Manual J Residential Load Calculation PDF

Manual J
Residential Load Calculations

Eighth Edition, Version 2.10
September 9, 2011
ISBN # 1-892765-35-7
The Eighth Edition of Manual J (MJ8 ACCA/ ANSI) is the American National
Standard for residential heating and cooling load calculations.
Version Two of Manual J reorganizes the presentation of material provided in previous

versions, and provides guidance on using an abridged version of Manual J (MJ8AE),
which supports hand calculations for a subset of Manual J applications.
Submit all comments to standards-sec@acca.org by

11:59pm (EST) 24 October 2011 on the ACCA
RESPONSE FORM available from www.acca.org/ansi.
Abridged Edition Check List

A 'yes' for all line items indicates MJ8AE is an appropriate calculation tool, otherwise use the full version of Manual J.
The structure is a single family detached dwelling; the total window, glass door and skylight area does not, or shall not, exceed
15 percent of the associated floor area.
The glass is, or shall be, equitably distributed around all sides of the dwelling the dwelling appears to have obvious and sufficient
exposure diversity.
Heating and cooling is, or shall be, provided by a central, single-zone, constant volume system. The dwelling has no, or shall have
no, radiant heating system.
The comfort conditioning system is not, or shall not, be equipped with a ventilation heat exchanger or a ventilating dehumidifier.
The indoor design condition shall be: Heating 70 oF; Cooling 75 db oF and 45%, 50% or 55% RH; unless superceded by code. The
outdoor design conditions shall be equal to the values in Table 1A (exactly), unless superceded by code.
Windows and glass doors have, or shall have, clear 1-pane, 2-pane or 3-pane glass.
Skylights shall be flat and shall have clear 1-pane or 2-pane glass. Curbs shall default to uninsulated wood 2x4. Skylights shall not
be equipped with a light shaft or an internal shade.
For heating, the default U-values for fenestration assemblies shall be those listed in Table 2A. For cooling, the default U-values and
SHGC values shall be those listed in Table 3A and 3C. The foreground reflectance shall default to 0.20.
All conventional windows and glass doors shall default to internal shade (medium-color blind with slats at 45 degrees); except purpose-built daylight windows and skylights, which shall have no internal shade.
Bug screen, French door and projection adjustments shall be made when such devices and construction are observed during a site
inspection or appear on the building plans.
Windows and glass doors are not, or shall not, be equipped with external sun screens. Overhang adjustments shall be evaluated
and applied to all windows and glass doors.
Above grade, the dwelling has, or shall have, wood frame walls or empty-core block walls (no metal framing, no filled core block).
The exterior finish shall default to brick veneer, stucco or siding. The interior finish shall default to gypsum board.
Below grade, the dwelling has, or shall have, empty-core block walls (with or without board insulation; with or without framing and
blanket insulation). Framing shall be wood (not metal), when applicable.
The dwelling has, or shall have, a dark shingle roof over a vented attic (not encapsulated), a beam ceiling, or a roof-joist ceiling.
An attic or attic knee wall space is, or shall be, vented to FHA standards, no radiant barrier, no encapsulating foam.
Slab floors shall have no edge insulation, or 3 feet of vertical insulation that covers the edge. Basement floors shall default to no
insulation below slab, no sensitivity to width.
Floors over a closed space shall default to no insulation on the walls of the closed space. Floors over a closed space shall be insensitive to the tightness of the closed space.
Table 5A shall be used to estimate infiltration loads, which shall be appropriate for the dwelling of consideration
(three or four exposures, class 4 wind shielding, no blower door test or component leakage estimate).
The sensible appliance load is 1,200 or 2,400 Btuh; the number of occupants equals the number of bedrooms plus one.
The duct system (when applicable) is, or shall be, installed in one horizontal plane; entirely in a conditioned space, in an attic that
has no radiant barrier, no encapsulating foam, or in a closed crawlspace or unconditioned basement.
Attic duct runs shall default to round, spider pattern; supplies in room centers, large return close to air handler or return in closet
door; or rectangular trunk and branch, supplies near inside walls, large return at floor of conditioned space.
Below-floor duct runs shall default to trunk-branch; perimeter supplies; large return close to air handler.
The duct system (if applicable) is, or shall be, sealed to the Manual J default (0.12 / 0.24) leakage scenario. Credit for a tighter system requires a leakage test. Leakier systems should be sealed.(Leakage greater than 0.35 / 0.70 is unacceptable.)
Ducts in an unconditioned space have (or shall have) R-2, R-4, R-6 or R-8 insulation.
There is no engineered ventilation; or such ventilation is, or shall be provided by piping outdoor air to the return side of the duct system (pressurization effect on infiltration is ignored). No other type of ventilation system shall be installed in the dwelling.
A blower heat adjustment shall be made when manufacturers performance data is not discounted for blower heat. The blower heat
adjustment shall be 500 Watts.
Note 1: The abridged edition of Manual J (MJ8AE) shall not be used to estimate heating and cooling loads for dwellings unless such
dwellings are totally compatible (100 percent yes) with this checklist and the descriptions and caveats provided by Appendix 2 and
Appendix 3. Use the full version of Manual J for all other scenarios.
Note 2: A qualified practitioner may substitute a full version HTM for an abridged version HTM (see Section A1-6).
Section 2
n
In general, take full credit for the rated (or tested)

performance of construction materials, insulation
materials and construction features.
a) As specified for new construction.
b) As installed (verify the installation conforms
to methods and materials protocols).
c) As tested (see quality control programs for new
construction, investigate existing construction)
Take full credit for the tightness of the envelope
construction.
a) As specified by builder or code.
b) As installed (verify the installation conforms
to methods and materials protocols).
c) As tested (see quality control programs for new
construction, investigate existing construction).
Follow Manual J procedures for infiltration and
ventilation
a) Use the Table 8A procedure to evaluate the
fresh air requirement.
b) Use Table 5A to estimate infiltration rates for
heating and cooling (ignore intermittent
exhaust fans).
c) Decide on the installation of an engineered ventilation system (mandatory if the code fresh air
requirement is larger than an honest estimate of
the Manual J infiltration rate).
d) Intermittent bathroom and kitchen exhaust
fans are not ventilation devices or ventilation systems.
Take full credit for duct system sealing and duct
insulation when such efforts are confidently anticipated or certifiable.
a) Use the default (0.12/0.24) scenario for (untested)
ducts that are reasonably sealed.
b) Take full credit for sealing efforts that are
certifiably tighter than the default scenario for
sealed ducts.
c) If the duct sealing work is deficient seal the ducts
and take credit for sealed ducts (use unsealed
options to show why the sealing work is required).
Match location as close as possible when selecting
a duct load table (use Table 7 unabridged if the
MJ8AE tables do not provide a satisfactory match).
a) For attic ducts, match roof material, roof color, use
of radiant barrier or foam, and attic ventilation.
b) For closed crawlspace locations, match crawlspace tightness, crawlspace wall insulation and
crawlspace ceiling insulation.
Match duct system geometry (radial and spider systems tend to have less surface area than extended
plenum and trunk and branch systems).
Match return system geometry (use advanced Manual J procedures when the system has more than one
or two large returns or when the returns are not
located close to the air handler).
Be sure to use the duct wall insulation correction if

the R-value of the insulation is not R-6.
Be sure to use the surface adjustment factor for the
exposed duct surface area when the surface area
of the actual duct system is significantly different
than the defaults listed in Table 7.
Make sure the occupancy and internal loads are
compatible with the MJ8AE defaults (use Manual J, Worksheet F if MJ8AE does not provide a satisfactory match).
Add blower heat to the sensible load if equipment
performance data is not adjusted for blower heat
(if equipment manufacturer or blower power is
unknown, assume 1,707 Btuh for indoor blower
motor heat).
Educate consumers: Sit down with your customers or clients and educate them on these issues.
Manual J Donts (Mandatory Requirements)

n Do not use Manual J (any version) for:
a) Any type of commercial application (even if
located in a residential structure).
b) Large multi-family buildings or residential
high rise structures.
c) A room or space containing an indoor swimming pool or hot tub.
d) Earth-berm or earth covered dwellings.
e) Solar homes that have passive features.
n Do not use MJ8
AE to estimate heating and cooling
loads for applications that are not compatible with
the "Abridged Edition Check List" (see the page
that precedes Section 1).
n Do not design for record breaking (or news making) weather conditions.
n Do not add a safety factor to the Table 1A design
conditions.
n Do not design for abnormally low or high indoor
temperatures or humidity conditions (unless there
is a certified medical reason for doing so).
n Do not assume that there will be no internal shade
on ordinary windows and glass doors (bare glass
is an acceptable assumption for glass specifically
installed for day-lighting).
n Do not fail to take credit for overhangs.
n Do not assume that the load for the worst case site
orientation can be used for other orientations.
(Rotating the dwelling on a site can change the
cooling load by a half ton or more. Room airflow
requirements change as the orientation changes. If
the same design is used for any orientation, some
rooms may have too much supply air and other
rooms will not have enough supply air for temperature control and comfort.)
n Do not reduce known ceiling, wall or floor R-values
just to be safe.
Section 4
Opaque Panel Heating Load Examples
The following calculations are made for a 70F indoor temperature in a location that has a -5F outdoor design temperature: HTD = 70 (-5) = 75 F.
a) A metal door with a polystyrene core fits a 21 SqFt opening. The panel heating load is 551 Btuh.
Table 4A construction number = 11N
Table 4A U-value = 0.35
HTM = U x HTD = 0.35 x 75 = 26.25
Net load area = 21 SqFt
Heating load = HTM x Load area = 26.25 x 21 = 551 Btuh
b) An exposed wall has brick veneer, R-2 insulation board sheathing, wood studs, R-19 cavity insulation and interior
finish. There is 240 SqFt of gross area with 70 SqFt of window and door area. The panel heating load is 803 Btuh.
Table 4A construction number = 12E-2b-w
HTM = U x HTD = 0.063 x 75 = 4.725
Net area = Gross area Opening area = 240 - 70 = 170 SqFt
Heating load = HTM x Net area = 4.725 x 170 = 803 Btuh
Note: Metal framing significantly affects wall performance. Use advanced Manual J procedures for this type of construction.
c) An exposed block wall has brick veneer, no insulated cores, R-6 board insulation and interior finish. There is 240 SqFt
of gross area with 70 SqFt of window and door area. The panel heating load is 1,454 Btuh.
Table 4A construction number = 13A-6oc-b
HTM = U x HTD = 0.114 x 75 = 8.55
Heating load = HTM x Net area = 8.55 x 170 = 1,454 Btuh
Note: Core insulation significant affects wall performance. Use advanced Manual J procedures for this type of construction.
d) An exposed block wall has wood siding, empty cores, R-2 board insulation, wood 2x4 studs, R-11 blanket insulation
and interior finish. There is 240 SqFt of gross area with 70 SqFt of window and door area. The panel heating load is 1,020
Btuh.
Table 4A construction number = 13B-2oc-w
HTM = U x HTD = 0.080 x 75 = 6.0
Heating load = HTM x Net area = 6.0 x 170 = 1,020 Btuh
e) A basement wall has empty cores, R-2 board insulation extending from the sill plate to the floor and no interior finish.
The wall is 8 ft high and has 320 Ft of gross wall area. The basement floor is 6 feet below grade (2 feet of the wall is
above grade). There is 240 SqFt of below-grade area and 80 SqFt of gross above-grade area with 16 SqFt of window
area. The heating load for the below grade wall area is 1,854 Btuh, and 1,291 Btuh for the above grade strip.
Table 4A construction number = 15A-2sfoc-6
Table 4A below grade U-value = 0.103
Below grade HTM = U x HTD = 0.103 x 75 = 7.725
Below grade area = Gross area = 240 SqFt
Below grade heating load = HTM x Gross area = 7.725 x 240 = 1,854 Btuh
Table 4A above grade U-value = 0.269
Above grade HTM = U x HTD = 0.269 x 75 = 20.175
Net above grade area = Gross area Opening area = 80 16 = 64 SqFt
Above grade heating load = HTM x Net area = 20.175 x 64 = 1,291 Btuh
f) A below grade block wall has no insulation in the cores, R-4 board insulation extending to 3 feet below the sill plate,
wood 2x4 studs, R-11 blanket insulation and interior finish. The wall is completely below grade with a 240 SqFt area.
The basement floor is 8 feet below grade. The panel heating load is 828 Btuh.
Table 4A construction number = 15A11-4ocw-8
HTM = U x HTD = 0.046 x 75 = 3.45
Net area = Gross area = 240 SqFt
Heating load = HTM x Gross area = 3.45 x 240 = 828 Btuh
23
Section 12
Worksheet E
Infiltration Loads
Smith Residence
HTD = 76 oF
CTD = 15 oF
Design Grains = 38
Elevation = 955 Ft
Table 10A ACF = 0.97
Step 1 Table 8 Outdoor Air Requirement

Operating
Mode
Above Grade Volume

AGV
(CuFt)
Number
of Bed
Rooms
Number
of
People
Default
Burner
Btuh
Installed
Burner
Btuh
OA Cfm
for
0.35 ACH
OA Cfm
for
People
OA Cfm
for
Furnace
Table 8
OA Cfm
Heat
20,355
75,000
119
80
119
Cool
20,355
119
80
AGV for each level = Floor area X Average ceiling height

The above grade portion of a conditioned basement is one level.
AGV = Total of the volumes for all levels
Default Occupancy = Number of bedrooms + 1
Furnace input defaults:

Direct Vent = 0 Btuh
Atmospheric = 100,000 Btuh
Recalculate, using actual
input Btuh, if the total
heating load exceeds
80,000 Btuh.
For Smith:
AGV = 8 x 56 x 32 + 188 x 32 = 20,352 CuFt
119
Cfm @ 0.35 = 0.35 x AGV / 60

Cfm for people = 20 x Number of people
Cfm for Burner = 0.50 x Input Btuh / 1,000
Table 8 OA Cfm = Largest of the three Cfm values.
Cfmoa determined by code requirement or designer
decision to use the Table 8 OA Cfm value.
Step 2, Option 1 Table 5 Defaults

Operating
Mode
Floor
Area
(SqFt)
Type of
Const.
Space
ACH
AGV
(CuFt)
Space
ICFM
Fireplace
ICFM
Total ICFM
Heating
2,848
Average
0.32
20,355
109
109
Cooling
2,848
Average
0.16
20,355
85
1) For default estimates use Table 5A or 5B to find ICFM values for the
conditioned space and fireplace.
2) The component leakage area method or the blower door method
may be used to estimate ICFM values.
(Note 1)
(Note 2)
Table 8
OA
CFM
Table 8
Vent
CFM
119
64
54
Total ICFM = Space ICFM + FP ICFM

Space ICFM = ACH x AGV / 60
Use the AGV from the Table 8 procedure.
T8 vent-CFM = T8 OA CFM - Cooling ICFM

If cooling ICFMis greater than T8 OA CFM,
the T8 vent CFM is zero.
Step 2, Option 2 Component Leakage Area Method

Operating
Mode
HTD
and
CTD
Wind
Velocity
(MPH)
Heating
76 oF
15
Cooling
15 oF
Table 5C
ELA4
(SqIn)
Cs
Shielding
Class
Cw
85.6
0.0299
0.0121
Table 5D
ICFM
Table 8
Vent
CFM
119
28
191
7.5
Default heating season velocity = 15 MPH

Default cooling season velocity = 7.5 MPH
Table 8
OA
CFM
91
Detail from
Worksheet
E1
ICFM = ELA4 x ( Cs x TD + Cw x V2 ) 0.50
T8 vent CFM = T8 OA CFM - Cooling ICFM

Step 2, Option 3 Blower Door Method

Operating
Mode
HTD
and
CTD
Wind
Velocity
(MPH)
Heating
76 oF
15
Cooling
15 oF
Blower
Door
ELA4
Table 5D
ICFM
Cs
Shielding
Class
Cw
0.0299
0.0121
Table 8
Vent-CFM
119
53
139
62
7.5

Table 8
OA-CFM
66
Provided by
field test

Step 3 Infiltration Loads on Central Equipment

Type of
Load
Heat Load
Wrksht. H
Value for
Vent CFM
Exhaust
CFM
CFMimb
ICFM
(Option 3)
Net
Infilt. CFM
NCFM
H&C
Loads
(Btuh)
70
70
139
139
11,237
70
70
66
66
Sens Load
Lat Load
1,054
CFMimb = CFM exhaust - CFMvent
The sign in
the NCFM
equation
is determined
by the sign
of the
Heat Load = 1.1 x ACF x NCFM x HTD
CFMimb
Sensible Load = 1.1 x ACF x NCFM x CTD
value.
Latent Load = 0.68 x ACF x NCFM x Grains
NCFM = (ICFM1.5 CFMimb1.5 ) 0.67

NCFM = 0 if (ICFM1.5 - CFMimb1.5) < 0
1,651
The room infiltration load equals the load on the central equipment multiplied by the gross wall area ratio (WAR).
WAR = Gross room wall area / Gross wall area for all rooms served by the central equipment
95
Section 13
B
C
South
Tops of B windows are 1.0 foot

below a 1.5 foot overhang.
Entire House
56 x 32 x 8
East
Top of glass door is 0.75 feet

below a 1.5 foot overhang.
West
D
D windows
equipped
with external
sun screen
Skylight S2
North
Bedroom 1
14 x 17
Bedroom 3
14 x 16
Combination Living and Dining Room

28 x 18
Bedroom 2
14 x 15
Kitchen and Utility 21 x 14

Hall and Two Closets
14 x 9
Entry
7 x 14
Skylight S1
Bath 2
5x7
Bath 1
9x7
A
Figure 13-3
13-2 Walker Residence Solution

Figure 13-4 compares the sensible cooling loads for the
three roof construction options. Based on this information and a preference for the appearance of roof tile, the
home will have a white tile roof.
Form J1 (next page) summarizes the equipment sizing
calculations for this dwelling. In the column for the
entire house, Line 21 shows that the total heating load is
6,142 Btuh, the total sensible load is 22,573 Btuh and the
total latent load is 3,282 Btuh. (The latent load would be
much larger without the ventilating dehumidifer.)
Form J1 Line Items
Lines 3 and 4 show that the gross wall area is 1,408 SqFt
and that the floor plan area is 1,792 SqFt. Line 5 shows
that the ceiling has no slope, so the ceiling area is
1,792 SqFT.
Lines 6A and 6B show directional HTM values and load
areas for windows, glass doors and skylights. The HTM
values are copied from Worksheets B and C. Load areas
are determined by multiplying the Figure 13-1 or Figure 13-2 areas by the number of occurrences on the floor
plan. The associated heating and sensible cooling loads
are determined by multiplying the HTM values by the
load areas.
104
Sensible Cooling Load (Btuh)

Form J1
Line Item
Ceiling
Duct
Total Effect
Roof Construction
White
Shingle
No RB
White
Shingle
With RB
White
Tile
2,004
1,549
865
896
851
826
2,900
2,400
1,691
Figure 13-4
Lines 7 through 11 show HTM values and load areas for
opaque surfaces. The HTM values are copied from
Worksheet D. The load area for a door is equal to the 21
SqFt default value. The load area for walls and ceilings
is equal to the net surface area. The associated heating
and sensible cooling loads are determined by multiplying the HTM values by the load areas.
Line 12 shows the infiltration loads, as copied from
Worksheet E. In this case the wall area ratio equals 1.0
because the calculation is for the entire house.
Line 15 shows the effective load factors (EHLF and
ESGF) for the duct system, as copied from Worksheet G.
The heating and sensible load values are equal to the
Section 13
1
Name of Room
Walker Residence
2
Running Feet of Exposed Wall
3
Ceiling Height (Ft) and Gross Wall Area (SqFt)
4
Room Dimensions (Ft) and Floor Plan Area (SqFt)
5
Ceiling Slope (Deg.) and Gross Ceiling Area (SqFt)
Type of
Panel
HTM
Const..
Exposure
Faces
Number
Htg.
Clg.
6a
6b
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
West 7.92 15.01

Windows a 1G Unit A
and Glass b 1G Unit A
East
7.92 15.01
Doors
c 1G Unit C oh South 8.28
7.14
d 1G Unit B oh South 7.56
7.09
e 1G Unit B
North 7.56
7.09
f 1G Unit A
North 7.92
7.36
g 1G Unit D
West 8.10 10.98
h
I
j
North 16.74 84.33
Skylights a 9C Kitchen
b 9C Living
South 12.78 78.33
c
a 11N
6.30 10.50
Wood
and Metal b 11N
6.30 10.50
Doors
c
a 14C-5
All
1.24
1.01
Above
Grade
b
Walls and
Partitions c
d
e
f
g
a
Below
Grade
b
Walls
c
0.47
0.49
Ceilings a 16F-39tw
b
c
Floors
a Rad 22D-5rl
12.34
b
c
d
0.137
Infiltration Heating Load (Btuh)
Effct.
Sensible Load (Btuh)
ACH
0.00
Latent Load (Btuh)
a Occupants at 230 and 200 Btuh
Internal
b Scenario Number
Option 3
c Default Adjustments
d Custom Appliances tv & computer
e Plants
Sum lines 5 through 12
Subtotals
0.066
Duct
EHLF & ESGF
Loads
ELG
0
Ventilation Loads Vent Cfm 50
E Cfm
Winter Humidification Load
Gal / Day
Piping Load
Blower Heat
AED Excursion & Latent Moisture Migration Load
Sum Lines 13 Through 19
Total Load
8
56 x 32
0
Entire House
176
1,408
1,792
1,792
Btuh
Area or
Length
Heating
S-Clg.
8.75
17.50
58.00
28.00
14.00
43.75
31.50
69
139
480
212
106
347
255
131
263
414
199
99
322
348
8.00
32.00
134
409
675
2,507
21.0
21.0
132
132
221
221
1,165
1,446
1,773
1,752
820
865
176
2,172
L-Clg.
Area or
Length
Btuh
Heating
S-Clg.
L-Clg.
<- Radiant added to block load, not added to subtotal load, see 13-4
471
WAR
1.00
WAR
920
3,400
800
1,221
5,152
12,976
851
990
7,040
800
655
-2,067
1,707
6,142
22,573
3,895
3,282
Form J1 Block Load for the Walker Residence

105
Section 13
product of the load factor and the corresponding Line
14 sub-total. Line 15 shows the effective latent gain (ELG).
Lines 16 through 19 show the ventilation load and the
blower motor load. These values were copied from
worksheets H and I..
Table 3E-1 Worksheet

Shaded Glass HTMOH
Calculation
A) Glazing exposure faces
Operation
Direction
B) Overhang dimension (Ft)
D) Shade line to overhang (Z)
F) Shaded glass height (S)
AED Adjustment
The AED adjustment curve is derived (by computer)
from Worksheet B and C input. Figure 13-5 shows the
AED curve for the Walker Residence. In this case there
is no excursion, so the system designer elected to use a
single zone constant volume system.
H) Unshaded glass height (U)
Fenestration Gain vs Hour of Day
9000
If the peak-hour gain exceeds the average gain by more than 30 percent, the conditioned space is a candidate for
the peak load procedure. See MJ8, Section 1-13.
Fenestration Load vs Hour of Day Block Load
1.5
1.5
10.1
10.1
Z=BxC
15.2
15.2
1.00
0.75
S=Z-Y
14.15
14.40
3.5
7.25
E) Top of opening to overhang (Ft)
Line 21 shows the total heating load, total sensible load

and total latent load (equipment sizing loads).
SLM
C) Shade line multiplier from table
Line 20 shows the AED adjustment and the moisture

migration load (no AED adjustment for this example).
Window
G) Height of opening (Ft)
U=H-S
I) Width of opening (Ft)
4.00
8.00
J) Shaded area (SqFt)
SxW
14.0
58.0
K) Unshaded area (SqFT)
UxW
L) AHTMN
Wrksht B
7.09
7.14
M) AHTMD
Wrksht B
7.78
7.93
N) Btuh load for shaded area
JxL
99
414
O) Btuh load for area in sun
KxM
P) Btuh load for entire assembly
N+O
99
414
Q) Total assembly area (SqFt)
GxI
14.0
58.0
R) Assembly HTMOH
P/Q
7.09
7.14
8000
7000
Btuh
6000
Figure 13-6
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
Load line
30 Percent
Average
Avg CLF
0
8
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Hour of Day
Figure 13-5
13-3 Worksheets
The worksheets for Form J1 appear on the following
pages. Comment and guidance pertaining to the information that appears on Form J1 and the associated work
sheets is provided here.
Worksheet A
Table 1A provides altitude, latitude values and outdoor
design conditions for Worksheet A (next page). The system designer provides values for the indoor design conditions. This is a humid, semi-tropical climate (the
winter design temperature is above 50 oF). The cooling
season design is based on a 55% RH value for indoor humidity, so there is a 57 grain moisture differential between the outdoor air and the indoor air.
106
Worksheet B
Worksheet B (next page) provides heating and cooling
HTM values for windows and glass doors. All calculations are made for NFRC labeled fenestration. A sun screen
adjustment is applied to the West-facing windows.
Lines a through f show the directional calculations for
all the windows and the sliding glass door. The resulting HTM values for heating are listed in the Heat HTM
column. The resulting HTM values for cooling are listed
in the Cool HTMD column. The values in this column
have no insect screen adjustment.
The values in the AHTMD column are adjusted for an
insect screen, when this adjustment is applicable. The
values in this column have not been adjusted for shading by a sun screen or overhang. The AHTMD values on
lines a, b, and c are not subject to this adjustment, so
they are copied to Form J1.
The AHTMD values on lines d, e and f are not copied to
Form J1 because the South-facing windows and glass
door are shaded by an 1.5 foot overhang and the
West-facing windows are shaded by sun screens. These
Section 13
Ushaft, Apanel, Acurb and Ashaft are used. Note that the
panel area (Apanel) for domed skylights equals the flat
panel area multiplied by a 1.25 adjustment for the curvature of the dome.
Step 3 is used to generate the effective HTM values for
the skylights. The resulting Heat HTM and Cool HTM
values are transferred to Form J1.
Worksheet D
Worksheet D (and the associated notes show the procedure used to produce HTM values for opaque panels.
The resulting Heat HTM and Cool HTM values are
transferred to Form J1.
Worksheet E
Worksheet E (next page) is used to estimate infiltration
loads and to set the ventilation rate. Step 1 shows that 84
CFM of outdoor air will satisfy the most demanding
test, which is the 0.35 ACH test. Step 2 uses the default
air change method to estimate infiltration loads, but in
this case the Table 5A ACH values are replaced by air
change values that are compatible with the track record
of the builder (0.25 for heating and 0.15 for cooling). The
Step 2 calculations return a 60 ICFM value for heating, a

36 ICFM value for cooling and a 48 CFM value for the
Table 8 ventilation requirement.
Step 3 shows that the system designer has decided to
route 50 CFM of outdoor air through the dehumidifying
ventilator (50 CFM is required to satisfy the code
requirement) and that this amount of unbalanced ventilation (there is no exhaust air) reduces the winter infiltration rate to 24 CFM and completely eliminates
summer infiltration. This results in a 471 Btuh heating
load, and no cooling load.
Worksheet F
Worksheet F (page 111) shows that the occupants produce a 920 Btuh sensible load and a 800 Btuh latent
load and that default scenario two adds 3,400 Btuh of
sensible load. The home has three televisions and two
computers, so the sensible load is increased by 683 Btuh
for one television plus another 538 Btuh for one computer. (One television is included in the default scenario and the practitioner has decided that one
television and one computer will not be used during
late afternoons.)
Worksheet D
HTM Values and Net Area for Opaque Panels
Walker Residence
Construction
Number and
Exposure
Direction, or
Ceiling Slope
HTD = 18 F
CTD = 15 F
Length Average
(Ft)
Height /
Width
(Ft)
Heating HTM = U x HTD or U x PTDH

Cooling HTM = U x CLTD or U x PTDC
Daily Range = Low
Gross
Area
(SqFt)
Opening
Area
(SqFt)
Use gross
area if
less than
50 %; use
French
door if
Net
Area
(SqFt)
Slab
Edge
(Ft)
U-Value
or Slab
F-Value
4A
HTD
or
PTDH
CLTD
4B
or
PTDC
Heating
HTM
Cooling
HTM
0.35
18
30.0
6.30
10.50
0.35
18
30.0
6.30
10.50
0.069
18
14.6
1.24
1.01
Group
Number
4A
Wood and Metal Doors (Construction 11)

a 11N En. door
21
b 11N Kit door
21
c
Above Grade Walls (Construction 12, 13 and 14)
a 14C-5
all
176
1,408
243.5
1,165
b
Ceilings (Construction 16, 17 and 18) For sloped ceiling, note slope angle in degrees; then Gross Area = (L x W) / Cosine of slope angle
a 16F-38tw
56
32
1,792
40
1,752
0.026
18
19
0.47
0.49
b 16DR-38aw
56
32
1,792
40
1,752
0.026
18
34
0.47
0.88
c 16C-38aw
56
32
1,792
40
1,752
0.026
18
44
0.47
1.14
Radiant Floors (construction Numbers 20, 21 and 22) Note: Use F-value and running feet of exposed edge for slab floors
a 22D-5rl
b
56
32
1,792
176
0.287
43.0
12.34
For rad floor: 43 = 18 + 25

Note: 16F-38tw = White tile, no radiant barrier; 16DR-38aw = White shingles, with radiant barrier; 16C-38aw = White shingles, no radiant barrier
109
Section 13
Worksheet E
Infiltration Loads
Walker Residence
HTD = 18 F
CTD = 15 F
Design Grains = 57
Elevation = 7 Ft

Operating
Mode
Above Grade Volume

AGV
(CuFt)
Number
of Bed
Rooms
Number
of
People
Default
Burner
Btuh
Installed
Burner
Btuh
OA Cfm
for
0.35 ACH
OA Cfm
for
People
OA Cfm
for
Furnace
Table 8
OA Cfm
Heat
14,336
Elect
84
80
84
Cool
14,336
84
80


80,000 Btuh.
For Walker:
AGV = 8 x 56 x 32 = 14,336 CuFt
84
Cfm @ 0.35 = 0.35 x AGV / 60


Operating
Mode
Floor
Area
(SqFt)
Type of
Const.
Space
ACH
AGV
(CuFt)
Space
ICFM
Heating
1,792
Track Rec
0.25
14,336
60
60
Cooling
1,792
Track Rec
0.15
14,336
36
36
Fireplace
ICFM
Total ICFM
(Note 1)
(Note 2)

Table 8
OA
CFM
Table 8
Vent
CFM
84
48


Operating
Mode
HTD
and
CTD
Wind
Velocity
(MPH)
Table 5C
ELA4
(SqIn)
Table 5D
Cs
Shielding
Class
ICFM
Table 8
OA
CFM
Cw
Table 8
Vent
CFM
Heating
Cooling
Detail from
Worksheet
E1


Operating
Mode
HTD
and
CTD
Wind
Velocity
(MPH)
Blower
Door
ELA4
Table 5D
Cs
Shielding
Class
ICFM
Table 8
OA-CFM
Cw
Table 8
Vent-CFM
Heating
Cooling
Provided by
field test


Type of
Load
Heat Load
Wrksht. H
Value for
Vent CFM
Exhaust
CFM
CFMimb
ICFM
(Option 1)
Net
Infilt. CFM
NCFM
H&C
Loads
(Btuh)
50
-50
60
24
471
50
-50
36
Sens Load
Lat Load
The sign in
the NCFM
equation
is determined
by the sign
of the
CFMimb
value.

110
Section 14
Worksheet D
HTM Values and Net Area for Opaque Panels
Cobb Residence
HTD = 23 F
Construction
Number and
Exposure
Direction, or
Ceiling Slope
CTD = 18 F
Length Average
(Ft)
Height /
Width
(Ft)
Heating HTM = U x HTD or U x PTDH

Cooling HTM = U x CLTD or U x PTDC
Daily Range = Medium
Gross
Area
(SqFt)
Opening
Area
(SqFt)
21
Use gross
area if
less than
50 %; use
Net
Area
(SqFt)
Slab
Edge
(Ft)
U-Value
or Slab
F-Value
4A
HTD
or
PTDH
0.35
23.0
0.123
23.0
Group
Number
4A
CLTD
4B
or
PTDC
Heating
HTM
Cooling
HTM
31.0
8.05
10.9
17.0
2.83
2.09
Wood and Metal Doors (Construction 11)

a
11N
b
Above Grade Walls (Construction 12, 13 and 14)
a
13Ca-0oc-m
69
552
152.9
399.1
b
Partition Walls (Construction 12, 13 and 14) Use estimated partition temperature difference for heating (PTDH) and cooling (PTDC)
g
13Ca-0oc-m
40
320
21.0
299.0
0.123
23.0
10.9
2.83
1.34
Worksheet E
Infiltration Loads
Cobb Residence
HTD = 23 F
CTD = 18 F
Design Grains = 53
Elevation = 15 Ft

Operating
Mode
Above Grade Volume

AGV
(CuFt)
Number
of Bed
Rooms
Number
of
People
Heat
14,472
Cool
14,472

Default
Burner
Btuh
Installed
Burner
Btuh
Air source heat pump
OA Cfm
for
0.35 ACH
OA Cfm
for
People
OA Cfm
for
Furnace
Table 8
OA Cfm
84
80
84
84
80
84
Cfm @ 0.35 = 0.35 x AGV / 60


Operating
Mode
Floor
Area
(SqFt)
Type of
Const.
Space
ACH
AGV
(CuFt)
Space
ICFM
Heating
1,809
Avg-Tight
0.290
14,472
70
70
Cooling
1,809
Avg-Tight
0.160
14,472
39
39
Fireplace
ICFM
Total ICFM
(Note 1)
(Note 2)

Table 8
OA
CFM
Table 8
Vent
CFM
84
46
T8 vent-CFM = T8 OA CFM - Cooling ICFM.

Type of
Load
Heat Load
Wrksht. H
Value for
Vent CFM
Exhaust
CFM
CFMimb
ICFM
(Option 1)
Net
Infilt. CFM
NCFM
H&C
Loads
(Btuh)
70
70
1,770
39
39
Sens Load
Lat Load
118
764
1,391
The sign in
the NCFM
equation
is determined
by the sign
of the
Heating Load = 1.1 x ACF x NCFM x HTD
CFMimb
value.

Section 15
Worksheet E
Infiltration Loads
Bell Residence
HTD = 61 F
CTD = 22 F
Design Grains = 27
Elevation = 1,007 Ft

Operating
Mode
Above Grade Volume

AGV
(CuFt)
Number
of Bed
Rooms
Number
of
People
Heat
11,592
Cool
11,592

Default
Burner
Btuh
Installed
Burner
Btuh
OA Cfm
for
0.35 ACH
OA Cfm
for
People
OA Cfm
for
Furnace
Table 8
OA Cfm
Dir Vent
68
80
80
68
82

80
Cfm @ 0.35 = 0.35 x AGV / 60


Operating
Mode
Floor
Area
(SqFt)
Type of
Const.
Space
ACH
AGV
(CuFt)
Space
ICFM
Fireplace
ICFM
Total ICFM
Heating
1,288
Tight
0.140
11,592
27
27
Cooling
1,288
Tight
0.070
11,592
14
2) The component leakage area method or the blower door method.
(Note 1)
(Note 2)
Table 8
OA
CFM
Table 8
Vent
CFM
80
66
14



Type of
Load
Wrksht. H
Value for
Vent CFM
Exhaust
CFM
CFMimb
ICFM
(Option 1 )
Net
Infilt. CFM
NCFM
H&C
Loads
(Btuh)
50
50
27
27
1,760
50
50
14
14
Heat Load
Sens Load
317
Lat Load
The sign in
the NCFM
equation
is determined
by the sign
of the
Heating Load = 1.1 x ACF x NCFM x HTD
CFMimb
value.

241
Worksheet F
Internal Loads
Bell Residence
Source of Internal Load
Count
Sensible
Factor
(Btuh)
Latent
Factor
(Btuh)
Load
Factor
Use
Factor
Sensible
Load
(Btuh)
Latent
Load
(Btuh)
230
200
1.0
1.0
920
800
Occupants
Default = Number bedrooms + 1
800
Total occupancy loads for Form J1 (Btuh) =

b
Default Scenario
Scenario option 1
2,400
1.0
1.0
Default scenario load for Form J1 (Btuh) =

d
Individual Appliance Options

Color TV
Computer and monitor
1
1
683
1,536
1.00
0.35
1.00
1.00
Total individual appliance loads for Form J1 (Btuh) =

e
683
538
1,221
Plants
Small
20
10
200
Total plant load for Form J1 (Btuh) =
128
2,400
2,400
200
Part 3
Details of Manual J Procedures
Section 18 Design Conditions

Section 19 Fenestration Load Procedures
Section 20 Opaque Panel Load Procedures
Section 21 Infiltration Load Procedures
Section 22 Internal Load Procedures
Section 23 Duct Load Procedures
Section 24 Ventilation Load Procedures
Section 25 Blower Heat Procedure
Section 26 Hot-Water Piping Load Procedure
Section 27 Winter Humidification Load Procedure
Section 28 Moisture Migration Load Procedure
141
Section 21
The fenestration leakage area values in Table 5C

do not apply to rated fenestration.
The 4-Pascal leakage area of rated fenestration is
equivalent to Table 5C information.
This equation converts a Q15 rating to a 4-Pascal leakage

area value (ELA4).
ELA4 (SqIn) = 2.929 x (Q15 / (Ptest) n) x 4 0.5 x (d / 2) 0.5
Where:
Ptest = 15 Mph stagnation pressure (26.84 Pascals)
n = 1.0 for long narrow cracks
d = 0.075 Lb/CuFt for standard air
So:
ELA4 (SqIn) = 0.04225 x Q15
For example, suppose manufacturer's performance

data shows the tested leakage rate was 0.25 Cfm per
square foot of assembly area. Then for component leakage area calculations, the 4-Pascal leakage area is
0.01056 square inches.
0.04225 x 0.25 = 0.01056 SqIn
21-6 Blower Door Method

A multipoint blower door test is used to estimate the
effective leakage area (ELA4) for an existing dwelling.
Figure 21-4 provides an example of the data set produced by this type of test. The following equation converts this data to a power-law curve that relates the
blower door flow rate CFMbd to the pressure difference
(PD) produced by the blower door.
CFMbd = C x (PD) n
The C and n constants in this equation depend on the

size, shape and number of the cracks and openings in
the thermal envelope (including partition and duct surfaces that leak to an unconditioned space). These constants are relatively insensitive to ambient conditions
(outdoor wind and temperature) when test pressures
are in the 30 to 60 Pascal range. (Testing at pressures
that greatly exceed the 4-Pascal pressure caused by natural effects minimizes the "noise" in the measurement.)
Values for the C and n constants are provided by software that is packaged with the blower door apparatus.
178
(This information is generated automatically and

presented on a video screen or paper print out.) For
example, software-generated values for C and n for the
Figure 21-4 blower door test are 288.3 and 0.755.
Multipoint Blower Door Test
12000
Test Points
10000
Measured Cfm
21-5 Leakage Area for NFRC Windows

Air leakage through a window or glass door assembly is
determined by subjecting a standard-size unit to a 15
MPH wind. The resulting leakage rating (Q15) equals
the measured leakage Cfm divided by the area of the
assembly (Cfm leakage per SqFt of assembly). Q15 values can be converted to a 4 Pascal leakage area for use in
the component leakage area method.
8000
6000
5,850 Cfm
4000
2000
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
Referance Pressure (Pascals)
Figure 21-4
Effective Leakage Area

The C and n constants are used to calculate the effective
leakage area for the structure. This value depends on
the density of the air and the reference pressure difference (PD). The following equation is used for standard
air. (This equation can be used for elevations that range
from sea level to 2,000 feet.)
Sea Level ELA4 (SqIn) = 0.2835 x C x (PD) n
A 4-Pascal reference pressure (that simulates natural

conditions) is used to produce an effective leakage area
value. For C and n values of 288.3 and 0.755, the
sea-level leakage area is 232.8 SqIn.
Sea Level ELA4 = 0.2835 x 288.3 x (4) 0.755 = 232.8 SqIn
The equation used to estimate the effective leakage area

for any altitude is provided here. In this case, the altitude ELA4 value depends on the C and n constants, the
differential pressure (PD) and the density of the air (d)
leaking through the cracks.
ELA4 (SqIn) = 2.929 x C x (PD) n 0.5 x (d / 2) 0.5
For example, for standard sea level conditions, the density of the air is 0.075 Lb/CuFt, so the ELA4 leakage area
is about 233 SqIn, which agrees with the sea level version of this equation.
233 SqIn = 2.929 x 288.3 x (4) 0.755- 0.50 x (0.075 / 2) 0.5
Section 21
room and for the entire structure when using this
equation.
ICFM = Infiltration Cfm for entire conditioned space

WAR = Gross wall area room / Gross wall area dwelling
Room Infiltration CFM = WAR x ICFM
This guideline is a compromise between accuracy and

expediency. It is presented with the understanding that
room apportionments may not be sensitive to local differences in the construction detail, exhaust equipment,
vent openings and fuel burning equipment. The accuracy of this guideline is compatible with three methods
that are used to estimate the ICFM value.
21-9 Architectural and Mechanical

Considerations
An infiltration load must be assigned to a thermal envelope and to the mechanical equipment that serves the
dwelling. This is a trivial matter when a single family
detached home is equipped with a central, single-zone
system because the infiltration load for the conditioned
space is identical to the infiltration load on the equipment. A little more thought is required when two or
more comfort systems are installed in a home because
one infiltration load is shared by two or more pieces of
equipment. In this case, the infiltration load on each
piece of equipment is estimated by summing the infiltration loads for the rooms served by that equipment.
21-10 Combining Infiltration and

Ventilation
Engineered ventilation systems affect the infiltration
rate if the mechanically-introduced flow of outdoor air
does not equal the flow of mechanically-exhausted air.
The following conditions are possible:
n
If the flow rate of the outdoor air equals the flow

rate of the exhaust air, the ventilation system has
no affect on the space pressure or the infiltration rate.
If the flow of outdoor air is greater than the flow of

exhaust air, the space will be pressurized and the
infiltration is reduced.
If the flow of outdoor air is less than the flow of
exhaust air, the space will be depressurized and
the infiltration is increased.
When an unbalanced condition occurs, the combined

infiltration rate (CFMcomb) depends on the standard infiltration rate (CFMinf) and the imbalance between the
ventilation CFM and the exhaust CFM (CFMimb). The
following equations estimate the infiltration rate for a
dwelling that has an unbalanced ventilation system:
CFMimb = (Exhaust CFM - Ventilation CFM)
ICFM = CFMcomb = (CFMinf 1.5 CFMimb 1.5) 0.67
Where:
CFMcomb = 0 when (CFMinf 1.5 - CFMimb 1.5) is negative
For example, suppose a home has an standard infiltration rate of 130 CFM. If 50 CFM of outdoor air is introduced through the return side of the air distribution
system with no provision for exhausting this air, the
home is pressurized and the infiltration rate is reduced
to 111 CFM as demonstrated here:
CFMimb = 0 - 50 = -50
ICFM = CFMcomb = (130 1.5 - 50 1.5) 0.67 = 111.0
Conversely, if exhaust equipment draws 50 CFM of outdoor air through this home, the thermal envelope will
be under a negative pressure. In this case, the infiltration rate increases to about 154 CFM, as demonstrated
here:
CFMimb = 50 - 0 = 50
ICFM = CFMcomb = (130 1.5 + 50 1.5) 0.67 = 153.7
Infiltration Principles
Infiltration rates depend on flow paths and pressure
drivers. Some factors cannot be controlled (the wind),
some factors are controlled by the builder (cracks) and
some factors are controlled by the HVAC contractor
(engineered ventilation, exhausts and vents). Understanding infiltration mechanics and related pressure
conditions is essential for system design, for trouble-shooting air quality problems and for assuring
occupant comfort, health and safety.
21-11 Flow Paths

Air enters and exits a dwelling though cracks and
holes in the exposed panels and exposed partitions,
and at fenestration assemblies. Air also flows through
interior partitions (walls, ceilings and floors) that have
a cavity that is air-coupled to the outdoors or to a leaky
unconditioned space. Other flow paths are created by
the mechanical systems. Figure 21-5 (next page) summarizes the situation.
181
Section 21
drivers act in concert, so a wide range of pressure conditions and infiltration rates are possible, depending
on which drivers are active.
21-14 Leakage Points

Infiltration studies indicate that leakage is associated
with most structural panels (walls, partitions, ceilings
and floors), vents and chimneys, exhaust openings
and some components of the HVAC system. A summary of field study observations is provided below.
This information shows that there are many leakage
points associated with a dwelling.
Walls
Exterior walls tend to leak at the top plate and sill plate,
around the rough opening of window and door
frames, at electrical outlets and at piping penetrations.
Interior walls provide paths that connect the conditioned space with attics, basements and crawl spaces.
Studies show that walls can be responsible for 18 to 50
percent of the total leakage area (the mean value was
35 percent).
Windows and Doors
When closed, windows and doors account for 6 to 22
percent of the total leakage area (the mean value was
15 percent). The actual leakage area for a specific assembly depends on the type of window or door and the
quality of construction (discounted for the age of the unit).
Ceilings
Ceiling leakage can occur at wall-ceiling intersections
that are not sealed (and which may be hidden by molding), at recessed lighting fixtures, attic access doors,
electrical penetrations and piping penetrations. Ceiling leakage can account for 3 to 30 percent of the total
leakage area (the mean value was 18 percent). A foam
encapsulated attic reduces ceiling leakage (and may
reduce leakage through wall cavities).
Attic Exhaust Fans
Attic exhaust fans were not mentioned in the study,
but they can cause a dramatic increase in ceiling leakage and interior wall leakage. Attic exhaust fans also
affect the leakage rate of attic duct runs.
Manual J has no procedure for adjusting infiltration
Cfm for negative attic pressure produced by an
exhaust fan. The net affect depends on the power of
the fan, the amount of relief provided by the attic vent
openings, the amount of leakage from the conditioned
space and the affect on duct leakage.
In some cases its possible for the reduction in ceiling
load to be smaller than the increase in the sensible and
186
latent infiltration loads. It may even be possible to

produce a condition that would cause a combustion
appliance to backdraft. It is possible for the operating
cost of an attic exhaust fan to greater than the associated reduction in cooling energy cost.
Attic exhaust fans are sized by attic ceiling area. Sizes
range from 0.50 Cfm per SqFt to 0.75 Cfm per SqFt.
(Fan capacity is typically 1,000 Cfm or more. A small
50 cfm or so fan is not classified as an attic
exhaust fan.)
Vent Openings
Exhaust vents may have no damper or a leaky damper.
The leakage area for vent openings can vary from 2 to
12 percent of the total leakage area (the mean value
was 5 percent).
Fireplaces
The leakage produced by inoperative fireplaces
depends on the source of combustion air. If the combustion air comes from the conditioned space, the
leakage depends on the quality of the flue damper
and the seal at the glass doors (when installed). The
leakage area associated with fireplaces can vary
between 0 percent and 30 percent (the mean was equal
to 12 percent).
Comfort System
The leakage attributed to comfort systems can range
from 0 percent to 28 percent (the mean was 18 percent).
The total amount of leakage area depends on the type
of equipment, the location of the equipment and duct
runs, and the amount of exposed duct-wall area.
21-15 Leakage Barriers and Sealing

A variety of leakage points (wall or ceiling) can be collectively eliminated by installing membranes and
panels that function as a continuous air barrier. This
benefit could be provided by an external wrap (infiltration barrier), a plastic vapor retarder (location
depends on climate), insulating panels that have a foil
facing or dry wall (sheet rock). In all cases, the effectiveness of the membrane depends on methods, materials and workmanship (as it pertains to sequencing,
cutting, fitting, lapping, taping and caulking) and
quality of workmanship. Leakage points not sealed
by a membrane must be sealed on an local basis.
Tapes, caulking materials, mastics, aerosol foams,
gaskets and dampers are used for this purpose. Refer
to manuals published by the Energy Efficient Building Association (EEBA) for more information about
envelope sealing techniques.
Section 23
runs are not sealed (0.35/0.70 scenario), the
Worksheet G values for the second floor area (previous
example) will be larger and the system load factors and
latent gain value will be larger.
When risers or drops are located in an exposed wall, the
duct load factor or latent load is added to the system
load values. This will increase the system load factors
and latent gain value for the previous example.
Or use values that are compatible with the track

record of the installer.
Note: Software solutions are only as good as the input data. If the
duct surface area is off by 100 percent the duct load error will be
in the neighborhood of 100 percent. If the leakage estimate is way
off the mark, the duct load will be incorrect. Also expect extremely large load factors for R-0 scenarios, especially if there is a
lot of exposed surface area.
23-8 Computer Solution Preferred
24-9 Return Duct Loads
One page of tables and equations is required to summarize the performance of one duct system scenario. Since
there are a large number of possible scenarios (depending on duct-run locations, supply-side geometry,
return-side geometry, insulation R-value and leakage
class), a comprehensive library of duct factor tables is
impossible to produce (and would be to large to be of
practical use). Fortunately, this is no problem when
"Powered by Manual J" software evaluates duct loads.
Software implementation of the Manual J duct load
model accepts practitioner input for:
Manual J duct tables provide performance values for

the entire duct system that is described in the table's
heading. When these values are processed by Manual J
Worksheet G, the worksheet returns a heat loss factor, a
sensible gain factor and a latent cooling load value for
the entire duct system. However, Worksheet G may
also be used to generate load factors and a latent load
value for the return side of the system.
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
The location of the duct runs.

The surface area of the supply system.
The surface area of the return system.
The duct wall R-value or values.
Supply-side and return-side leakage CFM per
square foot of duct surface area (based on a 25
Pascal duct leakage test, SMACNA CL value or
practitioner estimate).
Weather data and altitude correction from
Worksheet A.
The indoor design conditions.
Envelope loads and envelope infiltration rate.
Many types of roof-attic construction.
The temperature of supply air (heating).
The blower CFM (heating and cooling).
For existing duct systems, this information is gathered

by inspection and testing. Or, the practitioner provides
the information for duct systems that are on the drawing board.
Return Side Load Factors

Figure 23-2 (next page) shows the Worksheet G calculation for a radial duct system in a vented attic under a
dark shingle roof (duct table 7B-R for a 2,500 SqFt floor
area). The duct has R-4 insulation and is not sealed (0.35
Cfm/SqFt supply leakage and 0.70 Cfm/SqFt return
leakage).The installed supply duct surface area is 275
SqFt, and the installed return duct surface area is 120
SqFt (as measured or estimated by the practitioner). The
Table 1 values for the location are 0F for heating, 95F
for sensible cooling and 40 grains for latent cooling.
Th e left side of Figure 23-2 shows Worksheet G calculations for the entire duct system. Note that the default
supply and return areas from Table 7B-R are 312 SqFt
and 95 SqFt (the practitioner may use these defaults for
the installed surface areas if more accurate values are
not available).
n
For leakage values, the practitioner has to make a decision pertaining to expected tightness of the supply runs
and the return runs. Manual J provides the following
options:
n
196
Use the Table 7 default values for sealed (0.12 and

0.24) or unsealed (0.35 and 0.70).
Or use Figure 23-5 or Figures 23-8 and 23-9 to generate leakage rate values.
Or use values that are compatible with a code
requirement.
The heat loss factor for the entire duct system is

0.410.
The sensible gain factor for the entire duct system
is 0.562.
The latent cooling load value for the entire duct
system is 3,052 Btuh.
Th e right side of Figure 23-2 shows Worksheet G calculations for the return side of the duct system. Note that
the supply side surface areas have been set to zero.
n
The heat loss factor for the return-side of the duct

system is 0.167.
The sensible gain factor for the return-side of the
duct system is 0.229.
The latent cooling load value for the return-side of
the duct system is 3,052 Btuh.
Section 23
Worksheet G
Duct Runs in Unconditioned Space
Location of duct runs: Attic
Levels served by duct runs (one or two): One
Percent of duct system in this space: 100%
Floor area of primary level: 2,500 SqFt
Airway shape and configuration: Round-radial
Floor area of second level:
Duct Table
7B-R
Case
Look-up Floor Area
SAT Heating
99% db
1% db
Grains
2,500
DF = 100F
0F
99F
40
Refer to Section 23.6 for guidance pertaining to case number and look-up floor area.
For multiple locations use a separate worksheet for each location. Then the Form J1 loss/gain factors and latent gain for the entire system equal the sum
of the worksheet (Step 5) values. See Section 23.7.
Step 1) Enter base-case load factors and latent heat value from Table 7 (eyeball interpolation is acceptable)
Existing Construction
R-Value
1
2
3
Improved Construction
Base-case factors from table
4
Leakage
0.35 / 0.70
Heat loss factor =

Sensible gain factor =
Latent gain (Btuh) =
R-Value
0.170
0.220
601
4
Leakage
0.35 / 0.70
Base-case factors from table

Heat loss factor =
Sensible gain factor =
Latent gain (Btuh) =
0.170
0.220
601
1.370
Step 2) R-Value Correction (WIF)

4
For heat loss =
1.370
For heat loss =
For sensible gain =
1.330
For sensible gain =
6
7
Adjusted heat loss factor =

Adjusted sensible gain factor =
0.233
0.293
< Line 1 factor x line 4 adjustment >

1.330
0.233
0.293
Step 3) Leakage Rate Correction (LCF)

8
For heat loss =
1.75
For heat loss =
1.75
For sensible gain =
1.91
For sensible gain =
1.91
10
For latent gain =
4.02
11
12
13
Adjusted heat loss factor =

Adjusted sensible gain factor =
Adjusted latent gain (Btuh) =
0.048
0.559
2,416
For latent gain =

< Line 6 factor x line 8 adjustment t >
< Line 3 value x line 10 adjustment >
4.02
0.048
0.559
2,416
Step 4) Surface Area Adjustment

14
Installed supply area (SqFt) =
275
15
Default supply area (SqFt) =
312
16
Rs = Installed area / default area =
17
Installed return area (SqFt) =
18
19
20
21
22
Default return area (SqFt) =

Rr = Installed area / default area =
Ks =
0.676
DSF for
Sect 23-18
Shortcut
0.881
Installed supply area (SqFt) =

Default supply area (SqFt) =
Rs = Installed area / default area =
120
Installed return area (SqFt) =
95
Default return area (SqFt) =
1.263
Kr =
0.324
SAA (heating and sensible cooling) =

LGA (latent cooling) =
1.005
1.263
Rr = Installed area / default area =

Ks =
0.676
Kr =
0
120
95
1.263
0.324
< Ks (L20) x Rs (L16) + Kr (L20) x Rr (L19) >

< Latent LGA = Rr (L19) >
0.409
1.263
< Line 11 Factor x Line 21 SAA value >

< Line 12 Factor x Line 21 SAA value >
< Line 13 gain x Line 22 LGA adjustment >
0.167
0.229
3,052
Step 5) Heat Loss and heat gain factors and latent gain (Btuh)
23
24
25
Effective heat loss factor (EHLF) =

Effective sensible gain factor (ESGF) =
Effective latent gain Btuh (ELG) =
0.410
0.562
3,052
Figure 23-2
197
Section 23
Return Side Loads
The J1 Form converts duct load factors to duct loads.
The return side loads for this example are as follows:
The heating load for the space served by the duct
system converts the return side heat loss factor to a
heating load. For example, if the space heating
load is 52,000 Btuh (per line 14 on the J1 form), the
heating load for the return-side of the duct system
is 0.167 x 52,000 = 8,684 Btuh.
The sensible cooling load for the space served by
the duct system converts the return side sensible
gain factor to a sensible cooling load. For example,
if the sensible space load is 22,000 Btuh (per line 14
on the J1 form), the sensible cooling load for the
return-side of the duct system is 0.229 x 22,000 =
5,038 Btuh.
The return side latent load is provided by
Worksheet G.
Dry-Bulb and Wet-Bulb at the Exit

of the Return Duct
The sensible heat equation (below) converts a sensible
return duct load (sensible Btuh) to a dry-bulb gain, or
dry-bulb loss (DT). Then the dry-bulb temperature
(DB) of the air that exits the return duct equals the
indoor dry-bulb temperature plus the return duct gain.
Indoor DB temperature = Given
DT (F) = Sensible Btuh / (1.1 x ACF x Rcfm )
Exiting DB (F) = Indoor DB DT
Where:
ACF is an altitude correction factor (see Table 10A)
Rcfm = Return air Cfm = Blower Cfm
Note: Return air Cfm may be equal to the blower Cfm, or

may be somewhat larger or smaller. For the purpose of this
calculation, Rcfm defaults to blower Cfm
An indoor humidity ratio (grains of moisture per pound

of air value) is provided by altitude sensitive
psychometrics (based on the indoor dry-bulb and relative humidity values). Then the latent heat equation
(below), converts a latent return duct load (latent Btuh)
to a grains of moisture gain (DGR). Then the exiting
grains value equals the indoor grains value plus the
latent moisture gain
Indoor Grains = Psychometric value
DGR = Latent Load Btuh / 1.1 x ACF x Rcfm
Exiting Grains = Indoor Grains + DGR
Altitude sensitive psychometrics converts an exiting

dry-bulb temperature and grains value to a exiting
wet-bulb temperature, and converts an indoor dry-bulb
temperature and relative humidity value to an entering
wet-bulb temperature. The wet-bulb rise (DWB) equals
the difference between the two wet-bulb values.
Exiting WB (F) = Psychometric value
Indoor WB (F) = Given psychometric state point
DWB (F)= Exiting WB - Indoor WB
Duct System Efficiency

The heating and sensible cooling loads generated by
duct systems are sensitive to a collection of variables
and interactions such as piping geometry, the location
of the duct runs, the condition of the air in the duct
runs, the condition of the air surrounding the duct
runs, the tightness of seams and joints, and the amount
of duct-wall insulation. Duct loads also depend on the
size of the dwelling and construction details because
equipment size, blower CFM, the size of the duct airways and the total surface area of the duct system
depend on the size of the heating and sensible cooling
loads. Leakage at seams and joints produces a latent
cooling load and creates pressure differentials that
affect the dwellings infiltration rate.
198
Duct load calculations are complex and recursive, and

should be performed on a case by case basis by "Powered by Manual J" software. This manual provides
solutions for a collection of default scenarios (see
Table 7). As demonstrated by Sections 7, 8 and 9, these
solutions reduce to a heat loss factor, a sensible heat
gain factor and a latent gain value. The loss and gain
multipliers for heating and sensible cooling loads are
expressed as a percentage of the envelope load. The
latent heat gain value is expressed in Btuh units. The
information presented here pertains to the duct loss
and gain models used to generate the Table 7 values.
These models are compatible with information published in ASHRAE Standard 152.
Section 23
23-10 Adequate Insulation is Required

Comparison of the wall insulation correction factors
(see Table 7B-R, for example) indicates that there is a
significant increase in the size of the sensible duct load
if the wall insulation is reduced from R-6 to R-4 and
that an unacceptably large increase is associated with
R-values that are less than R-4. Alternatively, performance is noticeably improved when the wall insulation is upgraded to R-8. (Depending on the
circumstances, replacing R-6 with R-8 produces a 3 to 6
percent reduction in the sensible duct load and a 2 to 9
percent reduction in the duct heating load.)
23-11 Surrounding Environment

Attics are a hostile environment because the dry-bulb
temperature is significantly higher than the outdoor
temperature in the summer (white shingles, tile roofs,
radiant barriers, attic fans, extra vent area and certain
types of attic construction moderate this condition),
and almost as cold as outdoors during winter. In addition, the absolute humidity in a properly vented attic is
approximately equal to the outdoor humidity.
Open crawlspaces are undesirable because there is little difference between the crawlspace temperature and
humidity and the condition of the outdoor air.
Enclosed crawlspaces and unconditioned spaces produce environments that range from benign to hostile,
depending on construction details (tightness, insulation placement and insulation R-value).
Information gained by a limited effort to investigate
the affect of location is summarized by Figure 23-3.
This figure shows that the loads for open crawlspaces
and uninsulated crawlspaces can be comparable to or

greater than the loads for attic locations. (The crawlspace system has more exposed duct wall area than the
attic system because the crawlspace runouts extend to
the perimeter of the floor plan and attic runouts only ran
to the center of a room.) This figure also indicates that
radiant barriers (or white shingles or tile roofs) reduce
the cooling load for attic duct systems.
Duct heat transfer to an unconditioned space can be significantly reduced if the surface area of the system is
minimized. In this regard, research performed at the
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) indicates that when the thermal envelope is efficient, an
acceptable level of comfort can be provided by an attic
duct system that features a central air handler and short
supply runs that feed supply air diffusers located near
the interior walls of the rooms. Duct loads are eliminated when duct runs are in a conditioned space, and
significantly reduced when in an encapsulated attic.
23-12 Duct Load Factors Depend on

Design Procedures
The model used to generate the duct factor tables for
this manual applies to designs that are compatible with
Manuals J, S, and D procedure. This is important
because duct surface area estimates are based on the
assumption that the blower CFM is compatible with the
calculated loads and that duct airway sizes are compatible with the blower performance and the total effective
length of the duct system. In other words, default surface areas for Manual J duct tables do not apply to duct
systems that have been designed by using whimsical
guidelines and unreliable rules of thumb (the surface
area correction procedure adjusts for these cases).
Comparison of Duct Load Factors Radial Duct System In Vented Attic Under Dark Shingles
Range of Duct Load Factors
Scenario
Grille Location
Sensible
Cooling
Latent
Btuh
Heating
SAT = 110 F
Supply
Return
Ordinary Vented Attic

Mostly Sealed
Not Sealed
0.11 > 0.27

0.20 > 0.58
136 > 1,044

483 > 3,930
0.06 > 0.20

0.11 > 0.41
Center
room
1,000 cfm
per grille,
short ducts
Vented Attic With Radiant Barrier

Mostly Sealed
Not Sealed
0.09 > 0.20

0.18 > 0.36
131 > 851

368 > 2,399
0.06 > 0.20

0.11 > 0.41
Center
room
1,000 cfm
per grille,
short ducts
Open Crawl Space

Mostly Sealed
Not Sealed
0.12 > 0.40

0.25 > 1.18
241 > 2,217

1106 > 9,094
0.13 > 0.48

0.27 > 1.35
Perimeter
1,000 cfm
per grille,
short ducts
Closed Crawl Space, No Insulation

Mostly Sealed
Not Sealed
0.06 > 0.15

0.11 > 0.27
125 > 972

1068 > 8,787
0.12 > 0.38

0.25 > 1.28
Perimeter
1,000 cfm
per grille,
short ducts
Figure 23-3
198
Section 27
humidity level that produces condensation on a visible
surface.
The following equation is used to evaluate the temperature distribution across a structural panel. This equation shows that the temperature at a concealed surface
(Tc) depends on the R-value for the layers of material
between the surface of interest and the outdoors (Rc),
the total R-value across the sandwich (Rt), the outdoor
design temperature (To), and the indoor temperature (Ti).
Dew point
37% RH
Tc - Ro + (Ti - To) x (Tc / Rt)
43 oF
For example, the following guidance compares the condensation potential at the inside surface of a cinder
block wall that has insulation on the indoor side of the
block with the condensation potential of a block wall
with the same amount of insulation installed on the outdoor side of the block. These calculations are based on
data provided by Figure 27-2, which shows the thermal
resistance of the path between the concealed surface
and the outdoor air is R-2 for indoor insulation and R-10
for outdoor insulation. Figure 27-2 also shows that the
total thermal resistance for both walls is R-12 and the
indoor and outdoor temperatures are 70 oF and -5 oF.
Figure 27-1
R-12
-5 F
Tc = -5 + ((70 - (-5)) x 10) / 12 = 57.5 oF
For a 57 oF dew point, the psychometric chart for normal temperatures indicates that indoor air with
220
R-2
Concealed
Surface
70 F
-5 F
70F
Overall
resistance
of both walls
is R-13 with
Interior finish and
air films
Tc = -5 + (70 - (-5)) x (2 / 12) = 7.5 oF
Insulation on Outside Surface

This equation provides the value for the temperature at
indoor surface of the cinder block if the insulation is
installed on the outdoor surface of the wall.
R-12
R-2
Insulation on Inside Surface

This equation provides the temperature at indoor surface of the block (under the insulation) if the insulation
is on the indoor side of the wall.
For a 7.5 oF dew point, a low-temperature psychometric

chart indicates that indoor air with 8 Grains of moisture
will produce condensation on the concealed surface of
the block (an absolute humidity of 8 Gr/Lb is associated
with a 7.5 oF dew point). A psychometric chart for normal temperatures shows that the relative humidity of
the indoor air must be 8 percent or less to prevent condensation at the indoor surface of the block wall (8%
RH is compatible with 70 oF dry-bulb and 8 Grains of
moisture). These calculations show that concealed condensation is almost certain if the insulation is installed
on the inside surface of the block wall.
70 oF
R-2 between the

concealed surface
and the outdoors
R-12 between the

concealed surface
and the outdoors
Figure 27-2
70 Grains of moisture will produce condensation on the

concealed surface of the block. This chart also shows
that 62% RH is compatible with 57 oF dry-bulb and
70 Grains of moisture. Therefore, condensation will not
occur until the indoor humidity exceeds 62% RH. These
calculations show that concealed condensation is prevented (or will be unusual) if the insulation is installed
on the outdoor side of the block wall.
27-3 Duct Condensation

Condensation on interior duct surfaces will not occur if
the dew-point temperature of the ducted air is lower
than the temperature of the airway surface. The
Section 27
following equation shows that airway surface temperature (Ts) depends on duct air temperature (Ti) and
ambient temperature (To), the overall R-value (Rt) of
the duct wall (duct material, insulation and air film
resistence), and the resistance of the inside air film (Ri).
If the ambient temperature is 0F and the duct air temperature is 105F, the temperature for the duct airway
surface is about 76.8F, so supply duct condensation
will not occur. A similar calculation shows that return
duct condensation will not occur.
Ts = Ti - (Ti - To) x (Ri / Rt)

Where:
Ri equals the air film coefficient for airway air:
Ri is about 0.25 for typical air velocities
Ri is about 0.68 for no air velocity (blower off)
For example, sea level dwelling has winter

humidification added to supply air, and the dew-point
of space air is 37.3F for 70F dry-bulb and 30% RH. If
the blower is off, space air may siphon through an attic
duct system.
Uninsulated metal duct is used to demonstrate the calculation procedure. If the blower is off, the total R-value
of a sealed metal duct that has no insulation is about
1.36 (metal resistance is negligible, Ri is about 0.68, and
Ro is about 0.68). If the ambient air temperature (To) is
0F and the duct air temperature(Ti) is 70F, the temperature for the duct airway surface is about 35F, so condensation is possible.
Dew-point for duct air = 37.3 F
Ts = 70 - (70 - 0) x (0.68 / 1.36) = 35.0F
When the blower operates, 1,400 CFM of 105F air

moves through the supply side of the duct system. The
Manual J humidification load was determined to be
4,760 Btuh for the winter design condition, so the
humidifier must add 4.5 pounds of water per continuous hour of operation. But the furnace only operates for
42 minutes per hour because it is oversized, so the
humidifier must add moisture at a rate of 6.5 pounds
(Lb) of water per hour when the furnace operates. This
means that return air enters the return duct at 70F and
32.5 Grains (Gr) and leaves the supply duct at 105F and
39.7 Grains, so the dew-point (DP) of the supply air is
about 42.3F.
ACF for sea level = 1.0
Return air at 70 F and 30% RH = 32.5 Grains
Latent heat added to air = 6.5 x 1,054 = 6,851 Btuh
Grains rise = 6,851 / (1.0 x 0.68 x 1,400) = 7.2
Supply air grains = 32.5 + 7.2 = 39.7
Supply air at 105 F and 39.7 Grains = 42.3 F DP
If the blower runs, the total R-value of a sealed metal

duct that has no insulation is about 0.93 (metal resistance is negligible, Ri is about 0.25, and Ro is about 0.68).
Dew-point for supply air (105F, 12% RH) = 42.3 F

Ts = 105 - (105 - 0) x (0.25 / 0.93) = 76.8F
Dew-point for return air (70F, 30% RH) = 37.3 F
Ts = 70 - (70 - 0) x (0.25 / 0.93) = 51.2F
In general, duct runs installed outside of the conditioned space should be insulated (R4 is common, R6 or
R8 is good practice, and ma be a code requirement). For
winter humidification, the amount of duct wall insulation must assure that the duct airway surfaces will be
warmer than the dew-point of ducted air.
In general, duct runs installed outside of the conditioned space should be comprehensively sealed (this is
good practice, and may be a code requirement). For
winter humidification, exposed duct runs must be as
tight as possible (much better than the 0.12/0.24 Cfm
per SqFt of duct surface area default for sealed duct per
Table 7).
n
Reactively humid air leaking out of a supply duct

may condense (and possibly freeze) on a nearby
surface.
Cold air leaking into a return duct can cause condensation (and possible freezing) at the leakage
point.
27-4 Moisture Migration

Water vapor rapidly migrates throughout an enclosed
space, finding its way into every gap, crack and cavity
that has an air-path connection to a humid space. This
means that when humidification is done locally, the
contiguous spaces as defined by the exterior walls
and/or interior walls will be humidified. Therefore,
the maximum acceptable (non condensing) humidity
level in any room or zone depends on the construction
of the room or zone.
Also note that moisture can be mechanically dispersed throughout a home, by a forced-air heating system. For example, if return air is drawn from a room
that contains a pool or hot tub, the entire home will be
humidified. Even if the blower is not operating, moisture will migrate through any duct run (supply or
return) that connects a humid room with the other
rooms served by the air distribution system.
Condensation also can occur inside of air distribution
systems located in unconditioned spaces. For example,
homes equipped with baseboard heat and a cooling
221
Section 27
system installed in the attic may have problems with
duct wall condensation or air handler cabinet condensation during cold weather. In extreme cases water may
drip from the ceiling supply outlets or returns. This
moisture is generated when humid, buoyant room air
migrates to the attic duct system (through a supply or
return), loses sensible heat and moisture (the water
vapor in the air condenses on cold surfaces), loses buoyancy and falls back into the room (through a supply or
return), which draws more room air into the duct system. This continuous, gravity-driven circulation process is called thermosiphoning (see Section 27-3).
27-5 Humidifier Water Requirement

Winter humidification loads are generated by natural
infiltration, by mechanical ventilation, by duct leakage,
and by moisture migration (ignoring the affect of internal moisture gains). Because the infiltration and ventilation loads are similar, they are combined into a single
outdoor air load. Then the default humidification load
for outdoor air is increased by a moisture migration
load, and/or a duct leakage load, but good construction
practices prevent significant migration and leakage
loads.
Provide a comprehensive vapor retarding membrane for structural surfaces.
Duct runs and equipment cabinets in an unconditioned space must be tightly sealed.
Section 28-6 guidance pertains to the moisture
migration load for winter humidification.
Section 27-7 provides guidance for calculating
humidification loads caused by duct leakage.
The following equations show that the default

humidification load depends on the total flow of outdoor air (infiltration CFM plus the ventilation CFM),
the absolute humidity difference between the indoor air
(at the indoor design condition) and the outdoor air (at
the winter design temperature and 80 percent RH), and
the altitude correction factor (ACF) from Table 10A.
Outdoor Air CFM = ICFM + VCFM
Pounds of Water Per Hour = 0.000645 x Outdoor CFM
x (Indoor Grains - Outdoor Grains) x ACF
Figure 27-3 provides moisture content values for a

range of outdoor air temperatures and moisture content
values for a variety of indoor humidity values. This
information is used when the elevation is 2,500 feet or
less. For higher elevations, moisture content values are
read from Table 12, a psychometric chart for the altitude
of concern, or they can be obtained by using altitude
sensitive psychometric software.
Moisture Content at Sea Level

Outdoor
Dry Bulb F
Outdoor
Grains
Indoor
Humidity
% RH
Indoor Grains
@ 70 F
-10 or lower
2.6
10
10.8
-9 to -1
3.4
15
16.2
4.4
20
21.6
5.7
25
27.1
10
7.3
30
32.5
15
9.4
35
38.0
20
12.0
40
43.5
25
15.2
45
49.0
30
19.2
50
54.5
35
23.8
55
60.0
40
29.0
45
35.2
Figure 27-3
Humidifier Capacity Requirement
Gallons of Water per Day per 100 CFM of Outdoor Air
At Seal Level Conditions
Outdoor Design Temperature - F
Indoor
RH
-20
-10
10
20
30
40
20 %
3.52
3.37
3.37
2.65
1.78
0.44
NA
30 %
5.54
5.39
5.21
4.67
3.80
2.47
0.65
40 %
7.58
7.43
7.25
6.71
5.84
4.50
2.69
Figure 27-4
For example, sea level calculations show that 4.67 gallons of water per day are required to humidify 100 CFM
of outdoor air when the outdoor design temperature is
10 oF and the indoor design condition is 70 oF dry bulb
and 30 percent RH. For convenience, Figure 27-4 summarizes the result of a similar set calculations for a
range of outdoor temperatures and indoor humidities.
Outdoor Grains = 7.3 (10 oF, 80% RH)
Indoor Grains = 32.5 (70 oF, 30% RH)
Pounds per Hour = 0.000645 x 100 x (32.5 - 7.3) x 1.0 = 1.625
The following equation converts pounds of water per

hour to gallons of water per day:
Gallons per Day = 2.874 x Pounds Water per Hour
222
Section 27
Therefore, the 1.625 Lb/Hr water requirement is equivalent to 4.67 gallons per day.
Gallons per day = 2.874 x 1.625 = 4.67
27-6 Humidifier Heating Load

The humidification load on central heating equipment
depends on the type of humidification equipment. If a
humidification device has its own (self contained)
source of heat, there is no humidification load on the
central equipment. If a humidification device does not
have a source of heat, the heat of evaporation is a load
on the central heating equipment. This equation determines the humidification heating load (HHL) generated by evaporative humidification devices.
HHL (Btuh) = 1,054 x Pounds Water per Hour
For example, an evaporative device that processes 1.625

pounds of water per hour produces a 1,713 Btuh load on
the central heating equipment.
1,713 Btuh = 1,054 x 1.625
The following equation provides a value for the heating

load produced by evaporative humidification devices.
For this equation, CFMoa is the total flow of outdoor air
(infiltration plus ventilation) and Grains Added is the
grains of moisture added to the flow of outdoor air.
HHL (Btuh) = ACF x 0.68 x CFMoa x Grains Added x ACF
For example, adding 15 Grains of moisture to 100 CFM

of outdoor air produces a 1,020 Btuh humidification
load (at sea level).
HHL = 1.0 x 0.68 x 100 x 15 x 1.0 = 1,020 Btuh
27-7 Winter Humidification

Load for Duct Leakage
This calculation procedure evaluates the winter
humidification load for duct leakage. It is offered as
investigative-demonstrative tool. To avoid possible
condensation problems, humidified air should not
flow through leaky ducts installed in a cold space.
For this calculation, altitude determines the altitude
correction factor (ACF from Table 10A), and affects
the psychometric properties of outdoor air and indoor
air (per Table 12, or use psychometric software).
Table 7 provides default values for supply duct surface area and return duct surface area (or use values
specified by the practitioner). The supply and return
leakage values (Cfm per SqFt of surface area) are
those used for the Manual J duct load calculation per

Worksheet G (or use different values for what-if
investigations).
This procedure is for moisture added to supply air, so
the grains of moisture in the supply duct is greater
than the grains of moisture in the return duct. The
supply-side moisture loss due to duct leakage is relative to dry outdoor air. The return-side moisture load
due to duct leakage depends on the moisture in the
ambient air in contact with the return duct.
n
Assume that ambient air moisture equals outdoor air moisture if the unconditioned space is
not sealed from outdoor air.
Duct moisture leakage to an unconditioned
space that is tightly sealed from outdoor air may
not cause a significant humidification load (a
regain issue), but may cause a structural condensation problem for the unconditioned space.
These equations determine the supply-side heating

load (SHL) and moisture load (SML) for supply-side
leakage, and the return-side heating load (RHL) and
moisture load (RML) for return-side leakage. The total
heating load (THL) and total moisture load (TML) for
the duct system is equal to the sum of the supply and
return values.
LHS (Btuh) = 1,054 x Pounds Water per Hour
DSG (grains) = HLS / (0.68 x ACF x Bcfm)
SG (grains) = RG + DSG
LScfm = SA x SLR
LRcfm = RA x RLR
SHL (Btuh) = 0.68 x ACF x LScfm x (SG - OG)
RHL (Btuh) = 0.68 x ACF x LRcfm x (RG - AG)
THL (Btuh) = SML + RML
SML (Lb water per Hr) = SHL / 1,054
RML (Lb water per Hr) = RHL / 1,054
TML (Lb water per Hr) = SML + RML
Where:
LHS is the latent heat (Btuh) added to supply air.
For the first iteration, pounds water per hour is the moisture
requirement for infiltration and engineered ventilation at
the winter design condition, per Section 27.5 guidance.
For the second and final iteration, pounds water per hour
is equal to the Section 27.5 value plus the TML value from
the first iteration.
DSG is the grains of moisture added to supply air.
ACF is the altitude correction factor (Table 10A).
Bcfm is the blower Cfm.
SG is the grains of moisture in the supply air .
RG is the grains of moisture at the return grille (which
defaults to the grains value for the conditioned space).
223
Section 27
This value is determined by Table 12, or use altitude
sensitive psychometric software.
LScfm is the supply-side leakage Cfm.
SA is the surface area of the exposed supply duct (SqFt).
SLR is the leakage rate (Cfm/SqFt) for the supply duct.
LRcfm is the return-side leakage Cfm.
RA is the surface area of the exposed return duct (SqFt).
RLR is the leakage rate (Cfm/SqFt) for the return duct.
SHL is the latent heating load for supply moisture loss.
OG is the grains of moisture for outdoor air at the winter
design condition. This value is determined by Table 12, or
use altitude sensitive psychometric software.
RHL is the latent heating load for return moisture loss.
AG is the grains of moisture in the ambient air that contacts
the return duct . This defaults to OG if the unconditioned
space is not tightly sealed (no regain), or may be about
equal to RG if the unconditioned space is tightly sealed.
(100% regain).
THL is the total latent heating load .
SML is the supply-side moisture loss.
RML is the return-side moisture load .
TML is the moisture load for both sides of the duct system.
For example, the outdoor design temperature for a sea

level dwelling is 0F, and the indoor design condition
for winter humidification is 70F and 30% RH. Per
Table 12, there are 4.4 grains for outdoor air and 32.5
grains for indoor air. The design humidification load
for infiltration and ventilation is 6.5 Lb/Hr. The duct
runs are in a vented attic, and 1,400 Cfm flows through
the duct system. The supply-side surface area is
255 SqFt and the return-side surface area is 175 SqFt.
Humidification loads are compared for ducts that are
exceptionally tight (0.06/0.06 Cfm/SqFt), default
sealed (0.12/0.24 Cfm/SqFt), and default unsealed
(0.35/0.70 Cfm/SqFt).
224
Figure 27-5 shows the solutions for the first iteration

and for the second and final iteration. Note that the
humidification load is very sensitive to duct leakage
(and much less sensitive to the iteration).
Duct Leakage Loads -- Iteration 1
6.5 Lb Water per Hr for Infiltration and Ventilation
Sealed 0.06/0.06
Sealed 0.12/0.24
Unsealed 0.37/0.70
Supply
Btuh
Return
Btuh
Supply
Btuh
Return
Btuh
Supply
Btuh
Return
Btuh
367
201
734
803
2,142
2,341
Duct System Btuh
Duct System Btuh
Duct System Btuh
568
1,537
4,483
Duct System Lb/Hr
Duct System Lb/Hr
Duct System Lb/Hr
0.54
1.46
4.25
Duct Leakage Loads -- Iteration 2

Lb Water per Hr for Infiltration, Ventilation and Duct Leakage
7.04
7.96
10.75
Sealed 0.06/0.06
Sealed 0.12/0.24
Unsealed 0.37/0.70
Supply
Btuh
Return
Btuh
373
201
Supply
Btuh
Return
Btuh
768
803
Supply
Btuh
Return
Btuh
2,428
2,341
Duct System Btuh
Duct System Btuh
Duct System Btuh
574
1,571
4,769
Duct System Lb/Hr
Duct System Lb/Hr
Duct System Lb/Hr
0.54
1.49
4.52
Total Humidification Load (Lb/Hr)

Sealed 0.06/0.06
Sealed 0.12/0.24
Unsealed 0.37/0.70
7.04
7.99
11.02
Figure 27-5
Section 28
Moisture Migration Load Procedure

Moisture migration can have a significant affect on the
latent cooling load and the winter humidification load.
In addition, it can cause concealed condensation with
attendant mold and mildew or structural damage
problems.
28-1 Moisture Migration for Cooling

Moisture migrates through permeable building materials (structural panels) when there is a difference in the
moisture content (vapor pressure) of the air that is in
contact with each side of the material. This flow of water
vapor produces a latent moisture migration load
(MML) on cooling equipment during the cooling season. This load shall be evaluated when one or more of
the dwelling's opaque panels (ceilings, walls and
exposed floors) has permeable construction that is not
protected by a vapor retarding membrane..
28-2 Moisture Migration Load

The (latent) moisture migration load depends on the
permanence (Perm) of the material in Btuh per 100 SqFt
per grains difference units, the net panel surface area
(NA) in SqFt, and the grains difference across the panel.
Refer to Table 13 for permanence values that are compatible with this equation and the Table 1 grains difference value for the site location.
MML (Btuh) = Permanence x Grains Difference value
x NA / 100 (SqFt)
Where:
Permanence = Btuh / (100 SqFt Grain Difference)
Table 1A or 1B provides the grains difference value for cooling
Table 12 provides the grains difference value for winter
humidification
NA (SqFt) = Net area of the permeable surface (gross area
minus fenestration area)
28-3 Perm Unit Conversion

Handbooks may list material Perm ratings in
Grains/(HRSqFtInHg) units (grains of moisture flow
per hour, per square foot of surface area, per inches of
mercury pressure difference). Such values are approximately converted to Btuh/(100 SqFtGrain Difference)
units (Btu per hour per 100 square feet of surface area
per Table 1 grains difference) by dividing the handbook
value by 10.0. For example, a handbook value of 50.0
Grains/(HRSqFtInHg) converts to 5.0 Btuh/(100 SqFt
Grain Difference).
28-4 Perm-Permeability Conversions

Permanence [Grains/(HRSqFtInHg)] is for the listed
thickness of a material (i.e. less or more than one inch).
Permeability [Grains/(HRSqFtInHg)/In] is for one
inch of material. Use the following equations to convert
a Perm or Permeability rating to a Perm rating for a
desired thickness.
Perm for desired thickness = Permeability for one inch /
Inches of thickness
Perm for desired thickness = Perm for listed thickness x
(Listed thickness / Desired thickness)
Example
A dwelling in Charleston, SC has a 2,000 SqFt gypsum
board ceiling that is 5/8 of an inch thick. The ceiling is
covered by blanket insulation that has negligible resistance to moisture migration. There is no vapor retarding membrane. The perm value for a 3/8 inch thick
gypsum board is 5.0 Btuh/(100 SqFtGrain Difference).
For 50% RH indoor humidity, the Table 1 grains difference value is 54. The latent load is 3,305 Btuh
MML = 5.0 x (0.375 / 0.625) x 54 x (2000 /100) = 3,305 Btuh
28-5 Altitude Effect

The 10.0 conversion factor for handbook Perm ratings
(see Section 28-3) is for sea level. This value increases
somewhat with altitude, but this effect is relatively
small, and may be ignored.
n
A latent cooling load is not an issue for higher elevations (see the Table 1 grains difference values).
A winter humidification load is a design possibility for any elevation.
28-6 Moisture Migration for Heating

The moisture migration equation (see Section 28-2)
applies to winter humidification (latent loss), but this
calculation is not needed for approved construction
(see Section 28-7). For unapproved construction, the
moisture migration load (MML) is evaluated by using
Table 12 to obtain a grains difference value for the winter design condition and the site elevation (or use altitude sensitive psychometric software)
28-7 Approved Construction

Cold climate and balanced climate dwellings normally
have a vapor retarding material near the inside surface
of the panels that define the envelope of the conditioned
225
Table 1
Table 1A
Outdoor Design Conditions for the United States
Location
Elevation Latitude
Winter
Summer
Feet
Degrees
North
Heating
99%
Dry Bulb
Cooling
1%
Dry Bulb
Coincident
Wet Bulb
Design
Grains
55% RH
Design
Grains
50% RH
Design
Grains
45% RH
Daily
Range
(DR)
Alexander City
686
33
22
93
76
39
46
52
Anniston AP
612
33
24
93
76
39
46
52
Auburn
776
32
22
93
76
39
46
52
Birmingham AP
644
33
23
92
75
34
41
47
Decatur
592
34
16
93
74
27
34
40
Dothan AP
401
31
32
93
76
39
46
52
Florence AP
581
34
21
94
75
31
38
44
Gadsden
569
34
20
94
75
31
38
44
Huntsville AP
629
34
20
92
74
28
35
41
Mobile AP
218
30
30
92
76
41
48
54
Mobile CO
26
30
29
93
77
46
53
59
Montgomery AP
221
32
27
93
76
39
46
52
Ozark, Fort Rucker
356
31
31
94
77
44
51
57
Selma-Craig AFB
166
32
26
95
77
42
49
55
Talladega
528
33
22
94
76
37
44
50
Tuscaloosa AP
170
33
24
94
77
44
51
57
Adak, NAS
19
52
23
57
53
-18
-11
-5
Anchorage IAP
144
61
-9
68
57
-20
-13
-7
Anchorage, Elemendorf AFB
212
61
-8
69
57
-21
-14
-8
Anchorage, Fort Richardson
342
61
-13
71
58
-20
-13
-7
Annette
110
55
17
70
59
-14
-7
-1
Barrow
44
71
- 36
52
49
-25
-18
-12
Bethel
123
61
-24
68
57
-20
-13
-7
Bettles
643
67
-44
75
59
-22
-15
-9
Big Delta, Ft. Greely
1277
64
-39
75
58
-27
-20
-14
Cold Bay
98
55
10
57
53
-18
-11
-5
Cordova
42
60
67
57
-18
-11
-5
Alabama
Alaska
Deadhorse
61
70
-34
61
54
-21
-14
-8
Dillingham
86
59
-13
66
56
-21
-14
-8
Fairbanks IAP
434
64
-41
77
59
-26
-19
-13
Fairbanks, Eielson AFB
545
64
-31
78
60
-23
-16
-10
Galena
152
64
-31
74
59
-21
-14
-8
Gulkana
1579
62
-39
73
56
-32
-25
-19
Homer
78
59
62
55
-18
-11
-5
Juneau IAP
19
58
69
58
-17
-10
-4
Kenai
92
60
-14
65
55
-23
-16
-10
Ketchikan IAP
88
55
20
68
59
-11
-4
King Salmon
57
58
-19
67
56
-22
-15
-9
Kodiak
73
57
12
65
56
-19
-12
-6
Kotzebue
11
66
-31
64
58
-9
-2
McGrath
337
62
-42
73
58
-23
-16
-10
Middleton Island
87
59
21
60
51
-31
-24
-18
Nenana
362
64
-44
76
59
-24
-17
-11
Nome AP
37
64
-26
65
55
-23
-16
-10
Northway
1716
62
-32
74
57
-29
-22
-16
Port Heiden
105
56
-2
61
52
-29
-22
-16
Saint Paul Island
63
57
52
50
-22
-15
-9
Sitka
21
57
21
64
58
-9
-2
Talkeetna
358
62
-21
73
58
-23
-16
-10
Valdez
120
61
66
55
-25
-18
-12
Yakutat
33
59
63
55
-20
-13
-7
225
Table 1
Table 1A
Location
Elevation Latitude
Winter
Summer
Feet
Degrees
North
Heating
99%
Dry Bulb
Cooling
1%
Dry Bulb
Coincident
Wet Bulb
Design
Grains
55% RH
Douglas AP
4173
31
31
95
63
-34
Flagstaff Ap
7011
35
83
55
-54
Fort Huachuca AP
4716
31
28
92
62
-34
Kingman AP
3446
35
27
97
63
Nogalas
3932
31
32
96
64
Page
4310
36
24
97
62
Design
Grains
50% RH
Design
Grains
45% RH
Daily
Range
(DR)
-27
-21
-47
-41
-27
-21
-38
-31
-25
-32
-25
-19
-43
-36
-30
Arizona
Phoenix AP
1133
33
37
108
70
-21
-14
-8
Phoenix, Luke AFB
1101
33
38
107
71
-14
-7
-1
Prescott AP
5042
34
20
91
60
-42
-35
-29
Safford, Agri. Center
3176
32
26
99
66
-25
-18
-12
Tuscon Ap
2641
32
24
103
66
-39
-30
-24
Winslow AP
4938
35
14
93
60
-46
-39
-33
Yuma AP
213
32
44
109
72
-15
-8
-2
Blytheville AFB
264
36
18
95
77
42
49
55
Camden
130
33
23
96
76
34
41
47
El Dorado AP
277
33
23
96
76
34
41
47
Fayetteville AP
1251
36
13
93
75
33
40
46
Fort Smith AP
469
35
19
96
76
34
41
47
Hot Springs
540
34
23
97
77
39
46
52
Jonesboro
262
35
15
94
77
44
51
57
Little Rock AP
260
34
21
95
77
42
49
55
Pine Bluff AP
206
34
22
97
77
39
46
52
Texarkana AP
389
33
25
95
77
42
49
55
Alameda, NAS
15
37
42
79
64
-6
Bakersfield AP
507
35
35
101
69
-15
-8
-2
Barstow
1927
34
32
105
67
-32
-25
-19
Blue Canyon
5280
39
24
81
57
-41
-34
-28
Blythe AP
397
33
33
110
71
-18
-11
-5
Burbank AP
775
34
41
95
69
-6
Chico
238
39
30
101
68
-22
-15
-9
Concord
23
38
27
97
68
-14
-7
-1
Covina
575
34
35
95
68
-11
-5
Crescent City AP
57
41
33
65
59
-6
M
M
Arkansas
California
Downey
110
34
40
89
70
15
22
El Cajon
387
32
44
80
69
19
26
32
El Centro AP
-30
32
38
110
74
-3
10
Escondido
660
33
41
85
68
12
18
Eureaka/Arcata AP
217
41
32
67
59
-10
-3
Fairfield-Travis AFB
62
38
34
94
67
-15
-8
-2
Fresno AP
328
36
32
101
70
-10
-3
38
32
84
66
-4
Laguna Beach
35
33
43
80
68
Lemoore, Reeves NAS
237
36
32
101
71
-4
Livermore
500
37
27
97
68
-14
-7
-1
Lompoc, Vandenburg AFB
87
34
38
70
61
-5
Long Beach AP
30
33
43
88
67
-5
Los Angeles AP
97
34
45
81
64
-9
-2
Los Angeles CO
270
34
40
89
70
10
17
23
Marysville, Beale AFB
119
39
34
98
69
-10
-3
Hamiltion AFB
226
Table 1
Table 1A
Location
Elevation Latitude
Winter
Summer
Feet
Degrees
North
Heating
99%
Dry Bulb
Cooling
1%
Dry Bulb
Coincident
Wet Bulb
Design
Grains
55% RH
Design
Grains
50% RH
Design
Grains
45% RH
Daily
Range
(DR)
St. Augustine
10
29
35
89
78
59
66
72
St. Petersburg
11
28
47
93
79
59
66
72
Sanford
55
28
38
93
76
39
46
52
Sarasota/Bradenton
30
27
43
92
79
61
68
74
Tallahassee AP
55
30
28
93
76
39
46
52
Tampa AP
19
28
40
91
77
49
56
62
Valpariso, Eglin AFB
85
30
33
90
78
57
64
70
Vero Beach
13
27
43
90
78
57
64
70
West Palm Beach AP
15
26
47
90
78
57
64
70
Albany, Turner AFB
223
31
30
95
76
49
56
62
Americus
466
32
25
94
76
37
44
50
Athens
802
34
25
92
75
34
41
47
Atlanta AP
1010
33
23
91
74
30
37
43
M
M
Georgia
Augusta AP
148
33
25
94
76
37
44
50
Brunswick
20
31
34
91
79
62
69
75
Columbus, Fort Benning
232
32
27
94
76
37
44
50
Columbus, Lawson AFB
971
32
24
93
76
39
46
53
Columbus, Metro AP
397
32
27
93
75
33
40
46
Dalton
710
34
22
93
76
39
46
52
Dublin
310
32
25
93
76
39
46
52
Gainesville
1275
34
21
91
74
30
37
43
Griffin
980
33
22
90
75
38
45
51
La Grange
693
33
23
91
75
36
43
49
Macon AP
354
32
27
94
75
31
38
44
Marietta, Dobbins AFB
1068
34
26
91
74
30
37
43
Moultrie
292
31
30
95
77
42
49
55
Rome AP
637
34
21
94
74
25
32
38
Savannah, Travis AP
49
32
29
93
76
39
46
52
Valdosta, Moody AFB
233
31
34
94
77
44
51
57
Valdosta, Regional AP
203
30
31
94
76
37
44
50
Waycross
151
31
32
94
76
37
44
50
Ewa, Barbers Point NAS
34
21
61
90
72
19
26
32
Hilo AP
36
19
63
84
74
41
48
54
Honolulu AP
16
21
63
88
73
29
36
42
Kahului
56
20
61
88
74
35
42
48
Kaneohe Bay MCAS
18
21
68
85
74
40
47
53
Lihue
148
21
62
85
74
40
47
53
Molokai
449
21
61
87
73
30
37
43
Wahaiwa
900
21
59
85
72
28
35
41
Hawaii
Idaho
Boise AP
2838
43
94
63
-34
-27
-21
Burley
4150
42
90
62
-22
-15
-9
Coeur DAlene AP
2320
47
-1
86
61
-30
-23
-17
Idaho Falls AP
4741
43
-6
89
60
-39
-32
-26
Kamiah
1196
46
15
93
64
-28
-21
-14
Lewiston AP
1413
46
15
93
64
-28
-21
-15
Moscow
2583
46
87
62
-27
-20
-13
Mountain Home AFB
2996
43
96
62
-42
-35
-29
Mullan
3317
47
84
61
-27
-20
-14
229
Table 4A
Table 4A
Heating and Cooling Performance for Opaque Panels
U-Values and Group Numbers or CLTD Values
Heating Application
Heating Load HTM = U-Value x (Indoor Design Temperature - Outdoor Design Temperature)
Heating Load (Btuh) = HTM x Reference Area
Default indoor design temperature = 70 F.
Outdoor design temperature provided by Table 1.
Reference area provided with construction number.
Heating Exceptions
Number 15 Basement walls may be partly above grade and partly below grade:
Below Grade Heating HTM = Below Grade U-Value x HTD; Heating Load = HTM x Below Grade Wall Area
Above Grade Heating HTM = Above Grade U-Value x HTD; Heating Load = HTM x Net Above Grade Wall Area
Above Grade Cooling HTM = Above Grade U-Value x CLTD; Cooling Load = HTM x Net Above Grade Wall Area
Number 19 Passive or radiant floor over enclosed craw space: HTM = U-Value x Floor TD From Table 19
Number 20 Radiant floor over open crawlspace: HTM = U-Value x (HTD + 25)
Number 22 Passive slab floor: HTM = F-Value x HTD; Heating Load = HTM x Running Feet of Exposed Edge
Number 22 Radiant slab floor: HTM = F-Value x (HTD + 25); Heating Load = HTM x Running Feet of Exposed Edge
Table 4C Partition wall for closed garage
Table 4D Partition wall for closed sunroom
Table 4E Ceiling below and encapsulated attic
Cooling Application
Cooling HTM = U-Value x Table 4B CLTD Value

Cooling Load (Btuh) = HTM x Reference Area
Default indoor design temperature = 75 oF.
Outdoor design temperature and daily range provided by Table 1.
Design Temperature Difference = Outdoor Design Temperature - Indoor Design Temperature
Use the CLTD provided by Table 4A or use the Table 4A group number and the Table 4B CLTD.
Reference area provided with construction number.
Cooling Excpetions
Table 4C
Table 4D
Table 4E
Partition wall for closed garage

Partition wall for closed sunroom
Ceiling below an encapsulated attic
Construction Number 11
Wood and Metal Doors
Reference Area = Area of Rough Opening (SqFt)
Wood Door
U-Value
A.
Hollow Core
B.
Hollow Core with Wood Storm
C.
Hollow Core with Metal Storm
D.
Solid Core
E.
Solid Core with Wood Storm
F.
Solid Core with Metal Storm
G.
Panel
H.
Panel with Wood Storm
I.
Panel with Metal Storm
Metal Door
0.47
0.30
0.32
0.39
0.26
0.28
0.54
0.32
0.36
U-Value
J.
K.
L.
M.
N.
O.
P.
Q.
Fiberglass Core
Fiberglass Core with Storm
Paper Honeycomb Core
Paper Honeycomb Core, with Storm
Polystyrene Core
Polystyrene Core with Storm
Polyurethane Core
Polyurethane Core with Storm
0.60
0.36
0.56
0.34
0.35
0.21
0.29
0.17
CLTD Values
Medium Color Wood or Metal Doors
10
M
15
M
20
M
25
H
30
H
35
H
25.0
21.0
30.0
26.0
21.0
35.0
31.0
26.0
36.0
31.0
36.0
41.0
Wood and metal doors do not have a group number.
309
Table 4A
Table 4A
Construction Number 15
Basement Walls
Block (open or filled core), brick, concrete, insulated concrete form and plywood panel
Insulation options: None, closed cell foam board, framing with cavity insulation (blanket or fill) and board-cavity combinations
Insulation coverage code: From sill plate to 3 feet below grade = s3, from sill plate to floor = sf
Core condition code: oc = open core; fc = filled core
Framing code: w = wood, m = metal (studs 16 Inches on center, 75% cavity, 25% framing)
Soil path code: (for distance from grade line to basement floor): x = 2, 4, 6, 8 or 10 feet
A foundation wall that drops from grade to a floor that is at least 2 feet below grade is a below grade wall.
Below Grade Reference Area = Distance From Grade To Floor x Length
A foundation wall that is less than 2 feet below grade is part of the above grade wall (add below grade height to above grade height).
Above Grade Reference Area = (Effective Above Grade Height x Length) - Area of Window and Door Openings
Construction Description of
Number
Construction
Insulation
R-Value
and
Coverage
Type
of
Stud
Below Grade Wall Performance

U-Value for Basement Floor Depth
2
Above Grade
Performance
10
Group
15B Eight Inch Brick, Stone or Concrete Wall with Framing and Cavity Insulation
15B11-0w-x
15B11-0m-x
15B13-0w-x
15B13-0m-x
15B15-0w-x
15B15-0m-x
15B19-0w-x
15B19-0m-x
15B21-0w-x
15B21-0m-x
Eight inches brick or stone, framing with R-11 in 2 x 4 cavity, no

board
insulation, plus interior finish
board
board
board
board
R-11 cavity
sill to floor
R-13 cavity
sill to floor
R-15 cavity
sill to floor
R-19 cavity
sill to floor
R-21 cavity
sill to floor
Wood
0.071
0.062
0.056
0.051
0.047
0.099
Metal
0.087
0.074
0.065
0.059
0.054
0.125
Wood
0.068
0.059
0.053
0.049
0.045
0.093
Metal
0.083
0.071
0.063
0.057
0.052
0.118
Wood
0.065
0.057
0.051
0.047
0.043
0.088
Metal
0.079
0.068
0.061
0.055
0.050
0.112
Wood
0.052
0.047
0.043
0.040
0.037
0.069
Metal
0.075
0.065
0.058
0.053
0.048
0.105
Wood
0.051
0.046
0.042
0.039
0.036
0.067
Metal
0.073
0.064
0.057
0.052
0.048
0.102
15B Eight Inch Brick, Stone or Concrete Wall with Framing and Cavity Insulation Plus Board Insulation
15B11-4w-x
15B11-4m-x
15B11-8w-x
15B11-8m-x
15B13-4w-x
15B13-4m-x
15B13-8w-x
15B13-8m-x
15B19-4w-x
15B19-4m-x
15B19-8w-x
15B19-8m-x
Eight inches brick or stone, framing with R-11 in 2 x 4 cavity, R-4

board
board
board
board
board
board
R-11 cavity
sill to floor, plus
3 feet R-4 board
Wood
0.053
0.050
0.048
0.045
0.042
0.071
Metal
0.062
0.058
0.054
0.051
0.047
0.083
0.043
0.043
0.043
0.041
0.039
0.055
0.048
0.048
0.048
0.046
0.043
0.063
0.051
0.048
0.046
0.043
0.041
0.068
0.059
0.056
0.053
0.049
0.046
0.080
R-11 cavity
sill to floor, plus
3 feet R-8 board
Wood
Metal
R-13 cavity
sill to floor, plus
3 feet R-4 board
Wood
Metal
R-13 cavity
sill to floor, plus
3 feet R-8 board
Wood
0.041
0.042
0.042
0.040
0.038
0.053
Metal
0.046
0.047
0.047
0.045
0.042
0.061
R-19 cavity
sill to floor, plus
3 feet R-4 board
Wood
0.042
0.040
0.038
0.036
0.034
0.054
Metal
0.055
0.052
0.049
0.046
0.043
0.074
R-19 cavity
sill to floor, plus
3 feet R-8 board
Wood
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.034
0.032
0.044
Metal
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.042
0.040
0.057
321
Table 4A
Table 4A
Construction Number 16A through 16F

Insulated Ceiling Under Attic or Attic Knee Wall (see Table 4E for encapsulated attic)
Ventilation options: Unvented or vented to FHA specifications, or attic fan, or extra attic vent area.
Roofing material options: Asphalt shingles, wood shakes, tile, slate, metal, concrete, tar and gravel or membrane.
Roof color options: Dark, red or solid bold color; light color, light gray, silver or unpainted metal and white (see absorptivity notes).
Reference Area = Gross Area - Skylight Area (SqFt)
Number
16A
16A-0
16A-7
16A-11
Construction
Notes
Insulation
R-Value
U-Value
CLTD Values
Ceilings Under an Attic or Attic Knee Wall
Attic temperature = 150 F when outdoor temperature = 95 F

Unvented Attic, No Radiant Barrier, Any Roofing Material, Any Roof Color
16A
Unvented attic over
ceiling or same
type of air space
behind an attic
knee wall.
16A-13
None
0.408
R-7
0.112
R-11
0.081
R-13
0.070
Design Temperature Difference and Daily Range

10
15
20
69
65
74
70
65
79
75
70
80
75
80
85
30
35
R-15
0.061
16A-19
R-19
0.049
16A-21
R-21
0.044
16A
Roofing material code: None required
Roof color code: None required
16A-25
R-25
0.038
16A-28
R-28
0.034
16A-30
R-30
0.032
16A-38
R-38
0.026
16A-44
R-44
0.022
16A-56
R-56
0.018
16B-7
16B-11
16B-13
16B-15
16B-19
16B-21
16B-25
Attic temperature = 130 F when outdoor temperature = 95 F

16B = Vented Attic, No Radiant Barrier, Dark Asphalt Shingles or Dark Metal, Tar and Gravel or Membrane
16BR = Unvented Attic with Radiant Barrier, Any Roofing Material, Any Roof Color
16B
FHA vented attic
with no radiant
barrier over ceiling
or same type of air
space behind an
attic knee wall.
16BR
Unvented attic with
radiant barrier over
ceiling or same
type of air space
behind an attic
knee wall.
None
0.408
R-7
0.112
R-11
0.081
R-13
0.070

10
15
20
25
49
45
54
50
45
59
55
50
60
55
60
65
R-15
0.061
Roofs and ceilings do not have a group number.
R-19
0.049
R-21
0.044
16B
Roofing code: a = asphalt shingles, m = metal, x = tar/gravel, z = membrane
Roof color code: d = dark (absorptivity of roofing material exceeds 0.75)
Red or solid bold color shingle = dark color
R-25
0.038
16B-28
R-28
0.034
16B-30
R-30
0.032
16B-38
R-38
0.026
16B-44
R-44
0.022
16B-50
R-50
0.020
16B-56
R-56
0.018
326
35
16B-0
30
16A-15
16B
16BR
25
16BR
Roof material code: None required
Roof color code: None required
Table 4A
Table 4A

Number
16C
16CR
Construction
Notes
Insulation
R-Value
CLTD Values
U-Value
Attic temperature = 120 oF when outdoor temperature = 95 oF

16C = Vented Attic, No Radiant Barrier, White or Light Color Shingles, Any Wood Shake, Light Metal, Tar and Gravel or Membrane
16CR = Vented Attic with Radiant Barrier; 16CF = Attic Fan; Dark Asphalt Shingles or Dark Metal, Tar and Gravel or Membrane
16C
FHA vented attic
with no radiant
or same type of air
space behind an
attic knee wall.
None
0.408
R-7
0.112
R-11
0.081
R-13
0.070
39
35
44
40
35
49
45
40
50
16CR
FHA vented attic
with radiant barrier
over ceiling or
same type of air
space behind an
attic knee wall.
R-15
0.061
R-19
0.049
R-21
0.044
R-25
0.038
16C
Roofing code: a = shingles, w = shakes, m = metal, x = tar/gravel, z = membrane
Roof color code: l = light (absorptivity of roofing material 0.50 to 0.75)
Light gray shingle, unpainted metal or silver membrane = light color
16CF
Dark roof, FHA
vented attic with
attic fan; or extra
attic vent area.
R-28
0.034
R-30
0.032
R-38
0.026
16C-44
R-44
0.022
16C-50
R-50
0.020
R-56
0.018
16C-0
16C-7
16C-11
16C-13
16C-15
16C-19
16C-21
16C-25
16C-28
16C-30
16C-38
16B-56
16D
16DR

10
15
20
25
30
35
45
50
55
16CR or 16CF
Roof material code: a = asphalt shingles, m = metal, x = tar/gravel,
z = membrane
Red or solid bold color shingle = dark color
See glossary for definition:
Attic fan
Extra attic vent area
Attic Temperature = 110 oF when outdoor temperature = 95 oF

16DR = Vented Attic, No Radiant Barrier, Dark Tile, Slate or Concrete
16DR = Vented Attic with Radiant Barrier, White or Light Color Shingles; Any Wood Shake; Light Metal, Tar and Gravel or Membrane
16D
FHA vented attic
with no radiant
or same type of air
space behind an
attic knee wall.
None
0.408
R-7
0.112
R-11
0.081
R-13
0.070
29
25
34
30
25
39
35
30
40
16DR
FHA vented attic
over ceiling or
same type of air
space behind an
attic knee wall.
R-15
0.061
R-19
0.049
R-21
0.044
R-25
0.038
16D
Roofing code: t = tile (terra cotta, slate or concrete)
Red or solid bold color tile = dark color
16DF
Light roof, FHA
vented attic with
attic fan; or extra
attic vent area.
R-28
0.034
R-30
0.032
R-38
0.026
16C-44
R-44
0.022
16C-50
R-50
0.020
16D-0
16D-7
16D-11
16D-13
16D-15
16D-19
16D-21
16D-25
16D-28
16D-30
16D-38

10
15
20
25
30
35
35
40
45
16DR or 16DF
Roofing code: a = shingles, w = shakes, m = metal, x = tar/gravel, z = membrane
Light gray shingle, unpainted metal or silver membrane = light color
See glossary for definition:
Attic fan
Extra attic vent area
327
Table 4A
Table 4A

Number
16E
16ER
Construction
Notes
Insulation
R-Value
U-Value
CLTD Values

16E = Vented Attic, No Radiant Barrier, Light Tile, Slate or Concrete
16ER = Vented Attic with Radiant Barrier, Dark Tile, Slate or Concrete
16E
FHA vented attic
with no radiant
or same type of air
space behind an
attic knee wall.
None
0.408
R-7
0.112
R-11
0.081
R-13
0.070
16ER
FHA vented attic
over ceiling or
same type of air
space behind an
attic knee wall
R-15
0.061
R-19
0.049
R-21
0.044
R-25
0.038
16E
Roof color code: l = light
Light gray tile = light color (absorptivity of roofing material 0.50 to 0.75)
16E-28
R-28
0.034
16E-30
R-30
0.032
16E-38
R-38
0.026
16E-44
R-44
0.22
R-50
0.20
16E-0
16E-7
16E-11
16E-13
16E-15
16E-19
16E-21
16E-25
16E-50
16F
16FR
16F-0
16F-7
16F-11
16F-13

10
15
20
25
30
35
24
20
29
25
20
34
30
25
35
30
35
40
16ER
Red or solid bold color tile = dark color

16F = Vented Attic, No Radiant Barrier, White Tile, Slate or Concrete; White Metal or White Membrane
16FR = Vented Attic with Radiant Barrier, Light or White Tile, Slate or Concrete; White Metal or White Membrane
16F
FHA vented attic
with no radiant
or same type of air
space behind an
attic knee wall.
None
0.408
R-7
0.112
R-11
0.081
R-13
0.070

10
15
20
25
30
35
14
10
19
15
10
24
20
15
25
20
25
30
R-15
0.061
R-19
0.049
R-21
0.044
16F
Roofing code: t = tile (terra cotta, slate or concrete), x = metal, z = membrane
Roof color code: w = white (absorptivity of roofing less than 0.50)
R-25
0.038
16F-28
R-28
0.034
16F-30
R-30
0.032
16F-38
R-38
0.026
16F-44
R-44
0.022
16F-50
R-50
0.020
16F-15
16F-19
16F-21
16F-25
328
16FR
FHA vented attic
over ceiling or
same type of air
space behind an
attic knee wall
16FR
Roofing code: t = tile (terra cotta, slate or concrete), x = metal, z = membrane
w = white (absorptivity of roofing material less than 0.50)
Light Gray tile = light color
Table 4C
Table 4C
Approximate Ambient Temperature in a Closed Garage
The temperature rise values provided by Table 4C are approximations (see the table notes) that can be used to estimate partition heating load
and cooling load for the listed scenarios. Rough estimates for ambient space temperatures are suitable for this task because partition loads are
relatively small when compared to the total load. For example, if the partition load is 3 percent of the total load, a 20 percent error in the partition
load translates to a less than 1 percent error in the total load. The temperature rise values for scenarios that are significantly different than the
listed scenarios are provided by the heat balance procedure that appears in Section 18 of the unabridged version of Manual J.
Garage 1: Two car garage, no significant glass area, one insulated partition wall, garage walls have no insulation, uninsulated garage ceiling
under vented attic.
Ambient Temperature in Unconditioned Space

Garage 1
Winter
Table 1A heating drybulb with no adjustment
Summer
Table 1A Daily Range

Low
Medium
High
Table 1A cooling db + 22F
Detail Used for Garage 1 Estimate

Garage:
Slab floor area: 22 Ft wide x 24 Ft deep
Ceiling height = 8 Ft
Exterior wall insulation: None
Exterior finish: Brick, siding or stucco
Interior finish: Plasterboard
Glass in exterior walls: 0% to 5% of wall area
Ceiling type: Below vented attic
Attic roof: Dark asphalt shingles
Ceiling insulation: None
Ceiling finish: Plasterboard
20 Ft, uninsulated metal door
Winter ACH = 1.0; Summer ACH = 0.5
Duct system regain: None
Adjustment for vehicle cool-down: None
Partition:
Wall area = 192 SqFt
R-value of insulation: R-13
Finish: Plaster board on both sides
Glass area: None
Entrance door: Insignificant issue
Temperature rise values are daily averages. Hourly values may be larger or smaller.
Garage 2: Two car garage, no significant glass area, conditioned space above garage, insulated ceiling partition, one insulated partition wall,
garage walls have no insulation. (Note: A conditioned space above a garage should be a separate zone.)

Garage 2
Winter
Table 1A heating drybulb + 5 F
Summer

Low
Medium
High
Detail Used for Garage 2 Estimate

Garage:
Exterior wall insulation: None
Glass in exterior walls: 0% to 5% of wall area
Ceiling type: Below vented attic
Ceiling insulation: None
20 Ft, uninsulated metal door
Adjustment for vehicle cool-down: None
Partitions:
Ceiling area;
R-value of ceiling insulation: R-19
Wall area = SqFt
R-value of wall insulation: R-13
Glass area: None
Entrance door: Insignificant issue
349
Table 4D
Table 4D
Approximate Ambient Temperature in an Isolated Sunroom
Sunroom 1: Primary exposure faces South, 24 Ft wide by 12 Ft deep, sunroom walls are 60 percent double-pane clear glass (no external or
internal shade), sunroom walls and ceiling are insulated, one insulated partition wall with sliding glass door.
Note: Sunrooms should be architecturally and mechanically isolated from the main living space. If conditioned, heating and cooling should be
provided by a separate system.

Sunroom 1
Winter
Summer

Low
Medium
High
Table 1A cooling + 27F
Detail Used for Sunroom 1 Estimate

Sunroom:
Exterior wall insulation: R-11
Glass in exterior walls: 60 % of exposed wall area
Type: Double-pane clear; wood frame, no shades
Overhang adjustment: None
Window position: Closed
Ceiling type: Below vented truss space.
Roof: Dark asphalt shingles
Ceiling insulation: R-19
Partition:
Gross wall area = 192 SqFt
Glass door area: 42 SqFt
Type: Double-pane clear; wood frame
Overhang: Shaded by sunroom ceiling
Glass door is closed.
Sun Room 2: Primary exposure faces South, 24 Ft wide by 12 Ft deep, sunroom walls are 60 percent spectrally-selective glass (no external or
internal shade), sunroom walls and ceiling are insulated, one insulated partition wall with sliding glass door.
Note: Sunrooms should be architecturally and mechanically isolated from the main living space. If conditioned, heating and cooling should be
provided by a separate system.

Sunroom 2
Winter
Summer

Low
Medium
High
Detail Used for Sunroom 2 Estimate

Sunroom:
Exterior wall insulation: R-11
Glass in exterior walls: 60 % of exposed wall area
Type: NFRC U = 0.30; SHGC = 0.45, no shades
Overhang adjustment: None
Window position: Closed
Ceiling type: Below vented truss space
Roof: Dark asphalt shingles
Ceiling insulation: R-19
Partition:
Gross wall area = 192 SqFt
Glass door area: 42 SqFt
Type: NFRC U = 0.30; SHGC = 0.45
Overhang: Shaded by sunroom ceiling
Glass door is closed.
350
Table 4E
Table 4E
Approximate Ambient Temperature in an Encapsulated Attic
Encapsulated Attic: Attic space roof and gable ends sprayed with R-19 insulating foam. Attic space sealed (no vents, infiltration 0.15 ACH or
less). Attic floor is uninsulated plasterboard (ceiling of conditioned space below the attic).

Encapsulated Attic
Winter
Table 1A Heating Drybulb (F)

-20
20
40
57F
61F
64F
66F
Summer
Table 1A Cooling Drybulb (F)

85
95
105
115
78F
79F
80F
81F
Detail Used for Encapsulated Attic Estimate

Attic:
Attic floor area: 40 Ft wide x 60 Ft long
Ridge height = 8 Ft
Gable wall insulation: R-19
Gable wall finish: Brick, siding or stucco
Ceiling type: Below encapsulated attic
Attic roof insulation: R-19
Attic floor: See partition ceiling
Winter ACH = 0.15
Summer ACH = 0.15
Partition ceiling:
Load area = 2,400 SqFt
R-value of insulation: No insulation
Finish: Plaster board
The ambient air condition depends on the actual construction details. Section 18-5 provides guidance for estimating the temperature of
an unconditioned space (buffer zone). Tables 4E, 7M and 7N apply when the air condition in the actual space is similar (say 5 F) to the
Table 4E values.
Ceiling Load Calculation
Duct Loads
The ceiling below an encapsulated attic is a partition

that separates a conditioned space from an unconditioned space. So, the ceiling load for heating depends on
the U-value of the ceiling panel, on the partition temperature difference for heating (PTDH), and the ceiling
area; and the ceiling load for cooling depends on the
U-value of the ceiling panel, on the partition temperature difference for cooling (PTDC), and the ceiling area.
Table 4E shows that the ambient temperature in an

encapsulated attic is benign and relatively constant for
heating and cooling. Foam seals attic cracks, so attic
humidity is similar to indoor humidity.
Heating Btuh = Uceiling x PTDH x Aceiling

Cooling Btuh = Uceiling x PTDC x Aceiling
Tables 7M and 7N provide duct load factors and latent

loads for ducts runs in an encapsulated attic. Comments
on these tables are provided here.
n
n
Where:
Uceiling = (Btuh/(SqFt x F)
Aceiling = SqFt
Table 4E provides default values for PTDH and PTDC.

Or, use other values for PTDH and PTDC (calculated per
Section 18-5, or measured on a design day).
Default U-value for 5/8" plasterboard and air films = 0.60

Or, use the U-value for the actual ceiling construction (plus
air film resistance values for lower and upper sides).
Attic behavior should be similar to Table 4E.

For heating, the ambient temperature is relatively
steady as outdoor temperature increases, so the
duct load is a lager portion of the total load as outdoor conditions moderate.
For cooling, the ambient temperature is relatively
steady as outdoor temperature decreases, so the
sensible duct load is a lager portion of the total
sensible load as outdoor conditions moderate.
For cooling, the latent duct load is based on some
envelope leakage (the grains difference for computing the duct load is 20% of the Table 1 value).
Include a surface area adjustment when duct surface areas are known or estimated.
351
Table 7C-AE -- Trunk and Branch Supply System in 16B Attic, Return Riser In Floor to Ceiling Chase
7C-AE
Ambient drybulb temperature = Outdoor db + 11 (heating) and Outdoor db + 35 (cooling)

Supply location = Core of floor plan, near airhandler Nominal return Cfm = Blower Cfm Return location = Floor of conditioned space
Duct leakage Cfm per SqFt of duct surface area (supply / return) = 0.06/0.06; 0.09/0.15; 0.12/0.24; 0.24/0.47; 0.35/0.70
Duct wall insulation R-value = 2, 4, 6 and 8
Base Case Heat Loss Factor (BHLF)

R6 Insulation, ASHRAE Sealed (Supply = 0.12, Return = 0.24)
Square Feet of Floor Area
OAT
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
-10
0.138
0.157
0.176
0.195
0.217
0
0.131
0.145
0.164
0.184
0.199
10
0.118
0.133
0.148
0.166
0.188
20
0.111
0.122
0.138
0.150
0.170
30
0.098
0.119
0.129
0.141
0.153
40
0.085
0.103
0.120
0.135
0.148
R-Value Correction
(WIF - Heat Loss)
R2
2.02
R4
1.28
Leakage Correction (LCF) for Heat Loss

Leakage
R2
R4
R6
0.06 / 0.06
0.87
0.83
0.78
0.09 / 0.15
0.92
0.89
0.86
0.12 / 0.24
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.24 / 0.47
1.40
1.56
1.68
0.35 / 0.70
1.84
2.21
2.47
R6
1.00
R8
0.84
R8
0.75
0.86
1.00
1.81
2.76
Base Case Sensible Gain Factor (BSGF)

OAT
85
90
95
100
105
1000
0.137
0.146
0.157
0.158
0.160
R-Value Correction
(WIF - Sensible Gain)

1500
2000
2500
0.170
0.200
0.220
0.161
0.203
0.220
0.175
0.203
0.220
0.180
0.203
0.220
0.185
0.207
0.224
3000
0.240
0.240
0.240
0.247
0.252
R2
2.19
R8
0.80
R6
1.00
Leakage Correction (LCF) for Sensible Gain

Leakage
R2
R4
R6
0.06 / 0.06
0.90
0.85
0.80
0.09 / 0.15
0.95
0.91
0.90
0.12 / 0.24
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.24 / 0.47
1.26
1.35
1.42
0.35 / 0.70
1.56
1.74
1.88
Default Duct Wall Surface Area (SqFt)

Floor Area Look-Up Value
1000 SqFt
1500 SqFt
2000 SqFt
2500 SqFt
Supply
Return
Supply
Return
Supply
Return
Supply
Return
189
50
276
70
361
90
431
110
See Sections 6-8 and 23-6 for instruction for determing the floor area look-up value.
3000 SqFt
Supply
Return
481
120
Surface Area Adjustment Factor (SAA) for Heat Loss or Sensible Gain
SAA = Ks x (Actual supply area / Default supply area) + Kr x (Actual return area / Default return area)
Example: Floor area lookup value = 2,000 SqFt; duct leakage = 0.09 / 0.15; default areas = 361 and 9 SqFt.
Actual system has 285 SqFt on supply side and 19 SqFt on return side
Ks = 0.972, Kr = 0.028
SAA =0.972 x (285 / 361) + 0.028 x (19 / 9) = 0.826
Procedure for Heat Loss and Sensible Gain Factor Adjustment

Step 1: Select the default heat loss factor or the default sensible gain factor.
Step 2: Apply R-value correction to default value.
Step 3: Apply leakage correction to Step 2 value.
Step 4: Apply the surface area adjustment to the Step 3 value.
R4
1.30
R8
0.81
0.91
1.00
1.56
2.14
Base Case Latent Gain (BLG)

Grains
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
10
111
166
214
264
297
20
157
234
303
373
420
30
205
306
395
487
549
40
255
280
492
606
683
50
307
458
592
730
823
60
361
639
697
859
968
70
417
624
806
994
1119
Leakage
0.06 / 0.06
0.09 / 0.15
0.12 / 0.24
0.24 / 0.47
0.35 / 0.70
Leakage Correction (LCF) for Latent Gain

Any R-Value
0.28
0.62
1.00
2.81
4.88
Surface Area Factors

Leakage
Ks
Kr
0.06 / 0.06
0.975
0.025
0.09 / 0.15
0.972
0.028
0.12 / 0.24
0.969
0.031
0.24 / 0.47
0.965
0.035
0.35 / 0.70
0.962
0.038
Surface Area Adjustment (SAA) for Latent Gain

SAA = Actual return-side area / Default return-side area
Example:
Floor area lookup value = 2,000 SqFt; default duct surface areas = 229 and 51 SqFt.
Actual system has 285 SqFt on supply side and 95 SqFt on return side
SAA = 95 / 51 = 1.863
Procedure for Latent Gain Adjustment

Step 1: Select the default latent gain factor.
Step 2: Apply leakage correction to Step 1 value.
Step 3: Apply surface area adjustment to the Step 2 value.
Notes
1) This table provides load factors for systems that features one large return because such designs are common (but not recommended by ACCA).
2) Multiple returns improve comfort and room air motion, stabilize room pressures and blower Cfm (as interior doors open and close) and reduce the noise level in the conditioned space.
3) The load factors in this table are compatible with duct systems that are designed according to Manual J , Manual S and Manual D procedures.
4) Duct systems designed by other procedures may not provide adequate air distribution (surface area adjustment does produce an acceptable duct load estimate for such systems).
5) ACCA recommends sealing duct systems that have leakage rates greater than the 0.12 / 0.24 scenario. Use the data for leakier scenarios to evaluate the benefit of the sealing work.
Table 7
Table 7
Summary of Duct Tables
Location
Unvented attic or attic knee wall
space above 16A ceiling (150 F
attic when OAT = 95 F).
Vented attic or attic knee wall
space above 16B ceiling (130 F
Supply System Geometry 1

Radial with outlets in center of rooms.
Trunk and branch with outlets in center of rooms.

Radial with outlets at perimeter of
rooms.
Radial or trunk and branch with outlets at perimeter of rooms.
Radial, 400 CFM per return, returns

close to air handler.
Trunk and branch, 400 CFM per return,
returns close to air handler.
Single ceiling return close to air
handler.
Closet air handler, return in closet
door.
Grille at floor of conditioned space,
return riser to attic air handler.
Radial or trunk and branch, 400 CFM
per return, returns close to air handler.
Radial or trunk and branch with outlets at perimeter of rooms.

Trunk and branch with outlets at perimeter of rooms.
Radial or trunk and branch, 400 CFM

per return, returns close to air handler.
One or two floor returns, close to air
handler.
Radial with outlets at room perimeter.

No supply leakage. Sealing options
apply to the return runs.
Return system in conditioned space.

Radial system in attic, 400 CFM per
return, returns close to air handler.


space above 16C ceiling (120 F
space above 16D ceiling (110 F
space above 16E ceiling (105 oF
space above 16F ceiling (95 F
Open crawl space or garage
(95 F ambient when OAT =
95 F).
Closed crawl space below insulated floor, no wall
insulation.
Unconditioned basement or
closed crawl space with:
a) No wall or ceiling insulation
b) Wall insulation only
c) Wall and ceiling insulation
Supply runs below ground slab.
Return runs in conditioned space
or in attic.
Riser or drop in exterior wall.

Radial with outlets in center of
rooms.
Radial with outlets in center of
rooms.
Rectangular or round airway
Encapsulated attic
On roof

-1 = Reflective surface in sun

-2 = White surface in sun
-3 = Dark surface in sun
-4 = Any surface in shade
Return System Geometry 1
Table Number
7A-R
7A-T
7B-R
7B-T
7A-AE
7B-AE
7C-AE
7C-R
7C-T
7D-R
7D-T
7E-R
7E-T
7F-R
7F-T
7G-R
7G-T
7H
7I
7D-AE
7J-1
7J-2
7K
7L
Rectangular or round airway

Radial, 1,000 CFM per return, returns
7O-1: 7O-2;
7O-3; 7O-4
Trunk and branch,1,000 CFM per

return, returns close to air handler.
7P-1; 7P-2:
7P-3; 7P-4
7M
7N
1)
Floor plan size and duct system geometry determine the default heating cooling loads, the default blower Cfm, and the duct surface area defaults.
2)
Duct wall insulation R-values = R2, R4, R6 ord R8 (use "Powered by Manual J" software for R0).
3)
Duct leakage Cfm per SqFt or duct surface area (supply-side / return-side) = 0.06/0.06, 0.09/0.15, 0.12/0.24, 0.24/0.47 or 0.35/0.70.
4)
The default surface areas for these duct tables are compatible with systems designed by Manual D procedures.
5)
ACCA recommends sealing duct systems that have leakage rates greater than the 0.12/0.24 scenario. Use leakier scenarios to evaluate sealing benefit.
361
387
Table 7
388
Table 7
389
Table 7
390
Table 7
391
Table 7
392
Table 7
393
Table 7
394
Table 7
395
Table 7
Table 7
Notes
1) The Table 7 load factors account for the conduction loads and leakage loads that occur on the supply and return sides of the duct system.
These factors also include an adjustment for an increase or decrease in the envelope infiltration load (per a set of power law equations),
depending on the relative amount of supply-side and return-side leakage.
2) The Table 7 data is compatible with duct systems that have dominant supply-side leakage (with the exception of return runs located in exterior walls). The load factors and latent load values are compatible with duct system surface areas generated by theManual D sizing
procedure and the five default leakage ratesprovided by Table 7. Computerized duct load solutions (models) are required for duct systems
that have dominant return side leakage or a leakage rate that is substantially different than the default values.
3) The Table 7 heat loss factors depend on the temperature of the supply air. These factors tend to get smaller as the discharge temperature
increases because (by the sensible heat equation) the supply CFM values and airway sizes (exposed area) get smaller as the supply temperature increases. Table 7 uses a 100 F default for discharge temperature because it produces conservative duct load values and because the
heat loss factors are compatible with airway sizes required for cooling. Computerized duct load solutions (models) are required for other supply air temperatures.
4) Table 7 produces values duct load values if a duct system installation is reasonably similar to one of the default scenarios. The Table 7 data
is based on assumptions pertaining to the floor plan of the home, the location of the air handler, the number of supply runs, the number of the
return runs and a set of leakage rate values. These assumptions are listed here.
Rectangular floor plan with a 2:1 aspect ratio.
Air handler located in the center of the floor plan.
One supply branch per 100 CFM of supply air.
One return branch per 400 CFM of return air (the four AE tables and the eight O and P tables are for 1,000 cfm per return).
Supply ducts not sealed (0.35 / .070 scenario) have 35 CFM of leakage per 100 SqFt duct surface area.
Return ducts not sealed (0.35 / .070 scenario) have 70 CFM of leakage per 100 SqFt duct surface area.
Supply ducts sealed (0.12 / 0.24 scenario) have 12 CFM of leakage per 100 SqFt duct surface area.
Return ducts sealed (0.12 / 0.24 scenario) have 24 CFM of leakage per 100 SqFt duct surface area.
Duct runs below slab have an average of 3 CFM leakage per 100 SqFt duct system surface area. (Duct runs below the slab have no
leakage and are water tight. The leakage occurs along the above grade duct runs).
Table 4E provides default dry-bulb temperatures for the ambient air in an encapsulated attic; and the default for grains of moisture difference (for the attic air and return air) is 20% of the Table 1A or Table 1B value.
For heating, the default value for ambient dry-bulb temperature for duct on a roof equals the Table 1A or1B value.
For cooling, the default value for ambient dry-bulb temperature for duct on a roof depends on the color of the outside surface of the duct,
and weather the duct is in the sun or shade.
a) For a reflective surface in the sun, the ambient dry-bulb equals the Table 1A or 1B dry-bulb plus 20F.
b) For a white or light surface in the sun, the ambient dry-bulb equals the Table 1A or 1B dry-bulb plus 35F.
c) For a black or dark surface in the sun, the ambient dry-bulb equals the Table 1A or 1B dry-bulb plus 65F.
d) For any surface in continuous shade, the ambient dry-bulb equals the Table 1A or 1B dry-bulb plus 10
For cooling, the default value for grains of moisture difference (for the outdoor air and return air) is equal to the Table 1A
or Table 1B value.
5) The average leakage rate for duct systems that are carefully sealed by approved methods may be substantial lower than the sealed leakage
rates listed by the previous note. Performance should be certified by test or quality control program before taking credit for this type of sealing
effort.
6) When using Table 7, use the load factors and latent gain values for unsealed duct systems ( 0.35 / .070 scenario) when duct tape is used to
seal the leakage points. (Duct tape is not and approved sealing method. Sealing work must conform to industry standards.)
7) If a duct run is located in a garage, use Table 7G. If a duct run is located behind an attic knee wall or between the joists in a roof-ceiling sandwich, use Table 7A.
8) The Table 7 load factors are compatible with the ambient temperatures listed by Figure 23-6. If the load estimating software performs an
energy balance on an unconditioned space, the estimated space temperature should be used to generate load factors for the duct runs that
pass through the space (providing the software use the Manual J duct load model, see note 12).
9) Table 7 can be used to produce load factors and latent gain values for duct runs that pass through different types of spaces, and run segments that have different leakage rates and insulation R-values. See Worksheet G1.
10) When duct runs are in an exposed wall, the duct load factor for the riser or drop is added to the load value for the system (see Worksheet G1).
This procedure applies to all the exposed-wall load factors (heating percentage, cooling percentage or latent load value.). Note that the load
factor for a two-story riser or drop is twice the single-story value, etc..
396
Appendix 1
same with the J1AE form. Then repeat the process

for Sections 8 and 9. Refer to Sections 3 and 6; and
Appendices 4, 7, 8 and 9, as required.
Learn to use the MJ8AE spreadsheet (redo the
example dwellings in the book, or investigate a
simple dwelling that is available for survey).
Read Sections 2 and Appendix 6 internalize this
guidance
Go to Appendix 2 and read the capabilities and
sensitivities material. Make sure that you understand the limitations of MJ8AE. Use advanced
Manual J procedures for applications that are not
compatible with MJ8AE.
Read Appendix 3 and make sure you understand
these concepts. Make sure you understand the
limitations of MJ8AE. Use advanced Manual J
procedures for applications that are not compatible with MJ8AE.
Read the Introduction of this manual and internalize this guidance.
Read Section 10 and acquire the necessary knowledge and skills. Pay particular attention to the
error checking procedure.
A1-6 Expanding MJ8AE Capability

The HTM x Load Area concept applies equally to MJ8AE
and to Manual J . Therefore, HTM values for
constructions exclusively supported by advanced Manual J procedures can be imported to Form J1AE, or the
MJ8AE spreadsheet. See advanced procedures for:
n
n
n
n
n
More types of opaque panels (Table 4A)

NFRC glass (Table 3D-1)
Alternative infiltration load methods (Section 21)
More internal load options (Tables 6A and 6B)
More duct system options (Table 7)
Note 1: AED excursions are common, even for fenestration plans

that seem to have begin attributes.
The AE procedure will not be equivalent to the full procedure if the dwelling's AED excursion is greater than zero.
There is no simple way to simulate the information provided
by the AED curve, and no simple way to estimate the AED
excursion value.
Note 2: When using Manual J for attic duct systems, make sure
the Table 4A construction number for the attic ceiling and the
Table 7 option (7A through 7F) are compatible.
Note 3: For duct loads, "Powered by Manual J" software can be
used to evaluate the attributes of the "as-installed" system
(user-specified R-values, sealing options and surface areas).
401
Appendix 2
MJ8AE Capabilities and Sensitivities

MJ8AE is an abridged version of the Eighth Edition of
Manual J. As such, it introduces the procedures used to
estimate residential heating and cooling loads. Mastery
of the material in MJ8AE is a prerequisite for using the
Eight Edition of Manual J. Mastery of the material in
MJ8AE is a prerequisite for using third party software
products that perform Manual J calculations. This presentation assumes the practitioner is acquainted (or will
become familiar) with the basic principles of mathematics and heat transfer; and is conversant with Manual S,
Manual D and Manual T design procedures.
A2-1 Limitations and Guidelines

System design plays an important role in the comfort,
health and safety of the occupants. MJ8AE may be used
to estimate heating and cooling loads for residential
applications that have these attributes.
Architecture and Occupancy
Single family detached dwellings shall have a normal
amount of fenestration (total area of windows, glass
doors and skylights shall not be more than 15 percent of
the floor area).
n
Windows and glass doors shall be reasonably distributed around the dwelling.
There shall be no large skylights in any room (skylight load area does not exceed 5% of room floor
area).
The dwelling shall have adequate exposure diversity (see Appendix 3).
There shall be no excursion adjustment for the
sensible fenestration load (see Appendix 3).
Simple default values shall be used for the occupancy loads and appliance load.
Use advanced Manual J procedures for applications that do not have these attributes.
Comfort System
n A central, single-zone air system, or electric baseboard elements shall provide heat.
n Cooling shall be provided by a central, singlezone, constant volume system.
n Use advanced Manual J procedures for zoned systems, variable volume systems and distributed
equipment.
Windows and Glass Doors
n Window and glass doors shall have clear (single,
double or triple pane) glass.
Window and glass door framing shall be metal,

metal with break, wood or vinyl.
Windows can have a fixed or operable sash (sliding glass doors have an operable sash).
Windows and glass doors shall not be equipped
with external sun screens.
The foreground reflectance for window and glass
door heat-gain shall be 0.20.
Use advanced Manual J procedures for Fenestration rated by the NFRC, for other internal and
external shading options, for other foreground
reflectance options, and for latitude-adjusted
HTM's for generic fenestration.
Skylights
n Skylights shall have clear (single pane or double
pane) glass.
n Skylight glazing shall be flat.
n Skylights shall not be equipped with a light shaft.
n Use advanced Manual J procedures for Fenestration rated by the NFRC, for internal shading
options, for curb and light-shaft options, and for
latitude-adjusted HTM's for generic fenestration.
Walls
n Above grade wall construction shall be woodstud frame or empty-core block.
n Exterior finish options shall be brick veneer or
stucco/siding.
n Interior finish shall default to gypsum board (i.e.
plaster board, dry-wall, sheet rock, etc.)
n Below grade wall construction shall default to
empty-core block.
n Block walls may have board insulation and/or
wood-stud framing with blanket or fill insulation.
n Use advanced Manual J procedures for other
structural material options (logs, stress-skin foam,
concrete-foam matrix, aerated concrete, brick,
poured concrete), insulation arrangements and
R-value options, block with filled cores, and metal
studs.
Ceilings and Attic Knee Walls
n The ceiling options shall be attic ceiling, ceiling on
exposed beams or joist ceiling sandwich.
n The roofing material shall be dark-shingles.
n The roof deck material shall be plywood for all
types of roof construction.
n Attic construction shall be FHA-vented with no
radiant barrier or attic foam.
403
Appendix 2
n
Knee walls shall be installed in a FHA-vented attic

space.
Insulation shall be blanket and/or board or fill
(as appropriate for the type of roof construction).
Use advanced procedures for other types of roofing material, roof color, attic with radiant barrier,
encapsulated foam, unvented attic or knee-wall
space.
Floors
n All floors shall be passive (no heating elements
below the floor).
n Floors over an open space shall have carpet or tile
cover with floor insulation options.
n Slab floors shall have vertical insulation that covers the edge, or no insulation.
n Slab floor soil conditions may be heavy-moist;
heavy-dry; light-wet; or light-dry.
n Basement floors shall be uninsulated.
n Use advanced Manual J procedures for radiant
floors, other combinations of crawlspace tightness
and wall R-value, insulated basement floor, and
other slab insulation options.
Infiltration
n All infiltration estimates shall be based on the
ACH values provided by Table 5A of MJ8AE.
n Dwellings shall be rated: very-tight, semi-tight,
average, semi-loose and loose (definitions are
provided).
n There shall be no space pressure adjustment for
engineered ventilation (50 Cfm or less).
n Infiltration induced or reduced by duct runs in an
unconditioned space is evaluated by the
duct-table factors.
n Use Section 21 procedures to estimate infiltration
rates (and loads) by blower door test or component leakage method, or to adjust infiltration rate
for pressurization (or depressurization) caused by
an engineered ventilation system.
Duct System
n A duct system shall be entirely in the conditioned
space, or shall be compatible with one of the system
scenarios in Figure 1-1 of Section 1.
n Duct systems (trunks and runouts) shall be (essentially) installed in one horizontal plane.
n Use the unabridged version of Table 7 for other
locations and combinations of airway shape and
system geometry.
Engineered Ventilation
n Engineered ventilation may be provided by piping a small amount (50 Cfm or less) of fresh air to
the return-side of the duct system.
404
The engineered ventilation system shall not have a

heat recovery device or a ventilation dehumidifier.
Use advanced Manual J applications for engineered ventilation systems and ventilating
dehumidifer equipment.
Other Loads
n Internal load (choice of two default values)
n Blower heat (one default value)
n Use Section 22 procedures for other internal load
options (occupants, appliances, lighting, etc.), any
blower motor power, winter humidification load,
hot-water piping loss, and moisture migration load.
A2-2 Procedural Defaults

Procedural complexity increases in proportion to sensitivity to variations in construction detail. Defaults simplify the procedure and make hand calculations
possible. The defaults that apply to Manual J and
MJ8AE are listed here.
Design Conditions
n Indoor: Heating = 70 F db; Cooling = 75 F db and
50% RH, unless superceded by code.
n Outdoor: Use values in Table 1A unless
superceded by code.
Windows and Glass Doors
n Purpose-built daylight windows and skylights
shall have no internal shade.
n All other windows and glass doors shall have
internal shade.
n The default assumption for internal shade is a
medium-color blind with the slats at 45 degrees.
n An overhang adjustment shall be applied to all
windows and glass doors.
n When available, use the actual overhang geometry or use the default geometry.
n The default length of the overhang is one foot; the
default height above the glazing is one foot.
n The sensible cooling load adjustment for any type
of insect screen shall be 0.90.
n The heating load and sensible cooling load adjustment for a bay window shall be 1.15.
n The heating load and sensible load adjustments
for a garden window shall be 2.75 and 2.00.
n The sensible cooling load adjustment for a French
door shall be 0.70.
Skylights
n Curb construction shall default to (un-insulated)
wood 2x4; four inches high.
n Skylights shall not be equipped with an internal
shade or light shaft.
Appendix 4
and latent capacity. Supply-side gains reduce the cooling
capacity of the airflow delivered by the supply air outlets.
Duct loads are caused by conduction through the duct
wall and by leakage. Duct leakage also causes negative
or positive pressure in the conditioned space. The space
pressure condition depends on the difference between
the return side leakage rate and the supply side leakage
rate. If the return side leakage rate is greater than the
supply side leakage rate, there is a net flow of air from
outside the conditioned space to the conditioned space.
This causes a positive pressure in the conditioned
space, exfiltration from the conditioned space and a
direct load on the central equipment (the air that leaks
into the return duct passes through the central equipment before it enters the conditioned space). If the supply side leakage rate is greater than the return side
leakage rate, the flow rate through the return grilles is
greater than the flow rate through the supply outlets.
This causes a negative pressure in the conditioned space,
the infiltration to the conditioned space is increased and
the load on the central equipment is larger.
The heating and sensible cooling loads generated by
duct systems are sensitive to a collection of parameters
and interactions that include the piping geometry, the
location of the duct runs, the temperature and moisture
content of the air in the duct runs, the temperature and
moisture content of the air in the surrounding environment, the tightness of seams and joints and the amount
of duct-wall insulation. Duct loads also depend on the
size of the dwelling and the construction details
because equipment size, blower CFM, the size of the
duct airways and the total surface area of the duct system depend on the size of the heating and cooling loads.
An attic is a hostile environment for duct runs if attic
temperature is significantly higher than the outdoor
temperature in the summer (white shingles, tile roofs,
radiant barriers and foam encapsilation moderate this
condition); and almost as cold as the outdoor air in the
winter. In addition, the absolute humidity in a properly
vented attic is about the same as the outdoor humidity
(the absolute humidity in a foam encapsulated attic will
be closer to the conditioned space value).
Open crawlspace locations are undesirable because
there is little difference between the crawlspace condition and the condition of the outdoor air. Enclosed
crawlspaces and unconditioned spaces represent environments that range from benign to hostile, depending
on the ambient conditions in the space.
Duct heat transfer to an unconditioned space can be significantly reduced if the surface area of the system is
428
minimized. In this regard, research indicates that if the

thermal envelope is efficient, an acceptable level of
comfort is provided by an attic system that has a central
air handler and short supply runs that feed diffusers
located near the interior walls of the rooms. There are no
duct loads when a duct system is installed within a conditioned space.
The model used to generate the default duct factor
tables applies to system designs that are compatible
with the procedures documented in Manuals J, S and D.
This is important because duct surface area estimates
are based on the assumption that the blower CFM is
compatible with the calculated loads and that the size
of the duct airways are compatible with the blower
performance and the total effective length of the duct
system. In other words, the duct factor tables do not
apply to heating and cooling systems that have been
designed by whimsical guidelines and unreliable rules
of thumb.
A4-30 Duct Sealing

Information pertaining to duct construction and duct
sealing is provided by other documents. A partial list of
sources is presented below.
n
The North American Insulation Manufacturers

Association (NAIMA).
The Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors National Association (SMACNA).
Underwriters Laboratories (UL-181 and
UL-181A).
Air Diffusion Council (ADC).
In some cases a duct sealing effort can create a health

hazard that can cause discomfort, sickness or death. The
most dangerous condition occurs when the sealing work
creates a negative pressure condition that causes a combustion appliance to back draft. Other undesirable scenarios involve transfer of contaminated air from space
to space, reduced ventilation rates and objectionable pressure conditions. Information about this subject is found
in documents that pertain to duct testing and duct sealing.
Also refer to the safety-test procedures in the appendices
of ASHRAE Standard 62 and the National Fuel Gas Code.
A4-31 Blower Heat

Most of the electric power delivered to a furnace or air
handler blower is used to move a flow of air against the
resistance of the duct system. Some of this resistance is
generated as moving air rubs against a duct wall or any
other surface (the blower vanes, the fins of a coil or the
plates of a heat exchanger, for example), the remainder
of the resistance is caused by turbulence produced by
fittings and air-side devices. All of this resistance is
Appendix 5
A5-3 Indoor Design Conditions

Heating and cooling load estimates shall be based on
the indoor design conditions listed below. Use of this
set of conditions is mandatory, unless superceded by a
code, regulation or documented health requirement.
n
n
n
Indoor drybulb temperature for heating = 70F

Indoor drybulb temperature for cooling = 75F
Indoor relative humidity for a dry-coil (insignificant latent load) climate = 45% RH
Preferred indoor relative humidity for a wet-coil
(latent load climate) = 50% RH
Acceptable indoor relative humidity for a large
latent load application = 55% RH
A5-4 Plans, Sketches and Notes

When available, up-to-date floor plans, elevations and
detail sheets define architectural geometry, establish
orientations, provide dimensional information and
specify construction detail. If a set of plans is not available or if the plans no longer represent conditions at the
site, sketches of the existing construction are used to
record the information required for the load estimate.
These sketches are drawn to scale or accurate dimensions are added to drawings that are not to scale.
Sketches also provide an efficient way to record the
information that is read from a set of plans. The collection of sketches and notes shall provide the following
information.
Sketches based on plan take-off or field observation

n
n
n
An arrow or directional rosette that points north.

A dimensioned outline of the floor plan for each
level.
The location of stairwells, partitions, chases and
cavities.
The length, width and height of every room with
the room name.
An alphanumeric code (WN-1, WN-2, etc.) next to
each type of window or glass door.
An alphanumeric code (S1, S2, etc.) next to each
type of skylight.
An alphanumeric code (DR-1, DR-2, etc.) next to
each type of wood or metal door.
An alphanumeric code (CL-1, WL-2, FL-1, etc.)
next to each type of ceiling, wall or floor.
Room assignments for occupants, appliances,
lighting, plants and equipment.
Record observations pertaining to:

n
440
The type of ceiling, ceiling construction detail

(preferably with a Manual J construction number
and overall R-value), the ceiling height (at the wall
or at the wall and ridge), the type of space that is

above the ceiling (include detail that will help
determine the temperature in enclosed, unconditioned spaces); the type of vapor retarder; the air
leakage that might occur at hard-wired lighting
fixtures and ceiling penetrations, and the quality
of the sealing and caulking effort at the top plate.
The use of a radiant barrier under an attic roof, or
encapsulated foam attic (if applicable).
Attic vent locations, vent areas and powered attic
ventilation equipment.
A record of the location, size and type of skylights
(preferably, with a Manual J construction number).
Wall construction detail (preferably with a
Manual J construction number and overall R-value),
wall heights, the type of space that is on the nonconditioned side of a partition (include detail that
will help determine the temperature in enclosed,
unconditioned spaces); the type of vapor retarder,
the type of infiltration retarder, the potential for
leakage around electrical outlets and wall penetrations, and the quality of the sealing and caulking effort at plates, headers, sills, band joists and
rough openings.
The location, type and size of the window and glassdoor assemblies and wood and metal door assemblies, with notes pertaining to U-values, SHGCs,
construction details, bug screens, sun screens,
projections and tightness.
Internal and external shading devices and
overhangs.
The type of floor, floor construction details (preferably with a Manual J construction number and
overall R-value), the type of space that is under the
floor (include detail that will help determine the
temperature in enclosed, unconditioned spaces);
the type of vapor retarder, the leakage that might
occur at floor penetrations, and the quality of the
sealing and caulking effort.
Observed pathways that connect the conditioned
space with an attic space, stud space, chase, crawl
space or basement.
The location of the appliances, display lighting,
ceiling fans, waterbeds or any equipment that
generates internal loads.
The location of vents and exhaust equipment, with
observations pertaining to the use of back draft
dampers.
The location and type of combustion equipment
and fireplaces, with notes pertaining to the source
of combustion air, type of vent or chimney and the
use of vent dampers.
The preceding list applies to load estimates, but there

are other items that should be noted during the survey.
Appendix 5
(U-value and SHGC) for window assemblies and sliding glass door assemblies. Rated values are preferred
because they eliminate uncertainty about window and
glass door performance. When such information is not
available, use the Table 2A values.
Also record the following information:
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
The direction the glass faces

Type of window (see Figure A5-11)
The number of lites (panes) in the assembly
The type of glass used in the assembly
The frame material
Frame conduction path (thermal break or no thermal break)
The use of a storm window
The type and color of internal shading devices
The shading coefficient of external shade screens
(when applicable and available)
The X and Y dimensions (see Table 3E-1) of external overhangs (when applicable)
In regard to opaque doors, record observations pertaining to style (see Figure A5-12), construction material
(wood or metal) and insulation. If a door has a rating
label, record the tested U-value.
Also evaluate the tightness of the window and door

assemblies. Collect data pertaining to tested leakage ratings as listed in the manufacturers performance
data, documented by the NFRC directory or displayed
on a performance label. If quantitative information is
not available, make notes that summarize the findings
of a site inspection. Also try to evaluate the seal between
the structural framing and the frame of the window or
door assembly.
Ceilings
Ceiling performance depends on the type of construction (attic, roof-ceiling sandwich or ceiling on exposed
beams) and the construction details associated with the
ceiling assembly (or attic knee wall). Ceiling and attic
knee wall performance is also depends on the temperature in the attic, which depends on the roofing material,
the roof color, the use of a radiant barrier or encapsulating foam, and the amount of attic ventilation. Such
observations are used to select a construction number
(see Table 4A), to evaluate structural tightness and to
estimate resistance to moisture migration. Record the
following information:
n
n
n
n
n
Sliding
Glass
Door
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
French
Door
Type of construction (attic, beamed or roof-ceiling)

Size and type of framing
Primary insulating material (type and R-value)
Secondary insulating material
Overall R-value of the attic-ceiling, partition-ceiling or roof-ceiling assembly
Type of roofing material (shingles or tile with air space)
Long-term roof color and texture
Details pertaining to attic ventilation
The use of radiant barrier in attic (when applicable)
Description of an unconditioned space above a
ceiling
Secondary insulation (sheathing material and R-value)
Type and quality of vapor retarder
Sealing effort at seams, light fixtures and penetrations
Sealing effort at partitions, wall cavities, chases and
stair wells
Skylights
For generic skylights, use qualitative observations and
Table 2A to determine the U-value, SHGC value. Use
Table 3C for the cooling HTM value.
Wood
or
Metal
Panel
Door
Figure A5-12
446
Table 3D (-1 through -4) procedures apply to all types of

skylights. Always try to obtain the NFRC rating
(U-value and SHGC) for skylight assemblies. Rated values are preferred because they eliminate uncertainty
about window and glass door performance. When such
information is not available, use the Table 2A values.
Also record the following information:
Appendix 10
Worksheet E
Infiltration Loads
HTD =
CTD =
Design Grains =
Elevation =
Table 10A ACF =

Operating
Mode
Above Grade Volume

AGV
(CuFt)
Number
of Bed
Rooms
Number
of
People
Default
Burner
Btuh
Installed
Burner
Btuh
OA Cfm
for
0.35 ACH
OA Cfm
for
People
OA Cfm
for
Furnace
Table 8
OA Cfm
Heat
Cool

80,000 Btuh.
Cfm @ 0.35 = 0.35 x AGV / 60


Operating
Mode
Floor
Area
(SqFt)
Type of
Const.
Space
ACH
AGV
(CuFt)
Space
ICFM
Fireplace
ICFM
Total ICFM
Table 8
OA
CFM
(Note 1)
(Note 2)
Table 8
Vent
CFM
Heating
Cooling



Operating
Mode
HTD
and
CTD
Wind
Velocity
(MPH)
Table 5C
ELA4
(SqIn)
Table 5D
Cs
Shielding
Class
ICFM
Table 8
OA
CFM
Cw
Table 8
Vent
CFM
Heating
Cooling
Detail from
Worksheet
E1


Operating
Mode
HTD
and
CTD
Wind
Velocity
(MPH)
Blower
Door
ELA4
Table 5D
Cs
Shielding
Class
ICFM
Table 8
OA-CFM
Cw
Table 8
Vent-CFM
Heating
Cooling
Provided by
field test


Type of
Load
Heat Load
Sens Load
Wrksht. H
Value for
Vent CFM
Exhaust
CFM
CFMimb
ICFM
Net
(Option __ ) Infilt. CFM
NCFM
H&C
Loads
(Btuh)
The sign in
the NCFM
equation
is determined
by the sign
of the
CFMimb
value.

Lat Load
496
Appendix 12
eight-hour period beginning at 11 am and ending
at 7 pm, standard time.
This aggregate value is used for all roof-ceiling
construction, regardless of exposure direction or
time of day.
ASHRAE Base-Case CLTD Values for Ceilings

(8 Hour Average)
Group
These averaging rules are applied to five types of wood

deck roofs (ASHRAE Group 2, 5, 7, 10 and 13). The
resulting collection of 8-hour averages are summarized
by Figure A12 -13. (This figure lists base-case CLTD values, which means they are compatible with a 20 oF temperature difference and a medium daily range.) The
HTM value for a specific type of construction is
obtained by multiplying the appropriate CLTD value
by the panel U-value:
5
7
10
13
1)
Construction
1" wood,
1" Insulation
1" wood,
2" Insulation
2-1/2" wood,
1" Insulation
2-1/2" wood,
2" Insulation
4" wood,
2" Insulation
Roof Deck
On Beams
Roof-Ceiling
Sandwich
66
50
55
45
39
31
35
30
27
27
Outdoor = 95 F, indoor = 75 F, medium daily range.
Figure A12-13
HTMpanel = CLTD x Uceiling
Ceiling Under Attic

The cooling load temperature difference for an attic
ceiling panel depends on the attic temperature, which
depends on the amount of insulation above the ceiling,
the amount of attic ventilation, the use of a radiant barrier, encapsulating foam, attic fan, or extra attic vent
area, and the type of roofing. Since the absorptivity and
emittance of roofing products may not be known, roofing is classified by material (asphalt shingles, wood
shakes, tile, slate, concrete, metal, membrane or tar and
gravel) and color. The attic temperature also is affected
by attic duct runs, but the temperature moderating
effect is conditional, so it is (conservatively) ignored.
Figure A12-14 (next page) summarizes the attic temperatures used to generate CLTD values for ceilings under
an attic. These values are for the peak (late afternoon)
load condition. They are used to estimate ceiling loads
for all Manual J applications.
case CLTD values for this type of construction. These

values represent the average ceiling load condition that
occurs during the afternoon. They are used to estimate
ceiling loads for all Manual J applications.
A12-15 Floor Over Enclosed Crawl Space

For sensible cooling load estimates, Table 4A (construction 19) provides partition temperature difference
(PTDC) values for floors over a tight, enclosed crawl
space and for floors over a loose or vented crawl space.
These temperature differences depend on the outdoor
design temperature, the indoor design temperature, the
tightness of the crawl space (sealed or loose or vented)
and are estimated by performing an energy balance on
the unconditioned crawl space. The following assumptions are used for this work. The resulting floor temperature difference equations are provided on the next
page by Figure A12-17 (ahead two pages).
n
Ceiling on Exposed Beams

The cooling load temperature difference for a ceiling on
exposed beams depends on the type of deck material,
the thickness of the decking, the amount of insulation in
the deck sandwich, the type of roofing and color. Figure A12-15 (ahead two pages) summarizes the base case
CLTD values for deck-on-beam construction. These
values represent the average ceiling load condition that
occurs during the afternoon. They are used to estimate
ceiling loads for all Manual J applications.
Roof-Joist-Ceiling Sandwich
T h e co o l i n g l o a d te m p e r a t u r e d i f f e r e n c e f o r
roof-joist-ceiling sandwich depends on the type of deck
material, the thickness of the decking, amount of insulation on the deck, the amount of insulation in the joist
space, the ceiling material, the type of roofing and color.
Figure A12-16 (ahead two pages) summarizes the base
522
The heat transfer through below grade walls and

the crawl space floor is ignored.
Crawl space duct runs do not produce a regain
effect.
The floor area of a tight crawl space is 4 times
larger than the crawl space wall area exposed to
the outdoor air (assume the crawl space floor has a
2:1 aspect ratio and that it has three feet of exposed
wall height).
For tight construction, the conductive heat flow
through the crawl space ceiling equals the conductive heat flow through the crawl space walls,
as indicated here:
(U x A x TD)ceiling = (U x A x TD)wall
A loose or vented crawl space has 500 square feet of

wall exposed to the outdoor air and 2,000 square feet
of floor area.

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Manual J

Residential Load Calculations

Version Two of Manual J reorganizes the presentation of material provided in previous

Submit all comments to standards-sec@acca.org by

Abridged Edition Check List

In general, take full credit for the rated (or tested)

Be sure to use the duct wall insulation correction if

Manual J Donts (Mandatory Requirements)

Table 10A ACF = 0.97

Step 1 Table 8 Outdoor Air Requirement

Above Grade Volume

AGV for each level = Floor area X Average ceiling height

Furnace input defaults:

Cfm @ 0.35 = 0.35 x AGV / 60

Step 2, Option 1 Table 5 Defaults

Total ICFM = Space ICFM + FP ICFM

T8 vent-CFM = T8 OA CFM - Cooling ICFM

Step 2, Option 2 Component Leakage Area Method

Default heating season velocity = 15 MPH

ICFM = ELA4 x ( Cs x TD + Cw x V2 ) 0.50

T8 vent CFM = T8 OA CFM - Cooling ICFM

Step 2, Option 3 Blower Door Method

Default heating season velocity = 15 MPH

ICFM = ELA4 x ( Cs x TD + Cw x V2 ) 0.50

T8 vent-CFM = T8 OA CFM - Cooling ICFM

Step 3 Infiltration Loads on Central Equipment

CFMimb = CFM exhaust - CFMvent

NCFM = (ICFM1.5 CFMimb1.5 ) 0.67

Tops of B windows are 1.0 foot

Top of glass door is 0.75 feet

Combination Living and Dining Room

Kitchen and Utility 21 x 14

13-2 Walker Residence Solution

Sensible Cooling Load (Btuh)

West 7.92 15.01

Form J1 Block Load for the Walker Residence

Table 3E-1 Worksheet

B) Overhang dimension (Ft)

D) Shade line to overhang (Z)

F) Shaded glass height (S)

H) Unshaded glass height (U)

Fenestration Gain vs Hour of Day

Fenestration Load vs Hour of Day Block Load

E) Top of opening to overhang (Ft)

Line 21 shows the total heating load, total sensible load

C) Shade line multiplier from table

Line 20 shows the AED adjustment and the moisture

G) Height of opening (Ft)

I) Width of opening (Ft)

J) Shaded area (SqFt)

K) Unshaded area (SqFT)

N) Btuh load for shaded area

O) Btuh load for area in sun

P) Btuh load for entire assembly

Q) Total assembly area (SqFt)

Step 2 calculations return a 60 ICFM value for heating, a

Heating HTM = U x HTD or U x PTDH

Daily Range = Low

Wood and Metal Doors (Construction 11)

b 11N Kit door

For rad floor: 43 = 18 + 25

Table 10A ACF = 1.00