and relevant

facts from your reference material such as textbooks or revision books. Try to
avoid short forms here because you might be penalized on your marks.
Section B Tips
1. Part B: Questions in Part B usually requires you to give your ideas and/or
opinions. The purpose of this part is to test a students ability to use moral
knowledge critically to analyse, evaluate, make decisions and solve moral
issue.
2. Part B: Similar to opinionated questions in Part A, opinionated questions in
Part B require you to give your own ideas. That is how by listening to
different peoples perspective on how they understand certain things will give
you a very broad understanding; which will allow you to provide a very
relevant explanation. This is where sometimes even if your Nilai might not
be particularly accurate on first glance, your explanation may give them a
newer perspective and understanding. Being specific is the key here; instead
of giving a general idea.
3. Part B: Similar to Part A, depending on the question and the marks allocated
for the question, the answers are usually separated into these 3 elements:
Fakta, Huraian and Huraian Lanjut.
5 answers : You will need to give 5 Fakta and 5 Huraian
3 answers : You will need to give 3 Fakta, 3 Huraian and 3 Huraian
Lanjut
4. Part B: Similar to Part A, questions on Nilai require you to use only the
Nilai in the syllabus and this is where understanding what each Nilai
meant plays a very important role. By choosing the most suitable and
relevant Nilai, you will be able to answer the questions accordingly.
Depending on the question and the marks allocated for the question, the
answers are usually separated into these 3 elements: Nilai, Penerangan
and Contoh.
5. IMPORTANT REMINDER: The spelling, imbuhan and susunan must be
the same for all Nilai, Kata Kunci and Situasi. The Definisi Nilai must
also be the exact definition as per the syllabus. Once again, any grammatical
and spelling errors may result in deduction of your marks (which is very easy
in Pendidikan Moral), hence you want to be as careful as you can be.

SENARAI NILAI MORAL

BIDANG 1 - PERKEMBANGAN DIRI
1.1 KEPERCAYAAN KEPADA
TUHAN
Keyakinan wujudnya Tuhan sebagai
pencipta alam dan mematuhi segala
suruhan Nya berlandaskan
pegangan agama masing-masing
selaras dengan prinsip Rukun
Negara
1.2 AMANAH
Sikap bertanggungjawab yang
boleh menimbulkan kepercayaan
dan keyakinan orang lain
1.3 HARGA DIRI
Keupayaan dan keyakinan diri agar
mampu memulia dan menjaga
maruah diri dalam kehidupan
1.4 BERTANGGUNGJAWAB
Kesanggupan diri seseorang untuk
memikul dan melaksanakan tugas
serta kewajipan dengan sempurna
1.5 HEMAH TINGGI
Beradap sopan dan berbudi pekerti
mulia dalam pergaulan seharian
1.6 TOLERANSI
Kesanggupan bertolak ansur, sabar
dan mengawal diri bagi
mengelakkan berlakunya
pertelingkahan dan perselisihan
faham demi kesejahteraan hidup
1.7 BERDIKARI
Kebolehan dan kesanggupan
melakukan sesuatu tanpa
bergantung kepada orang lain
1.8 KERAJINAN
Usaha yang berterusan penuh
dengan semangat ketekunan,
kecekalan, kegigihan, dedikasi dan
berdaya maju dalam melakukan
sesuatu perkara
1.9 KASIH SAYANG
Kepekaan dan perasaan cinta yang
mendalam serta berkekalan yang
lahir daripada hati yang ikhlas
1.10 KEADILAN
Tindakan dan keputusan yang
saksama serta tidak berat sebelah
1.11 RASIONAL
Boleh berfikir berdasarkan alasan
dan bukti yang nyata dan dapat
mengambil tindakan berasaskan
pertimbangan yang wajar
1.12 KESEDERHANAAN
Bersikap tidak keterlaluan dalam
membuat pertimbangan dan
tindakan sama ada dalam
pemikiran, pertuturan atau
perlakuan tanpa mengabaikan
kepentingan diri dan orang lain

BIDANG 2 - KEKELUARGAAN
2.1 KASIH SAYANG TERHADAP
KELUARGA
Perasaan cinta, kasih dan sayang
yang mendalam dan berkekalan
terhadap keluarga
2.2 HORMAT DAN TAAT KEPADA
ANGGOTA KELUARGA
Memuliakan setiap anggota
keluarga dengan berinteraksi dan
memberi layanan secara bersopan
untuk mewujudkan keluarga yang
harmoni
2.3 MENGEKALKAN TRADISI

KEKELUARGAAN
Menerima, menghormati dan
mengamalkan sesuatu kebiasaan,
adat dan kepercayaan yang diwarisi
secara turun temurun dalam
keluarga
2 . 4 TA N G G U N G J AWA B
TERHADAP KELUARGA
Kewajipan yang harus dilaksanakan
oleh setiap individu terhadap
keluarga untuk melahirkan keluarga
bahagia, meningkatkan imej dan
menjaga meruah keluarga
BIDANG 3 - ALAM SEKITAR

3 . 1 M E N YAYA N G I D A N
MENGHARGAI ALAM SEKITAR
Kesedaran tentang perlunya
memelihara dan memulihara alam
sekeliling untuk mengekalkan
keseimbangan ekosistem
3.2 KEHARMONIAN ANTARA
MANUSIA DENGAN ALAM
SEKITAR
Keadaan saling memerlukan
hubungan harmonis antara manusia
dengan alam sekeliling supaya
kualiti kehidupan manusia dan alam

sekeliling terpelihara
3.3 KEMAPANAN ALAM SEKITAR
Pengekalan keseimbangan alam
sekeliling sebagai tanggungjawab
bersama untuk kesejahteraan hidup
3.4 PEKA TERHADAP ISU-ISU
ALAM SEKITAR
Prihatin terhadap persoalan yang
berkaitan dengan alam sekeliling
dan berusaha menyelesaikannya

BIDANG 4 - PATRIOTISME
4.1 CINTA AKAN NEGARA
Perasaan sayang dan bangga
kepada negara serta meletakkan
kepentingan negara melebihi
kepentingan diri
4.2 TAAT SETIA PADA RAJA DAN
NEGARA
Kepatuhan dan kesetiaan yang

berkekalan kepada Raja dan
Negara
4.3 SANGGUP BERKORBAN
UNTUK NEGARA
Kerelaan melakukan atau
menyerahkan sesuatu termasuk
nyawa sebagai tanda kebaktian
untuk negara
BIDANG 5 - HAK ASASI

5.1 MELINDUNGI HAK KANAKKANAK
Membela, memberi naungan dan
memelihara hak kanak-kanak bagi
menjamin kehidupan mereka yang
sempurna
5.2 MENGHORMATI HAK WANITA
Melindungi dan mengiktiraf wanita
sebagai individu yang boleh
memberi sumbangan dalam
pembangunan keluarga,
masyarakat dan Negara
5.3 MELINDUNGI HAK PEKERJA
Menghormati, menghargai dan
mengiktiraf perkhidmatan, jasa dan
sumbangan golongan pekerja
dalam pembangunan Negara
5 . 4 M E N G H O R M AT I H A K
GOLONGAN
KURANG
BERUPAYA
Memberi layanan yang bersopan
kepada golonga kurang berupaya
supaya tidak berasa tersisih dan
mengiktiraf mereka sebagai insan
ciptaan Tuhan
5.5 MELINDUNGI HAK
PENGGUNA
Membela dan memelihara hak
individu untuk menjadi pengguna
yang berilmu, mendapat
perkhidmatan serta barangan yang
berkualiti dan tidak mudah
dieksploitasi

BIDANG 6 - DEMOKRASI
6.1 MEMATUHI PERATURAN DAN
UNDANG-UNDANG
Menerima dan mematuhi peraturan
dan undang-undang yang telah
ditentukan tanpa mengira sesiapa
dan di mana seseorang itu berada
6.2 KEBEBASAN BERSUARA
Kebebasan berucap dan
mengeluarkan fikiran dengan
batasan tertentu bagi menjaga
keselamatan dan ketenteraman
6.3 KEBEBASAN BERAGAMA
Kebebasan setiap individu untuk
menganuti dan mengamalkan
agamanya seperti yang
diperuntukkan dalam Perlembagaan

Malaysia
6.4 PENGLIBATAN DIRI DALAM
PEMBANGUNAN NEGARA
Kebebasan untuk melibatkan diri
dalam pelbagai aktiviti
pembangunan negara dengan
memetuhi peraturan, undangundang dan Perlembagaan
Malaysia
6.5 SIKAP KETERBUKAAN
Bersedia memberi dan menerima
pendangan, pembaharuan dan
kritikan selaras dengan kebenaran
fakta dan norma masyarakat
Malaysia
BIDANG 7 - KEAMANAN DAN KEHARMONIAN
7.1 HIDUP BERSAMA SECARA

7.3 SALING MENGHORMATI
AMAN
ANTARA NEGARA
Hidup berbaik-baik antara satu
Menghargai dan memuliakan
sama lain dengan mengutamakan
hubungan antara negara untuk
kedamaian dan keharmonian hidup
menjamin kesejahteraan sejagat
tanpa mengira agama, bangsa dan
budaya
7.2 SALING MEMBANTU DAN
BEKERJASAMA
Usaha yang baik dan membina
yang dilakukan bersama pada
peringkat individu, komuniti atau
negara untuk mencapai sesuatu
matlamat

SPM 2015 Sejarah Tips
SPM Sejarah Format Elaboration

Paper 1: Consists of 40 multiple choice questions that needs to be answered in 1
hour. This paper contributes up to 30% of your overall SPM Sejarah mark.
Paper 2: Consists of 2 parts; Section A and Section B that needs to be answered in
2 hours and 30 minutes. Section A consists of 4 questions which you have to
answer all the questions. Each question consists of 10 marks. Section B consists of
7 questions which you will only need to choose 3 questions to answer. Each
question consists of 20 marks. This paper will contribute up to 50% of your overall
SPM Sejarah mark.
Paper 3: Consist of an open-book test format which you will be allowed to bring
your Form 4 and Form 5 textbooks and revision books into the hall. You will be
given 3 hours to finish this paper. This paper will contribute up to 20% of your
overall SPM Sejarah mark.
General Tips
1. Questions for SPM Sejarah will consist of information from your Form 4 and
Form 5 textbooks. The official textbooks is not the most effective way as they
contain too much text which will take longer time to understand the topic at
hand. A reference book will come in helpful as they have helped you to break
down vital information into a simple and concise format.
2. As history requires a lot of understanding of the facts, you should always
understand the facts that are being presented whenever you study a topic for
the first time. Studying in a timeline format, story or even making it like a
game or competition will help make what can be a dry and boring subject;
interesting to study. You should always understand what you have read so
that you will not need to memorize the whole book.
3. By understanding what you have read, you will be able to get an idea of what
happened or formed the relation between one fact to the other. This will help
you explain things in your own words with the correct facts without needing
to remember everything in the book. (Pay extra attention to identify and
understand important names / words)
4. Pay extra attention to identify and understand important names and events.
They are usually related to one another whereby an event is caused by a
previous event which leads leads to another event. Understanding the
relationship between the names and events, will help you remember them
better. If there are too many facts for a particular subtopic; grouping them
together and remembering the groups (and giving meaning to the group) will
help you remember and/or recall them better.
5. Constant and consistent revision of every topic will help you to understand
and remember what you have read better. As the saying goes, practice
makes perfect. Revise as many times as you need until you can confidently
answer the practice questions given to you. Always go through the facts and
explanations because you never know what you might have forgotten; and
sometimes it even help you to understand better, hence remember better.
6. Remember that besides reading, you will also need to do exercises and
practice questions. Without them, it will be like watching and understanding
how a footballer kicks a ball without ever kicking a ball once, and thinking
that you can now kick like one. Start by doing the questions topic by topic so
that you know where you need to improve yourself further on. When you
think you have sufficiently understand all the topics, you can proceed with

doing SPM model test papers, past year SPM trial questions and past year
actual SPM questions.
7. Do refer to the marketing scheme of past year SPM trial papers so that you
understand how scores are given for each question. This is important so that
you can formulate your strategy in answering those questions which help you
tremendously in maximizing your chances of getting marks for your answers.
8. Revision before the SPM Sejarah exam requires you to employ a different
strategy. Start with going through the subtopics that you feel you are the
weakest at before going to the subtopics that are are good at.
9. Every single year, there will be so called predictions on the questions that will
be asked in the SPM Sejarah Paper 2. The predictions are just that;
predictions. Never ever rely on predictions but instead, religiously read,
understand and do exercises.
10. Finally, 1 month before the SPM Sejarah exam, a general topic will be
release for Paper 3. Look for materials from various sources such as the
books, newspapers, magazines and the internet. Most importantly of all,
discuss with your teacher and friends about the topic because more brains
will cut short your time needed to gather resources and help you understand
and prepare for the topic at hand faster.
Paper 1 Tips
1. There are 4 questions for you to choose from. Read the questions properly
because they might try to confuse you with questions such as the following
are the right answer except or which of this is not the right answer.
2. Whether you are certain or not certain of the answer for the question, go
through the choices provided and cross out the wrong answers. This will help
you to have a safety net in place in case you read the question wrongly or
better yet, if you are not sure of the answer, by crossing out the wrong
answers, you will get closer to the right answer.

Paper 2 Tips
1. Part A: Answering in complete sentences are not required; they are not
testing your grammar but you will still need to make sure that the spelling is
correct and the answers are structured properly.
2. Part A: Write as many answers as you think might be the possible answer
because no marks are given for wrong answer; but marks are given for the
right answer. And every mark can make a difference for your grade.
3. Part B: Unlike in Part A, you will need to answer in complete sentences;
essay form. If you do not do so, you will have half of your marks deducted
even though you answered the question correctly. This part is to help an
individual to understand the answer that you have written.
4. Part B: Once again, write as many answers as you think might be the
possible answer as no marks are given for the wrong answer; but marks are
given for the right answer. Remember that your answers need to be in
complete sentences. If the question asked you to list down the facts, you will
only need to list down the facts without elaboration. However, if the question
requires you to explain or elaborate, you should provide both your facts and
explanations. A lot of people either wasted their time here or not getting full
marks because they did not understand the question properly.
5. Part A and B: Specific answer is the key here; instead of a general idea.
Minor spelling errors will be forgiven but major spelling answer will have your
marks deducted. Most importantly, avoid short forms which you might
encounter in reference books.
Paper 3 Tips
1. Bring in any material that is relevant to you for this paper from textbooks,
reference books and any other relevant materials.
2. For this part, usually the scoring for the answer is separated into a 50:50
format. 50% will be for the facts that you provided while the other 50% is for
your opinion. This is where the discussion with your teachers and friends will
help a lot. Your opinions have to be logical and relevant; and this goes back
to how your express your opinion and the reasoning behind it.

3. Similar to SPM Sejarah Paper 2 Part B, you will need to answer in

continuous writing form and in complete sentences. Minor spelling errors will
be forgiven but major spelling answer will have your marks deducted. Most
importantly, avoid short forms which you might encounter in reference books.
4. The challenge that most people face for this paper is the difficulty in
organizing too much information to be presented in a short and concise
format, in the allocated time. Never focus on putting as many possible
answers on the paper as possible but focus on getting as many highly
probable answer in the format required by the question as possible. Another
suggestion would be to limit the reference material that you bring into the
examination hall; this way you will be forced to rely on the reference material
which will allow focus instead of trying to get reference from all sources.
PRO TIP ADVICE:

Make sure to be well versed in the history of
Tamadun Islam and Malayan Union, as it is a
popular topic!

SPM 2015 Prinsip Perakaunan Tips
Panduan Menjawab Kertas Soalan Prinsip Perakaunan

Dokumen Perniagaan
1. Soalan ini seolah-olah menjadi soalan utama dan wajib dikuasi oleh setiap
calon kerana ia menghasilkan jumlah markah yang terbanyak iaitu 29
markah. Biasanya soalan ini memberikan dokumen-dokumen perniagaan
antara 13 hinggs 15 jumlahnya. Antaranya ialah Invois (Jualan dan Belian),
resit rasmi, penyata akaun, keratan cek, slip bank, bil tunai, baucer, nota
kredit, nota debit, memo, dan lain-lain.
2. Calon dikehendaki merekod semua urusniaga berdasarkan dokumendokumen tersebut ke dalam buku-buku catatan pertama (jurnal) dan
seterusnya membuat posting ke akaun-akaun lejar yang berkenaan.
Akhirnya calon dikehendaki menyediakan Imbangan Duga berdasatkan bakibaki akhir dalam akaun-akaun lejar.
3. Jika calon-calon benar-benar meneliti semua kertas soalan yang lepas,
adalah didapati bahawa semua dokumen yang diberi disusun mengikut
tarikh menaik. Oleh itu sebagai panduan umum, bagi memudahkan calon
menjawab, calon-calon hendaklah menyelesaikan soalan ini satu demi satu
berdasarkan dokumen yang diberi mengikut susunan seperti dalam soalan.
Dengan cara ini dapat mengelakkan calon daripada tertinggal mencatatkan
mana-mana urusniaga.
4. Buku-buku catatan pertama yang dimaksudkan ialah:
a. Jurnal AmJurnal
b. Belian Jurnal
c. Jualan Jurnal
d. Pulangan Belian
e. Jurnal Pulangan Jualan
f. Buku Tunai (dua atau tiga ruangan)
g. Buku Tunai Runcit

5.
Oleh hal yang demikian calon hendaklah mengetahui di dalam buku

catatan pertama manakah setiap urusniaga yang diberikan itu perlu
direkodkan. Merekod urusniaga ke dalam jurnal-jurnal yang salah akan
mengakibatkan calon kehilangan markah. Juga kesilapan merekod sesuatu
urusniaga ke dalam jernal lebih daripada satu kali akan mengakibatkan calon
tidak mendapat markah (kecuali modal permulaan perniagaan dan catatan
pembukaan) boleh direkod dua kali (dalam jurnal am dan buku tunai). Calon
dianggap meneka jika mereka merekod sesuatu urusniaga dua kali atau
lebih, yang mengakibatkan kedua-dua catatan yang dibuat itu dianggap
salah dan tidak diberi sebarang markah.
Panduan-panduan berikut perlu diberi perhatian olah calon apabila merekod

urusniaga ke dalam jurnal-jurnal:
Jurnal Am
! Tajuk Jurnal Am mesti ditulis. Jika tajuk tidak ditulis berkemungkinan segala
kandungan Jurnal Am tidak mendapat markah yang sewajarnya
! Mesti tulis ruangan tarikh, butir, debit dan kredit. Jangan tulis butiran dalam
bentuk esei. Apa yang perlu ditulis ialah nama-nama akaun
! Tarikh hendaklah ditulis bagi setiap urusniaga yang direkodkan. Jika terdapat
beberapa urusniaga yang berlainan berlaku pada tarikh yang sama memadai
ditulis sekali sahaja pada urusniaga yang pertama
! Peraturan merekod Jurnal Am ialah mesti dahului catatan Debit dan diikuti
catatan Kredit. Jangan sekali-kali dahului catatan kredit dan diikuti dengan
catatan debit. Biasanya catatan debit sahaja/kredit sahaja tidak diterima.

! Setiap catatan dalam jurnal am mesti diikuti oleh satu keterangan yang mesti
ditulis di dalam kurungan bagi menjelaskan urusniaga yang berlaku
! Hanya satu Jurnal Am biasanya dikehendaki. Oleh itu jangan buat Jurnal Am
lebih daripada satu atau secara berasingan bagi setiap urusniaga.
Buku Tunai
! Tajuk Buku Tunai hendaklah ditulis. Jika tajuk tidak ditulis berkemungkinan
segala kandungan buku tunai tidak diterima
! Tarikh dan butir mesti betul untuk mendapat markah pada sesuatu angka
yang direkodkan.
! Jangan tulis butiran dalam entuk esei. Apa yang perlu ditulis ialah namanama akaun
! Tajuk bagi ruangan Diskaun, Tunai dan Bank hendaklah ditulis dengan jelas
di kedud-dua bahagian debit dan kredit Buku Tunai. Biasanya Buku Tunai
yang dibuat satu ruangan sahaja, tidak diterima
! Sebaik-baiknya semua catatan dalam Buku Tunai hendaklah direkodkan
mengikut urutan tarikh urusniaga berlaku
! Baki akhir (baki h/b) ruangan tunai dan bank hendaklah ditunjukkan
Jurnal Belian
! Jangan sekali-kali buat jurnal belian dalam bentuk jurnal am
! Tajuk Jurnal Belian mesti ditulis dengan jelas
! Tarikh, butir dan angka mesti betul untuk memperolehi markah
! Biasanya ruang no invois, detil invois tidak perlu direkodkan untuk
menjimatkan masa. Apa yang penting calon hendaklah turus sahaja merekod
di ruangan jumlah dengan angka bersih (angka bersih diperolehi di akhir
sesuatu invois).
! Catatan dalam jurnal mestilah dibuat mengikut urutan tarikh urusniaga
berlaku
! Di akhir bulan/di hujung sesuatu tempoh perakaunan, sesuatu jurnal itu
hendaklah ditutup dan dihitung jumlahnya. Tarikh penutupan jurnal
hendaklah ditulis. Berhati-hati menulis butiran bagi menutup sesuatu jurnal.
Tidak menulis tarikh dan butiran yang betul mengakibatkan calon kehilangan
markah
! Butiran yang boleh diterima pakai ialah: Akaun Belian (Dt) atau Jumlah
Belian Kredit. Butiran-butiran lain tidak diterima
Jurnal Jualan/Jurnal Pulangan Belian/Jurnal Pulangan Jualan
! Panduan yang sama seperti di atas dipakai
Akaun-akaun Lejar

! Tajuk setiap akaun mestilah ditulis dengan betul dan jelas

! Untuk mendapat markah setiap catatan mesti ditulis butir dan angka yang
betul
! Calon biasanya kehilangan markah kerana mereka membuat akaun yang
sama dua kali atau lebih. Dengan kata lain akaun yang sama tidak boleh
diulang dua kali atau lebih
! Tarikh bagi setiap catatan perlu direkod dengan betul. Walau bagaimanapun
tarikh tidak bagitu penting dan boleh di abaikan
! Bila membuat posting dari Jurnal-jurnal Khas ke akaun-akaun berkenaan,
butiran dalam akaun tidak boleh ditulis nama secara individu menggantikan
"pelbagai penghutan/pelbagai pemiutang"
Imbangan Duga
! Tajuk dan tarikh Ibangan Duga hendaklah ditulis dengan betul dan lengkap.
Jika tajuk tidak ditulis dengan betul dan lengkap anda akan kehilangan
markah. Tajuk yang betul hendaklah ditulis sebagai contoh berikut:
Imbangan Duga Pada 31 Disember 20xx
! Butiran dan angka mestilah betul untuk mendapatkan markah. Debit dan
kredit butiran berkenaan juga mesti betul
! Angka-angka dalam Imbangan Duga mesti sama dengan angka baki-baki
dalam akaun lejar berkenaan dan baki tunai dan bank dalam Buku Tunai
sahaja
! Angka jumlah keseimbangan Debit dan Kredit tidak penting (biasanya tidak
diberi markah). Oleh itu jika calon mendapati jumlahnya tidak seimbang
jangan membuang masa menjadikannya seimbang
Teknik Menjawab Penyelarasan Soalan (Adjustment Accounts)

Pelarasan Akaun
Pelarasan dilakukan ke atas butiran akaun kerana mematuhi:
i.
ii.
Tempoh Perakaunan
Konvensyen Perakaunan
Di antara butiran akaun yang perlu dilaraskan:

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Belanja
Hasil
Hutang Lapuk
Peruntukan Hutang Ragu
Susut nilai

vi.
Butiran akaun yang belum direkod
Persembahan perakaunan:
Ditunjukkan dalam akaun penamat dalam bentuk:
i.
T akaun
ii.
Penyata
iii.
Lembaran Kerja
Dalam penyediaan pelajar MESTI menjaga:
i. Komponan
ii. Struktur akaun
! Format:
! Soalan diberi dalam bentuk
Baki-baki akaun
Imbangan Duga
Dari bab lain seperti:
Perkongsian
Pengeluaran
Pelarasan Dalam Bentuk Penyata

Jawapan anda perlu ada dalam format Kertas Jawapan Guna kertas Jurnal/
Kajang
Langkah 1: Tulis Tajuk
Langkah 2: Catat komponan akaun:
Penyata Pendapatan:
a)
Jualan
b)
Tolak Kos Jualan
c)
(+) Lain Lain Hasil
d)
(-) Belanja
Langkah 3: Kunci Kira-Kira:
a)
b)
c)
Aset Tetap
Aset Semasa
(-) Liabiliti Semasa

d)
e)
Dibiayai oleh:
Liabiliti Jangka Panjang
Langkah 4: Selesai Maklumat Tambahan melalui Pendekatan CB / ID

Langkah 5: Ambil butiran akaun dalan ID terselaras dan catat dalam
komponan / format disediakan
*Nota: Pengiraan tidak perlu ditunjukkan dalam kertas jawapan anda.
Kecuaian yang pelajar selalu buat dalam peperiksaan

Beberapa kelemahan atau kesalahan umum calon di dalam peperiksaan kertas
Prinsip Akaun yang telah dikenal pasti. Antaranya ialah:
1. Menjawab soalan dengan terlalu gopoh.
2. Tidak memahami kehendak/tugasan soalan terutamanya bagi pelarasan.
3. Cuai dalam membuat pengiraan.
4. Tidak dapat menguasai format akaun yang betul.
5. Tidak mempunyai kaedah penyelesaian yang sistematik dan teratur.
6. Lemah dalam kemahiran mengira dengan cepat.
7. Tidak menjawab mengikut kehendak soalan.
8. Kurang membuat latihan/latih tubi yang mencukupi.
9. Membuang masa atau tidak pandai merancang dan mengagihkan masa
mengikut kehendak soalan dan peruntukan markah.
10. Tidak berkebolehan menggunakan maklumat dan butir-butir yang disediakan
di dalam soalan dengan teliti.
11. Tulisan tidak kemas dan sukar dibaca. Angka-angka tidak ditulis dengan
jelas.
12. Catatan-catatan dalam jurnal dan lejar tidak dibuat dengan teratur.


2007
Bil
BIL
Topic
K1
2008
K2
2009
K1
2010
K2
2011
K1
2012
K2
2013
K1
Pengenalan Kepada
Perakaunan
Klasifikasi Akaun: Aset,

Liability, Ekuiti Pemilik, Hasil,
Belanja & Akaun Kontra
Dokumen Perniagaan
Sebagai Sumber Maklumat
Journal Sebagai Buku

Catatan Pertama
1a
1a
Lejar
1c
1c
Imbangan Duga
1c
1c
Penyata Kewangan - Milikan

Tunggal
Perakaunan untuk Tunai
Perakaunan untuk
Penggajian
1a
1c
1b
10
Perkongsian
11
Syarikat Berhad
12
Kelab & Persatuan
13
Rekod Tak Lengkap
14
Perakaunan Untuk
Pengurusan
15
Maklumat Untuk Membuat

Keputusan
Looking
for a Soalan
university and course to study?
Jumlah
40
6
40
40
40
SPM 2015 Perdagangan Tips
SPM PERDAGANGAN
Paper 1
1 hr 15 min
Answer ALL 40 questions
40%
Paper 2
2 hrs
Section A: Answer THREE questions

60%
Section B: Answer ALL questions

TOTAL
100%
Questions Analysis (2007 - 2013)

Topic
(D - Definitely Tested; C - Commonly Tested)
P1
P2
Asas Kepada Perdagangan
Unsur Perdagangan
Perniagaan Dalam Negeri
Perniagaan Antarabangsa
Industri Kecil dan Sederhana (IKS)
Pemilikan Perniagaan
Pelaburan
Perbankan dan Institusi Kewangan lain
Insurans
Pengangkutan
Komunikasi
Pergudangan
Promosi
Peranan Kerajaan Dalam Perniagaan
Konsumerisme
QUICK NOTES, MUST STUDY CHAPTERS

1) PERBANKAN DAN INSTITUSI KEWANGAN LAIN

! Sistem Perbankan Konvensional
Sistem perbankan British yang diubahsuai mengikut peraturan yang
ditetapkan oleh Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM)
Berlandaskan prinsip komersial iaitu keuntungan dan kecekapan
! Sisterm Perbankan Islam
Berdasarkan prinsip Islam
Tiada mengamalkan riba dan faedah
! Perbezaan Sistem Pembankan
Konvensional
Islam
Mengandungi unsur riba
Mengharamkan unsur riba
Mengikuti peraturan BNM
Mengikuti peraturan BMN dan hukum syarah
Bebas melabur dalam semua sektor
Hanya melabur di sektor halal
Pakar pembankan konvensional sebagai penasihat
Ulama, ahli akademik, pakar permbankan Islam sebagai

penasihat
! Jenis Bank
Bank Pusat
Bank Perdagangan dan Bank Islam

Bank Saudagar
Bank Badan Berkanun
Bank Koperasi
! Fungsi Bank Negara Malaysia
Mengeluarkan dan mengawal mata wang Negara
Menjadi jurubank kepada kerajaan
Laksanakan dasar kewangan kerajaan
Menjadi jurubank kepada bank perdagangan
! Fungsi Bank Perdagangan
Terima simpanan (akaun simpanan / tetap/ semasa)
Beri kemudahan pembiayaan (pinjaman / overdraf)
Beri kemudahan pembayaran (pindahan kredit / arahan tetap)
Beri perkhidmatan lain (kad kredit / peti simpanan selamat)
! Fungsi Bank Saudagar
Terima simpanan dari syarikat besar
Beri pinjaman
Beri khidmat nasihat korporat
Urus pelaburan syarikat berhad
Tangung jamin terbitan syer
! Fungsi Bank Badan Berkanun
Bank Simpanan Nasional
! Terima simpanan
! Beri pinjaman
! Tawar kad kredit
! Sedia perkhidmatan perbankan Islam
Bank Pembangunan dan Infrastruktur Malaysia Berhad
! Biaya aset tetap
! Biaya modal kerja
! Sedia skim kilang bimbingan
! Sedia tabung usahawan baru
! Sedia modal asas untuk Industri Kecil dan Sederhana (IKS)
Bank Pertanian Malaysia

! Beri pinjaman
! Terima simpanan
! Beri kemudahan sewa jentera
! Anjur kursus / latihan kepada usahawan bumiputera
! Fungsi Bank Badan Berkanun
Terima simpanan
Beri pinjaman
Tawar perkhidmatan perbankan Islam
! Ciri-Ciri Bank Islam
Berdasarkan hukum Islam dan peraturan syariah.
Tertakluk kepada Akta Bank Islam 1983.
Riba (bunga atau faedah) tidak dibenarkan
Mudharabah dan musyarakah (amalkan konsep perkongsian untung rugi)
Maisir iaitu perjudian tidak dibenarkan
3 konsep (Wadiah, Mudharabah, Musyarakah)
! Cek
Dokumen perintah bertulis oleh penyimpan akaun semasa kepada pihak
bank. Cek ini bertujuan mengarahkan bank untuk membuat sejumlah
bayaran pada tarikh tertentu kepada menerima pembawa cek apabila
dituntut.
! Pihak-pihak dalam sekeping Cek
Pesuruh bayar - bank yang mengeluarkan cek
Penyuruh bayar - orang / pihak yang menandatangani cek
Penerima - orang / pihak yang menerima bayaran
! Kelebihan dan Kekurangan Cek
Kelebihan
Kekurangan
Selamat
Bukan wang sah
Boleh tangguh pembayaran
Melambatkan proses penerimaan

wang
Boleh batalkan pembayaran
Penerima cek berisiko menerima cek

tak sah
Murah
Kos dikenakan di atas penggunaan

cek

Tidak perlu mengira duit

Boleh dihantar melalui pos
2) INSURANS
! Istilah
Insurer - Syarikat insurans yang memberi perlindungan
Insured - Orang yang membeli polisi insurans
Premium - Bayaran yang dijelaskan oleh insured untuk mendapatkan
perlindungan
Polisi - Perjanjian antara insurer dan insured
Pampasan - gantirugi yang dibayar jika berlaku risiko
! Peranan Insurans
Kepada Peniaga
Melindungi daripada risiko
Kepada Individu
Melindungi individu dan
keluarga dari risiko
Kepada Negara
Membangunkan ekonomi
negara
Dapat pampasan jika risiko Jaminan masa depan

berlaku
Memberi peluang
pekerjaan
Lebih yakin untuk

memajukan perniagaan
Taraf hidup rakyat

meningkat
Dapat pampasan jika

berlaku risiko
Satu cara menabung
! Risiko Boleh Insurans

Risiko boleh dikira secara statistik. Ada rekod kejadian lalu
Kadar premium boleh ditetapkan
Cth: Kebakaran,kecurian
! Risiko Tidak Boleh Diinsuranskan
Tidak doleh dikira. Tiada rekod kejadian
Kadar premium sukar ditetapkan

! Prinsip Insurans
Penuh Percaya Mutlak
Indemniti
Sumbangan
Subrograsi
Doktrin punya hampiran
! Jenis Insurans
Insurans Am
Insurans Kemalangan
! Insurans Kenderaan Bermotor
Insurans motor pihak ketiga
Insurans Motor Komprehensif
! Insurans Kemalangan Peribadi
! Insurans Liabiliti Am
! Insurans Liabiliti Majikan
! Insurans Kebakaran
Insurans Kebakaran
Insurans Marin/Penerbangan/Perkapalan
Insurans lain
Insurans Hayat
Insurans Hayat Seumur Hidup
Insurans Hayat Sementara
Insurans Endowmen
Insurans Islam
Konsep Takaful
! Diuruskan berdasarkan hukum syariah
! Guna 3 prinsip insurans biasa, ditambah:
Mudharabah - Perkongsian untung
Tabaruk - Derma dengan ikhlas/wujud dana bersama
! Dijalankan dengan asas:
Tiada Gharar - ketidakpastian
Tidak Maisir - perjudian
Tiada Riba - faedah
! Produk Skim Takaful
Takaful keluarga

Takaful Am
3) PENGANGKUTAN
! Definisi: Proses pemindahan barang dari satu tempat ke tempat yang lain dengan
menggunakan kenderaan
! Jenis Pengangkutan
Pengangkutan Darat
Jalan raya
Rel
Pengangkutan Laut
Kapal Kargo
Kapal Kerentan
Feri
Kapal Pesisir Pantai
Pengangkutan Udara
Kapal terbang
Helikopter
Saluran Paip
! Kelebihan Pengangkutan Jalan Raya
Boleh serah barang dari pintu ke pintu

Menjimatkan masa
Mengurangkan kerja pemunggahan
Risiko barang rosak lebih kurang
Murah dan cepat untuk jarak dekat
Sesuai bawa barang diperlukan segera
Tiada jadual perjalanan
Kemudahan kenderaan mudah didapati dan banyak
Mudah hubungi kawasan pendalaman
! Kekurangan Pengangkutan Jalan Raya

Mahal dan lambat bagi jarak jauh
Ruang muatan terhad
Tidak sesuai mengangkut barang mudah pecah (contoh: kaca, seramik)
Kos penyelenggaraan tinggi
Pembaziran tenaga buruh
! Kelebihan Pengangkutan Rel
Murah dan cepat bagi jarak jauh
Ruang muatan lebih luas
Sesuai untuk bawa barang pukal / berat / kuatiti banyak / bernilai rendah
seperti kayu balak , simen, pasir
Lebih selamat / kurang kemalangan dan selesa
Masa bertolak dan tiba diketahui mudahkan peniaga hantar / tunggu
barang
! Kekurangan Pengangkutan Rel
Mahal dan lambat bagi jarak dekat
Tiada perkhidmatan pintu ke pintu
Banyak kerja pemunggahan
Risiko barang rosak / hilang tinggi
Tidak fleksibel kerana arah dan masa perjalanan ditetapkan
Rangkaian perkhidmatan keretapi terhad tidak semua bandar
dihubungkan dengan perkhidmatan kereta api
! Badan Berkaitan Dengan Pengangkutan Darat
Jabatan Pengangkutan Jalan (JPJ)
Lembaga Pelesenan Kenderaan Perdagangan (LPKP)

Pusat Pemeriksaan Kenderaan Berkomputer (PUSPAKOM)

Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad (KTMB)
! Kelebihan Pengangkutan Laut
Boleh bawa muatan banyak
Tambang lebih murah
Sesuai untuk bawa barang pukal seperti kayu balak dan bijih timah
Lebih selamat sebab kadar kemalangan rendah
Tiada kesesakan lalu lintas
Kos penyelenggaraan sedikit
Banyak pilihan kapal seperti kapal kontena, kapal kargo
Ada kemudahan kontenarisasi - cepatkan urusan kastam
! Kekurangan Pengangkutan Laut
Tiada serahan pintu ke pintu dan memerlukan pengangkutan lain seperti
lori untuk bawa barang dari atau ke pelabuhan
Kerja pemunggahan yang banyak meningkatkan risiko kecurian dan
kerosakan
Perjalanan lambat sampai
Perkhidmatan terhad di kawasan yang ada kemudahan pelabuhan / jeti
sahaja
! Badan Berkaitan Dengan Pengangkutan Laut
Perbadanan Perkapalan Antarabangsa Malaysia (MISC)
Jabatan Laut
Lembaga Pelabuhan
! Kelebihan Pengangkutan Udara
Sesuai bawa barang mahal dan ringan kerana kadar tambang tidak
dipengaruhi oleh nilai barang
Sesuai bawa barang yang diperlukan segera yang memerlukan
pengangkutan yang cepat / pantas
Sesuai bawa barang yang tidak tahan lama untuk menjamin agar barang
segar dan baik
Sesuai hubungi kawasan pendalaman gunakan helikopter
Barang lebih selamat sebab kawalan keselamatan ketat risiko kecurian
kurang oleh itu kos insurans lebih rendah
Kos pergudangan rendah sebab barang segera dihantar

Ada kemudahan kontenarisasi - mencepatkan urusan kastam

! Kekurangan Pengangkutan Udara
Tambang mahal
Saiz dan berat kargo dihadkan
Tiada serahan pintu ke pintu perlukan pengangkutan lain
Kerja pemunggahan yang banyak tingkatkan risiko kecurian dan kerosakan
Perkhidmatan terhad di kawasan yang ada kemudahan lapangan terbang
sahaja
Penerbangan mudah tergendala jika cuaca buruk
! Badan Berkaitan Dengan Pengangkutan Udara
Penerbangan Malaysia (MAS)
Jabatan Penerbangan Awam (DCA)
! Kelebihan Pengangkutan Saluran Paip
Barang selamat daripada risiko kecurian
Barang segera sampai
Jimat kos pengangkutan kerana tidak guna bahan api
Kos penyelenggaraan rendah sebab kurang berlaku kerosakan
! Kekurangan Pengangkutan Saluran Paip
Kos pemasangan saluran paip tinggi
Penggunaannya terhad kepada barang cecair dan gas seperti petrolium,
gas dan air
Kebocoran mengganggu penggunaan dan sukar dibaiki
! Badan Berkaitan Dengan Pengangkutan Saluran Paip
Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS)
! Faktor Pemilihan Jenis Pengangkutan
Kos pengangkutan
Jenis barang yang dibawa
Jarak perjalanan
Kesegeraan
Risiko kerosakan
Nilai barang yang dibawa

4) KOMUNIKASI
! Fungsi Komunikasi
Memudah dan mempercepatkan proses penyebaran maklumat.
Memudahkan peniaga menjalankan aktiviti perniagaan.
Memudahkan kegiatan promosi.
Meluaskan pasaran barangan.
Memudahkan pentadbiran dan pengurusan.
Mengelakkan kerugian dan kerosakan.
! Jenis Perkhidmatan Komunikasi
Televisyen dan radio.
Perkhidmatan Pos
Perkhidmatan Mel.
Perkhidmatan kaunter.
Perkhidmatan Lain.
Perkhidmatan Telekomunikasi
Perkhidmatan lisan
Perkhidmatan bercetak
Perkhidmatan Audiovisual
Perkhidmatan Kurier.
EMS
Poslaju Malaysia
! Faktor Pemilihan Jenis Perkhidmatan Komunikasi
Kesegaran
Jenis Maklumat
Kos
Mudah didapati dan berhampiran
Jarak
5) KONSUMERISME
! Maksud Konsumerisme
Satu perjuangan bagi melindungi hak dan kepentingan pengguna

Satu usaha bagi menyedarkan pengguna tentang hak mereka supaya taraf
hidup meningkat
! Matlamat Konsumerisme
Melindungi hak pengguna
Mewujudkan iklim perniagaan yang harmoni
Membina kualiti kehidupan yang lebih baik
! Pengguna
Orang yang menggunakan barang untuk penuhi keperluan dan kehendak
! Amalan perniagaan yang tidak sihat
Letak harga tidak berpatutan
Buat iklan mengelirukan
Tawar barang berkualiti rendah
Jual barang yang tidak selamat
! Hak pengguna
Hak mendapat keperluan asas
Hak mendapat keselamatan
Hak mendapat maklumat
Hak membuat pilihan
Hak mendapat ganti rugi
Hak bersuara
Hak mendapat pendidikan pengguna
Hak mendapat alam sekitar yang sihat
! Lima Tanggungjawab pengguna
Kesedaran mengkritik
Penglibatan dan tindakan
Tanggungjawab sosial
Tanggungjawab alam semulajadi
Bersatu padu
! Enam Tanggungjawab pengeluar
Praktikkan amalan perniagaan yang baik
Amal pengiklanan yang beretika
Sedia terima rungutan

Membantu menyebarkan pendidikan konsumerisme

Memelihara alam sekitar
Menjalankan tanggungjawab sosial
! Lima prinsip asas membeli dengan bijak
Menentukan jenis barang
Menentukan sebab membeli
Menentukan masa membeli
Memilih tempat membeli
Mengetahui teknik membeli
! Peranan kerajaan dalam melindungi pengguna

Tubuh kementerian yang menjaga hal-ehwal pengguna
Beri kesedaran tentang konsumerisme
Wujudkan akta/peraturan
Tubuh kementerian / jabatan untuk kuatkuasa undang-undang
! Agensi lain dan peranannya dalam melindungi pengguna
Majlis Penasihat Pelindung Pengguna Kebangsaan (MPPPK) @ Majlis
Pengguna
Tribunal Tuntutan Pengguna
Persatuan Pengguna
Persatuan Pengeluar
Persatuan Profesional
Persatuan Peniaga
! Etika Amalan Perniagaan
Diperkenalkan tahun 1982
Digubal oleh Majlis Penasihat Pelindung Pengguna Kebangsaan (MPPPK)
Bertujuan mewujudkan perpaduan di kalangan peniaga, pengeluar,
pengguna dan kerajaan
mengandungi Etika Penjual dan Etika Pembeli
Mempunyai 5 prinsip:
Kenalpasti dan akui hak-hak pengguna
Tidak menyampaikan maklumat yang mengelirukan
Patuhi prinsip perniagaan secara adil
Tidak burukkan pesaing

Amal perniagaan yang jujur

! Etika Pembeli (mengandungi dua tanggungjawab pembeli)
Tanggungjawab terhadap penjual
patuhi syarat kontrak
jelaskan hutang mengikut tempoh
tidak boleh paksa penjual sediakan perkhidmatan yang melebihi bayaran
tidak menawarkan harga terlalu rendah sehingga peniaga rugi
tidak kembalikan barang tanpa alasan yang kukuh/ tanpa tunjuk kad
jaminan
amalkan sifat sopan santun
beri pandangan untuk tingkatkan kualiti barang
Tanggungjawab terhadap masyarakat
libatkan diri dalam persatuan pengguna
jaga persekitaran tempat tinggal/ pelihara alam sekitar
elak aktiviti pembakaran secara terbuka/ yang cemarkan alam sekitar
tidak sebarkan khabar angin seperti kenaikan harga barang/ kekurangan
bekalan
! Etika Penjual (Mengandungi enam tanggungjawab penjual)
Tanggungjawab terhadap pekerja
! jaga kebajikan pekerja dengan kemudahan tempat tinggal/pengangkutan
! beri bimbingan /latihan untuk meningkatkan produktiviti
! memberi ganjaran setimpal seperti gaji/bonus
Tanggungjawab terhadap pelanggan
! sediakan barang berkualiti
! sentiasa berusaha tingkatkan kualiti barang
! tepati keperluan dan kehendak pengguna
! jual barang pada harga berpatutan
! bermaklumat yang lengkap
! adakan kempen promosi yang jujur
! sediakan khidmat lepas jualan / khidmat nasihat
! beri layanan sama rata
Tanggungjawab terhadap pemodal

! maklumkan kedudukan pelaburan / perniagaan

! beri kadar pulangan yang memuaskan
! jalankan pengurusan yang cekap
Tanggungjawab terhadap pembekal
! layanan adil kepada semua pembekal
! patuhi segala syarat kontrak
! berusaha jual barang dengan segera
! amalkan sistem payung
! pastikan syarat kontrak jelas
Tanggungjawab terhadap masyarakat
! pelihara alam sekitar
! guna sumber yang manfaatkan masyarakat
! beri sumbangan kepada pembangunan / penyelidikan melalui biasiswa /
subsidi
Tanggungjawab terhadap kerajaan
! bayar cukai
! sedia peluang pekerjaan
! guna sumber bahan mentah tempatan dengan cekap
! adakan rundingan dengan kerajaan mengenai penggubalan / perlaksanaan
dasar

SPM 2015 Ekonomi Asas Tips
SPM EKONOMI ASAS

Paper 1
1 hr 30 min
Answer all 40 questions
40%
Paper 2
2 hrs
Section A: Answer all THREE questions
60%
Section B: Answer ALL questions

TOTAL
100%
Questions Analysis (2007 - 2013):

Topic
(D - Definitely Tested; C - Commonly Tested)
P1
P2
Pengenalan Kepada Ekonomi
Pendapatan dan Penggunaan Pendapatan Individu
Isi Rumah Sebagai Pengguna
Firma Sebagai Pengeluar
Pasaran
Wang dan Institusi Kewangan
Ekonomi Malaysia
a) Struktur Ekonomi Negara
Ekonomi Malaysia
b) Belanjawan Negara
Hubungan Ekonomi Antarabangsa

a. Perdagangan Antarabangsa

b. Imbangan Pembayaran

c. Pertukaran Asing

QUICK NOTES AND TIPS FOR PAPER ONE & TWO

1) PENGENALAN KEPADA EKONOMI
! Ekonomi
Tingkah laku manusia dalam menggunakan sumber ekonomi yang terhad
untuk memenuhi kehendak yang tidak terhak.
! Sumber ekonomi terhad terdiri daripada:
Buruh
Tanah
Modal
Usahawan
! Unit ekonomi terdiri daripada;
Isi rumah
Firma
Kerajaan
! Masalah ekonomi :
Kekurangan
Pilihan
Kos Lepas
! Jenis-jenis barang:
Barang Percuma
Barang Awam
Barang Ekonomi

! Masalah asas ekonomi terdiri daripada:

Apa yang hendak dikeluarkan
Berapa yang hendak dikeluarkan
Bagaimana hendak dikeluarkan
Untuk siapa dikeluarkan
! Empat sistem ekonomi:
Kapitalis
Perancangan Pusat
Ekonomi Campuran
Islam
2) PENDAPATAN INDIVIDU DAN PENGGUNAAN PENDAPATAN INDIVIDU

! Ekonomi
Tingkah laku manusia dalam menggunakan sumber ekonomi yang terhad
untuk memenuhi kehendak yang tidak terhak.
! Tiga sektor ekonomi:
Sektor Utama/ Sektor Primer
Melibatkan pengeluaran secara langsung daripada alam semula jadi
sama ada dari darat atau laut
Contoh: Pertanian, penternakan, perhutanan dan lain-lain
Sektor Kedua
Melibatkan pemprosesan bahan mentah dari sektor utama untuk
menghasilkan barang
Contoh: Arkitek, Kontraktor,Juruteknik Kilang dan lain-lain
Sektor Ketiga
Penyediaan perkhidmatan secara langsung kepada pengguna
Contoh: Doktor, peguam, guru, jururawat
! Faktor Pemilihan Pekerjaan
Upah Wang
Faedah Sampingan
Faktor Lain (minat, jarak, prospek pekerjaan, suasana tempat kerja,
kelayakan akademik, keadaan ekonomi semasa)
! Jenis Pendapatan Individu
Upah/Gaji
Upah Benar = Upah Wang / Harga Purata Barang
Faedah

!
!
Faedah = Pokok x Kadar Faedah x Tempoh

Dividen
Untung
Untung = Hasil - Kos
Sewa
Bayaran Pindahan
Pendapatan Boleh Guna = Jumlah pendapatan - Potongan wajib
Potongan Wajib terdiri daripada:
Kumpulan Wang Simpanan Pekerja (KWSP)
Pertubuhan Keselamatan Sosial (PERKESO)
Zakat
Cukai Pendapatan
Perbelanjaan penggunaan terdiri daripada:
Keperluan
Keperluan asas
Keperluan lain
Kehendak
Tabungan
Tabungan = Pendapatan Boleh Guna - Perbelanjaan Penggunaan
3) ISI RUMAH SEBAGAI PENGGUNA

! Isi Rumah
Isi Rumah = Individu atau keluarga yang tinggal dalam satu rumah dan
akan membuat keputusan ekonomi untuk kepentingan bersama
! Peranan Isi Rumah:
Sebagai pembekal faktor-faktor pengeluaran
Sebagai pengguna barang dan perkhidmatan
! Konsep Utiliti:
Tingkat atau ukuran kepuasan yang diperoleh oleh isi rumah daripada
penggunaan barang dan perkhidmatan
! Hukum Permintaan
Dengan andaian ceteris paribus, semakin tinggi harga sesuatu barang,
semakin kurang kuantiti yang diminta. Semakin rendah harga barang,
semakin banyak kuantiti yang diminta.
! Penentu Pemintaan
Harga Barang Itu
Harga Barang Lain

Pendapatan Individu
Cita Rasa Pengguna
Jangkaan Harga Pada Masa Depan
Musim
Dasar Kerajaan
! Keanjalan harga
Keanjalan harga = Peratus perubahan dalam kuantiti yang diminta
terhadap sesuatu barang atau perkhidmatan kesan daripada peratus
perubahan harga barang itu
! Strategi Perubahan Harga:
Anjal
Strategi: Menurunkan harga; Kesan = Jumlah hasil meningkat
Strategi: Menaikkan harga; Kesan = Jumlah hasil merosot
Tidak Anjal
Strategi: Menurunkan harga; Kesan = Jumlah hasil merosot
Strategi: Menaikkan harga; Kesan = Jumlah hasil meningkat
Anjal Satu
Strategi: Menurunkan harga; Kesan = Jumlah hasil tidak berubah
Strategi: Menaikkan harga; Kesan = Tidak berubah
4) FIRMA SEBAGAI PENGELUAR

! Firm ialah satu unit ekonomi atau sebuah organisasi yang merancang bagaimana
menggunakan input (faktor-faktor pengeluaran) untuk, menghasilkan output
(barang dan perkhidmatan)
! Objektif Firma adalah untuk memaksimumkan keuntungan
! Konsep Pengeluaran ialah aktiviti menggabungkan faktor-faktor pengeluaran
(input) untuk menghasilkan keluaran (output)
! Dua jenis input:
Input tetap
Input berubah
! Jangka masa pengeluaran
Jangka masa pengeluaran ialah jangka masa apabila firma mampu
mengubah input tetap menjadi input berubah
! Jumlah keluaran
Jumlah unit barang yang mampu dikeluarkan daripada gabungan input
tetap dan input berubah
! Keluaran Purata

!
!
Jumlah keluaran yang boleh dihasilkan oleh setiap unit input berubah
Keluaran Purata = Jumlah keluaran/Input berubah
Keluaran Sut
Pertambahan jumlah keluaran akibat pertambahan satu unit lagi input
berubah
Keluaran Sut = Perubahan Jumlah Keluaran/ Perubahan Jumlah Input
Berubah
Jumlah Kos
Jumlah perbelanjaan yang terpaksa ditanggung untuk menghasilkan output
Jumlah Kos = Kos tetap + Kos berubah
Kos Purata
Perbelanjaan (kos) bagi setiap unit keluaran yang dihasilkan
Kos Purata = Jumlah Kos / Jumlah Keluaran
Kos Sut
Pertambahan kos akibat daripada pertambahan satu unit keluaran
Kos Sut = Perubahan Jumlah Kos / Perubahan Jumlah Keluaran
Hukum penawaran menyatakan bahawa semakin tinggi harga sesuatu barang,
semakin banyak kuantiti yang ditawarkan oleh firma.
Faktor penawaran:
Harga barang itu
Harga barang lain
Harga faktor pengeluaran
Tingkat teknologi
Jangkaan harga pada masa depan
Cuaca
Matlamat pengeluar
Dasar kerajaan
5) PASARAN
! Pasaran merupakan suatu situasi yang membolehkan para pembeli dan penjual
berinteraksi antara satu sama lain dengan tujuan berjual beli barang atau
perkhidmatan
! Dua jenis pasaran:
Pasaran langsung
Pasaran tidak langsung
! Pasaran barangan merupakan institusi yang membolehkan penjual dan pembeli
berinteraksi dengan tujuan untuk berjual beli barang dan perkhidmatan

! Permintaan pasaran diperoleh dengan menjumlahkan secara mendatar semua

kuantiti barang yang diminta oleh semua individu di pasaran pada setiap tingkat
harga bagi suatu jangka masa tertentu
! Penawaran pasaran diperoleh dengan menjumlahkan secara mendatar kuantiti
yang ditawarkan oleh setiap firma pada tingkat harga tertentu dan dalam jangka
masa tertentu
! Keseimbangan pasaran dicapai apabila jumlah kuantiti yang diminta sama dengan
jumlah kuantiti yang ditawarkan pada suatu tingkat harga tertentu
! Pasaran faktor merupakan tempat faktor-faktor pengeluaran diuruskan
! Pasaran faktor terdiri daripada:
Pasaran Buruh
Pasaran Modal
Pasaran Tanah
! Aliran pusingan pendapatan dalam ekonomi dua sektor ditakrifkan sebagai aliran
pendapatan faktor daripada sektor firma kepada sektor isi rumah dan aliran
perbelanjaan penggunaan daripada sektor isi rumah kepada sektor firma
! Aliran fizikal melibatkan pergerakan barang dan perkhidmatan serta faktor-faktor
pengeluaran antara sektor isi rumah dan sektor firma
! Aliran wang melibatkan aliran pendapatan faktor-faktor pengeluaran dan aliran
perbelanjaan isi rumah
6) WANG DAN INSTITUSI KEWANGAN

! Wang merupakan sebarang benda yang diterima umum sebagai alat perantaraan
pertukaran
! Sistem barter ialah sistem pertukaran barang secara langsung antara seorang
individu dan individu lain
! Kelemahan Sistem Barter:
memerlukan dua kehendak serentak
barang sukar dibahagikan kepada unit kecil
barang tidak mempunyai simpanan nilai yang bail
barang tidak mempunyai ukuran nilai
! Ciri-Ciri Wang
Diterima umum
Penawaran yang terhad
Kestabilan nilai
Tahan lama

!
!
!
!
Mudah dibawa
Boleh dibahagikan kepada unit-unit yang kecil
Jenis Wang
Duit Syiling
Wang Kertas
Deposit Semasa
Fungsi Wang
Alat perantaraan pertukaran
Alat simpanan nilai
Alat bayaran tertunda
Alat ukuran nilai
Bank ialah institusi kewangan yang menawarkan perkhidmatan kewangan kepada
orang ramai
Jenis Bank:
Bank perdagangan
Bank pusat
Bank saudagar
Syarikat kewangan
Fungsi Bank Perdagangan
Menerima simpanan
Mengurus pertukaran asing
Memberikan pinjaman
Membuat dan menerima bayaran
Skim Perbankan Islam bertujuan memenuhi keperluan kewangan masyarakat
Islam
Prinsip Skim Perbankan Islam
Wadiah
Mudharabah
Murabahah
Musyarakah
Bai Bithaman Ajil
Bank Pusat merupakan bank induk yang ditubuhkan untuk mengawasi dan
mengawal pelaksanaan segala dasar serta peraturan kewangan yang telah
ditetapkan
Fungsi Bank Pusat
mengeluarkan mata wang
mengawal kestabilan nilai mata wang
menjadi jurubank kepada bank perdagangan

menjadi jurubank kepada kerajaan

Cara Bank Pusat mengawal inflasi dan kemelesetan ekonomi:
rizab berkanun
rizab tunai
kadar faedah
jual beli surat jaminan kerajaan
kawalan syarat sewa beli
Jenis Institusi Kewangan Bukan Bank
Syarikat Insurans
Bank Simpanan Nasional
Lembaga Tabung Haji
Kumpulan Wang Simpanan Pekerja
Fungsi Institusi Kewangan Bukan Bank
Menerima deposit
Menggalakkan tabungan
Menggalakkan pelaburan
Sumber kewangan kepada pasaran modal negara
Sumbangan Institusi Kewangan Bukan Bank kepada Perkembangan Ekonomi
Negara
Menggembleng dan menggerakkan dana
Menyediakan peluang pekerjaan
Mengurangkan pinjaman kerajaan dari luar negara
Menstabilkan ekonomi


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SPM 2015 Bahasa Melayu Tips

SPM Bahasa Melayu

Section A: Karangan Berpandukan Ransangan

Write an Essay based on the attached reference

Write an Essay based on one (1) of the five (5) choices

Summarize the passage

Answer ALL comprehension-based questions

Question 3: Pengetahuan dan Kemahiran Bahasa

Answer ALL grammatical and vocabulary-based

Answer ALL questions regarding Novels.

SPM 2015 Bahasa Melayu Tips

Bahagian B - Karangan Umum:

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! Start the first paragraph (Pendahuluan by Petikan membincangkan.. The Isi

Soalan 3 - Pengetahuan dan Kemahiran Bahasa

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SPM 2015 Bahasa Melayu Tips

them up with lots of love.

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SPM 2015 Bahasa Inggeris Tips

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SPM 2015 Bahasa Inggeris Tips

Section B: Continuous Writing

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Section B:Information Transfer

Section C: Reading Comprehension

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SPM 2015 Bahasa Inggeris Tips

Section D: Literature Writing (Poem)

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SPM 2015 Bahasa Cina Tips

NOT TESTED IN THIS PAPER

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1B. Continuous Writing

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Interesting Story, Clear, Detailed on the story, 5 or more paragraph

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SPM 2015 Bahasa Cina Tips

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SPM 2015 Bahasa Cina Tips

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SPM 2015 Mathematics Tips

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SPM 2015 Mathematics Tips

Section A: MUST KNOW TOPICS

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Paper 2 Section A: GOOD TO KNOW

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SPM 2015 Mathematics Tips

If slanted line, you can imagine it into horizontal straight line.

Paper 2 Section B: MUST KNOW TOPICS

SPM 2015 Mathematics Tips

Longitude is the vertical line that specifies the east-west position of a

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SPM 2015 Additional Mathematics Tips

Marks can be deducted if final answer is less accurate.