Toxic Waste Project

Company Name: _________________________________
Student Name:
______________________
Period: _________
Toxic Waste Project
Copper (II) Chloride Pollution of a

Local River
Table of Contents
Project Overview and Student Requirements

Checklist for Due Dates
Copper Plating Activity
Successive Dilution of A Toxic Substance
11
Investigating the Sensitivity of the Ammonia Test for Copper

Solidification Process
14
18
Precipitation Process 24
Metal-Metal Replacement Process
Handling the Waste
32
43
Lab Report Requirements
44
Toxic Waste Oral Report
45
Toxic Waste Project Grand Total
47
Project Overview
You have just been hired as the Health and Safety engineers for
(Company Name of your Choice) a local copper plating company,
that is producing 20 liters of 50,000 ppm Cu+2 waste, in the form
of copper (II) chloride that is being dumped into the (Choice of
Name) river and the towns people of (Choice of Town Name) have
been complaining. It is your job to determine the most cost
effective way and most environmentally friendly way to remove the
pollutant from the river. You will perform a solidification
process, a dilution process, a metal-metal replacement process,
and a precipitation process. You will need to select one of these
processes as the best and most cost effective method to get rid
of the pollutant. You will then present your findings from each
of the experiments and your choice for the best removal method to
the class in the form of a mock town meeting.
You want to present the following four key things to the meeting:
1. The ultimate fate of the copper (II) chloride
a. Is it completely gone?
b. Will there still be pollution in the (choice of
name) river? If so, can you estimate how much?
2. Feasibility and ease of carrying out the process
3. Cost per month
a. Is there any profit being brought in for (Choice
of Company Name)?
4. Environmental concerns and Regulations
a. Is your method of choice legal?
Student Requirements
You will be working in groups of four. There are four processes
to remove the copper (II) chloride which means that each one of
you will be responsible for one of the processes. Also as a group
there are four big jobs that are needed to be done.
Group Manager: Responsible for setting dates for each piece

of the reports that are due before the overall due date,
reminding group mates that due dates are coming up, reports
to teacher when there are issues or questions that come up
with the paper work
Technology Geek: Responsible for the technology used in the
presentation, troubleshooting the presentation style they
4
are using, reports to teacher with any questions involving

the technology usage in presentation
Researcher: Responsible for information the group needs to
know about copper (II) chloride (molar mass, density,
boiling point, melting point), researching the cost of
materials that will be used in the plan to make the copper
(II) chloride useful, researching the usefulness of the
products made by processes, reports to teacher any questions
involving copper (II) chloride researcher
Designer: Responsible for sketches outlining how the plans
to remove the copper (II)chloride before it reaches the
river; designing any handouts the group wants to do for the
presentation (ex: brochure, poster, handout, etc.),
responsible for anything extra the group wants to do (ex:
commercial, public service announcement, mock website, etc.,
reports to teacher any questions about the sketches of the
plans
Even though each of you has an individual assignment in the

group, there will be an individual grade and a group grade for
this entire project. You will perform the experimental
processes as a group, but only one of you will have to write
up the report if it is the process you have chosen. My
suggestion is that you all take responsibility for making sure
everything is getting done and turned in.
Individual Requirements (will receive an individual grade):
Safety in the Lab

Lab Report on one of the four processes (dilution,
precipitation, solidification, or metal-metal
replacement)
Present your process in the group presentation focusing
on the following details
o Experimental Procedure
o Results from Experiment
o Description of the Plan to carry out this process
o The startup cost of this plan along with the
monthly maintenance cost
o Any proceeds made from this plan
o A pro and con list of this process (MUST HAVE 3 of
each)
Group Requirements (will receive a group grade):
Company Logo
5
o Something simple that will make your company be

memorable that you can put in your presentation, on
your bulletin board, and any of your bonus point
ideas
Final Report Binder
o Cover Page with all group members names
o Introduction discussing the problem at hand
o Evaluations of the four Processes
Lab Report for Dilution
Lab Report for Solidification
Lab Report for Metal-Metal Replacement
Lab Report for Precipitation
o Recommendation for Solution to the Pollution
Problem
o Conclusions
o Outside References
Press Release
o Article to be released in (Choice of
Paper)explaining how you will deal with the
pollution problem
o Address the rumors and complaints that are being
brought up by the townspeople
Billboard
o Showing how your companys solution to the
pollution problem
o Showing how your solution is environmentally
friendly
Overall presentation lasts 30-40 minutes allowing 5
minutes for questions from class and teacher
Bonus Point Opportunities
o Anything above and beyond the required pieces of
this presentation
o Ideas
Dress up on presentation day
Bring food for the class on presentation day
Commercials or Public Service Announcements
Business Cards
A mock website
Brochure
Checklist of Due Dates

Checkpoints:
Copper Plating Activity Complete Student Sheet

Questions Day 1 of Dilution Lab
Dilution Lab Report Rough Draft End of Week 1
o Data Collection Complete, Tables Filled in,
Calculations Started
Solidification Lab Report Rough Draft End of Week 2
Metal-Metal Replacement Lab Report Rough Draft End
of Week 3
Precipitation Lab Report Rough Draft End of Week 4

Recommended Removal Process Rough Draft of Rationale
1 week before Presentation
o Explanation of removal plan and how it is
environmentally friendly
Copper Plating Activity

Purpose:
To investigate the process of electroplating and learn about the
potential disposal problems of a toxic substance.
Materials:
For class:
Waste container for copper plating solution
For each group:
Safety: Copper
Chloride is toxic if
taken internally.
Wash your hands
thoroughly after
finishing this
activity. Wear
safety eyewear at
all times when in
9 volt battery
Battery harness with light bulb
Graduated container
Small packet of Table Salt
Small packet of Sugar
Plastic spoon
Deionized Water
180 mL bottle of 50,000 ppm copper (II) chloride solution
2 paper clips
Copper strip
Paper towel
Stirring stick
Procedure:
Part 1: Electrical Conductors in solutions
1. Attach battery clips to the 9 volt battery. Touch the clips
together to see how the light bulb lights up. NOTE: Do not
leave clips touching so you dont wear out the battery.
2. Filled the graduated container with 30 mL of deionized
water.
3. Attach the clip from the black wire to the lip of the
container so that the end of the clip is in the water.
4. Attach the clip from the red wire to the opposite side of
the container in the same matter as you did in step 3.
Record your observations. Is water a good conductor? ______
What did you observe to prove this?
____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
8
5. Add a small amount of the table salt to the container.

Slowly stir the container and observe what happens to the
light bulb. What did you observe?
____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Now stir in the rest of the salt packet. What did you
observe?
____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
Why did the bulb grow more brightly?
____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
6. Take the clips off the container and rinse and dry them with
a paper towel. Rinse out the container. Add 30 mL of water
to the container.
7. Attach the clips again to the container and slowly add the
small packet of sugar and stir.
What did you observe?
____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Does the sugar form ions? _________________________________
What is your evidence?
____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Take off the clips, rinse, and dry them. Rinse out the
container.
Part 2: Copper Plating
1. Add 30 mL of the 50,000 ppm copper (II) chloride solution to
the graduated container. Copper (II) chloride is an
electrolyte. It was dissolved in water to create the
solution.
2. Bend a strip of copper metal in the shape of a J. Hook the
end of the strip over the side of the container. Clip the
red wire to the strip.
3. Bend one end of a paper clip slightly. Attach the black wire
to the bent end of the paper clip.
4. Carefully lower the paper clip into the copper (II) chloride
solution. Be careful not to touch the wire clip to the
solution or spill any of the solution. Allow current to flow
for two minutes. Record your observations of the paper clip,
copper strip, and the plating solution in Table 1.
5. Remove the paper clip and allow it to dry on a paper towel.
6. Disconnect the battery clip.
9
Data Table 1: Plating Observations

Appearance
Paper Clip
Copper Strip
Plating
Solution
Before Plating
After Plating
7. Carefully pour the plating solution from your graduated

container into the container marked 50,000 ppm USED COPPER
(II) CHLORIDE SOLUTION.
8. Rinse and dry your container, clips, and the strip of
copper.
Questions:
1. What happened to the paper clip?
____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
What seems to be coating it?
____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
2. Copper ions are attracted to what clip of the battery?
___________________________________________________________
From your observations, how would you prove this?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3. Discuss as a group what should be done with the used copper
(II) chloride solution. Give at least two points of view.
Summarize your discussion in three short paragraphs. Use the
space below and the back of this paper.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
10
11
Successive Dilution of a Toxic Substance

Purpose:
To examine dilution as a method of disposal of toxic waste and to
develop a sensitive test for the presence of
copper ions.
Safety: Copper
Materials:
SEPUP Tray
Medicine Dropper
Stirring Stick
White piece of paper
30 mL bottle of used copper (II)
chloride solution
30 mL dropping bottle of water
30 mL dropping bottle of household ammonia
Chloride is toxic if
taken internally.
Wash your hands
thoroughly after
finishing this
activity. Wear
safety eyewear at
all times when in
Procedure:
1. Put ten drops of the 50,000 ppm used copper (II) chloride
solution into Cup 1 of the SEPUP tray. Using a medicine
dropper, transfer one drop from Cup 1 to Cup 2. Return any
excess to Cup 1.
2. Using the dropper bottle, add nine drops of water to Cup 2.
Stir the solution with stirring stick and then use the
medicine dropper to transfer one drop from Cup 2 to Cup 3
return any excess to Cup 2.
3. Add nine drops of water to Cup 3. Stir the solution with
stirring stick and transfer one drop from Cup 3 to Cup 4.
Return any excess to Cup 3.
4. Add nine drops of water to Cup 4. Stir the solution and then
transfer one drop from Cup 4 to Cup 5. Return any excess to
Cup 4. Add nine drops of water to Cup 5 and stir solution.
Record your observations from Cups 1-5 in the first column
of the data table.
5. Calculate the copper concentration in ppm in Cups 1-5.
Remember, the concentration in each cup is 1/10th of the
concentration in the previous cup.
6. Add five drops of household ammonia to each of the solutions
in Cups 1-5. Stir each cup. Record your observations in
column two of your data table.
7. Your teacher will provide you with 3 copper (II) chloride
solutions of unknown strengths in Cups 6, 7, and 8. Record
12
the letters of the unknowns in your data table. Add five

drops of ammonia to the 10 drops of each unknown.
8. Compare the colors obtained in your unknowns to Cups 1-5.
What are the concentrations of your unknowns? Record your
answers.
9. Your teacher will give you instructions for disposing of the
used copper solutions in your SEPUP trays.
Data Table: Dilution of Copper (II) Chloride and Reaction with Ammonia
Color of Solution
After Water
After Ammonia
Dilution
is Added
Cup
Concentration
1
2
3
4
5
Unknown ____
Unknown ____
Unknown ____
50,000 ppm
Problems & Questions:

1. Determine the number of liters of water needed to dilute 1
liter of 50,000 ppm copper (II) chloride to 5 ppm by filling
in the blanks in the following table. The table has been
started for you.
1 liter
of
50,000
ppm
9 liters of
water
10 liters of
5,000
ppm
5,000
ppm
90 liters of
water
100 liters of
____
ppm
____
ppm
___ liters of
water
____ liters
of
____
ppm
____
ppm
___ liters of
water
____ liters
of
____
ppm
10
liters
of
___
liters
of
____
liters
of
13
How much water must be added to one liter of 50,000 ppm

waste copper (II) chloride to dilute it to 5 ppm? (HINT: It
is the sum of the values in column C.)
___________________________________________________________
2. What is the lowest concentration of a solution of copper
ions that can be detected by the ammonia test?
____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
3. How could this test be important for finding harmful levels
of copper in the environment?
____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
4. Calculate the amount of water your company needs per month
to dilute the copper waste to 5 ppm.
14
Investigating the Sensitivity of the Ammonia

Test for Copper
Overview:
You learned in the previous activity that ammonia can be used to
detect the presence of copper at a level of 500 ppm but not 50
ppm. In this activity, you will prepare more serial dilutions to
investigate the sensitivity of the ammonia test for copper.
Materials:
SEPUP Tray
Medicine Dropper
30 mL dropping bottle of ammonia
30 mL dropping bottle of used copper (II) chloride
solution
30 mL dropping bottle of water
Paper towel
Procedure:
1. Start with a clean, dry SEPUP tray.
2. Use the 30 mL dropping bottle to add 5 drops of 50,000 ppm
used copper (II) chloride solution to 45 drops of water in
large Cup A. Stir well with the medicine dropper to mix. You
have prepared a 5,000 ppm solution of copper (II) chloride.
3. Use the medicine dropper to transfer 5 drops of the solution
in Cup A to Cup B. Add 45 drops of water. Stir well. You
have now prepared a 500 ppm solution of copper (II) chloride
to use in the serial dilution procedure in step 4.
4. Mix drops of 500 ppm copper (II) chloride solution from Cup
B and drops of water to prepare solutions according to the
following chart. (Prepare a total volume of 10 drops of each
solution.)
Cup
Concentration of
Copper (II)
Chloride (ppm)
Drops of 500 ppm
Copper (II)
Chloride (Cup B)
Drops of Water
500
400
300
200
100
10
0
15
5. Use the following chart to record your observations before

and after adding 5 drops of ammonia to Cups 1-6. Check your
results with other groups.
6. Follow your teachers direction for clean-up of materials.
Data Table: Colors of Solutions before and After Ammonia
Cup
Concentration of
Copper (II)
Chloride (ppm)
Color before
addition of
Ammonia
Color after
addition of
Ammonia
500
400
300
200
100
Questions:
1. In which cup (1-5) is the blue color the weakest and what is
the concentration?
____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
2. How do you explain any differences in your results from
those of your classmates?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
3. What is the lowest concentration of copper that the ammonia
test can detect? __________________________________________
4. Why was water alone used in Cup 6?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
5. Solutions of copper that exceed 5 ppm cannot be safely or
legally disposed of into the city wastewater system. The
ammonia test cannot detect the presence of copper at these
small concentrations. Knowing this, what value is there in
the ammonia test?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
16
6. Calculate the amount of water that you company needs per

month to dilute the copper waste to 5 ppm.
7. Explain in detail how you would carry out this method of

disposal. Include what materials you would need and what you
intend to do with the waste generated. (INCLUDE BOTH VERBAL
DESCRIPTION AND DRAWINGS)Use additional paper as needed.
8. Estimate the initial start-up cost for materials and

estimate the cost per month of diluting 400 liters of 50,000
ppm Cu+2 to 5 ppm.
9. List three advantages and three disadvantages of this

disposal method.
17
Checkpoint Date: ____________

Teachers Signoff: _________________________________________
18
Solidification Process
Purpose:
To investigate a way of solidifying and fixing copper (II)
chloride solution to make it nontoxic and to examine a process
that converts the liquid waste into a solid that resists
leaching.
Solidification is the process that reduces the mobility of
pollutants, making them acceptable for landfills. Hazardous
materials either must be converted to nonhazardous materials or
be fixed so that the solubility is limited although the hazardous
material is not necessarily physically changed. In this activity,
liquid waste containing the hazardous waste Cu+2 ion is fixed by
Portland cement and/or sodium silicate.
Materials:
Part 1:
Five
180
10
180
Part 2:
Safety: Avoid
direct contact with
materials used for
this activity. Wash
your hands
thoroughly after
finishing this
activity. Wear
safety eyewear at
all times when in
Preparation of Solids
small plastic cups
Stirring rod
mL graduated cylinder
mL of 50,000 ppm used copper (II)
chloride solution
mL bottle of sodium silicate
Portland cement
Acid Testing
5 cc solid from each cup prepared

SEPUP tray
Graduated container
Funnel
Medicine Dropper
Filter paper (10 per group)
180 mL bottle of vinegar
Procedure:
Part 1:
1. Label five small plastic cups with your company name and the
numbers 1-5.
19
2. Mass each small plastic cup and record on the data table
provided next to its matching number.
Prepare the mixture for one cup at a time.
3. Mass the correct amount of cement and place in the cup.
4. Measure out 5.0 mL of 50,000 ppm CuCl2 solution. Add to cup
and stir quickly.
5. Use a 10 mL graduated cylinder to measure out the correct
amount of sodium silicate and add to the cup. Mix thoroughly
until no further change is observed. Clean graduated
cylinder.
6. Repeat steps 3-5 for the remaining 4 cups.
7. Let the mixtures dry for at least 4 days. Clean up all
materials, taking special care the thoroughly clean the
graduated cylinder.
Part 2:
8. Day 4 or later:
a. Mass each cup with mixtures. Record the mass on the
data table.
b. Grind about all the mixture in your mortar with your
pestle to a fine powder.
c. Measure out 5 mL (cc) of the powder and place in filter
paper in a funnel.
d. Pour 10 mL of deionized water over the solid. Collect
filtrate.
e. Record the color of the filtrate in the data table.
f. Use a medicine dropper to transfer 10 drops of the
filtrate to a well in the SEPUP tray.
g. Add 5 drops of ammonia to the filtrate. Stir.
h. Record the color of the filtrate after the ammonia was
added on the data table.
i. Compare the color of your filtrate to the tray provided
by your teacher to estimate the Cu+2 concentration in
ppm. Record on your data table.
j. Repeat steps c-j, but use vinegar to simulate acid rain
instead of deionized water in step d.
k. Repeat steps a-j for your other 4 mixtures.
20
Mass
Appearance
of
Mass
Material
Masses
of
+2
Cu
Filtrate
App.
Filtrate
Vinegar
Table
Filtrate
App.
Water
Data
3 .8
5 .0
5 .0
5 .0
5
1 1 .3
7 .5
5 .0
1 5.0
5 .0
2 .5
5 .0
7 .5
10
(g)
Sodium
Cup &
of CuCl
Before
After
DryFiltrate
&
Filtrate
&
2 Cement
Concentr
Conc
Cup
Silicate
Dry
Cup(mL)
(g)
Drying
Drying
Mixture
Color
Ammonia
Color
Ammonia
ation
ati
(mL)
Mixture
(g)
(g)
Color
Color
(ppm)
(pp
Mass
Materials
Solidification
Question:
1.
Did
your
cement
and
sodium
silicate mixture do a better job solidifying and fixing

the used copper (II) chloride than either the cement or
sodium silicate used alone?
_________________________________________________________
21
2.
3.
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
What evidence do you have?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Which cement and sodium silicate mixture did the best job
solidifying and fixing the waste?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
What is the evidence?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Sodium silicate cost = 0.15 per mL (Less than a penny)

Cement = 0.02 per gram
Calculate the cost per month of the mixture you chose in

question #2.
Our mixture choice is cup _____ with _____ grams of
cement and _____ mL of sodium silicate needed for every 5
mL of CuCl2 waste solution.
a. Total mass of solid waste generated per month
b. Amount of cement needed per month
c. Cost of cement per month
d. Amount of sodium silicate needed per month

22
e. Cost of sodium silicate per month
4.
Explain in detail how you would carry out this method of

disposal. Include what materials you would need and what
you intend to do with the waste generated. (INCLUDE BOTH
VERBAL DESCRIPTION AND DRAWINGS)Use additional paper as
needed.
5.
Estimate the initial start-up cost for materials and

estimate the cost per month of solidifying 400 liters of
50,000 ppm Cu+2 to 5 ppm.
6.
List three advantages and three disadvantages of this

disposal method.
23

24
Precipitation Process
Purpose:
To explore precipitation as a means of toxic waste reduction and
the effects of acid rain on the precipitates.
Materials:
Safety: Do not
SEPUP Tray
handle the used
SEPUP Funnel assembly
copper (II) chloride
Filter paper (8 pieces per group)
solution with your
fingers. Wash your
Medicine Dropper
hands thoroughly
Stirrer
after finishing this
180 mL bottle of vinegar
activity. Wear
30 mL bottle of water
safety eyewear at
30 mL bottle of sodium carbonate solution
all times when in
30 mL bottle of copper (II) chloride
lab.
solution
30 mL bottle of monobasic sodium phosphate solution
Calcium hydroxide solution
Potassium chromate solution
Procedure:
1. In a small beaker, mix 1 pipetful of CuCl2 with 3 pipetfuls
of other solution (K2CrO4, etc.)
2. Mix well and let sit for 3 minutes. Record observations in
Data Table 1.
3. Use the double funnel assembly and place over cups A and B.
Put one filter paper cone in funnel for Cup A and wet it
with 7-10 drops of water. Press the paper snuggly into the
funnel. Prepare the filter paper for Cup B in the same way.
4. Filter the mixture into one of the large cups on the SEPUP
trays. Save the precipitate on the filter paper. (As the
filtering is taking place, you may want to prepare the other
3 reactions and begin to filter them at the same time. Just
make sure you do not confuse which reaction is in each cup.)
5. Transfer 10 drops of the filtrate to a small well. Record
the color of the filtrate in Data Table 2.
6. Add 5 drops of ammonia to the filtrate and stir. Record your
observations in Data Table 2.
7. Compare the color of your solution to the tray provided by
your teacher to estimate the Cu+2 ion concentration. Record
the concentration in the data table.
25
8. Place the precipitate filter paper over a clean large cup in

the SEPUP tray. Wash the precipitate by pouring 7 mL of
deionized water over the solids in the filter paper. Discard
the filtrates.
9. Pour 5 mL of vinegar over the solid in the filter. Save the
filtrate. Observe and record in Data Table 3.
10. Add 5 drops of ammonia to the filtrate and observe. Record
your observations in Data Table 3.
11. Compare the color of your solution to the tray provided by
your teacher to estimate the Cu+2 ion concentration. Record
the ion concentration in the data table.
12. Repeat the entire procedure three times for the remaining
solutions (NaH2PO4, Ca(OH)2, and Na2CO3).
Data Table 1: Formation of Precipitates
Cup
1
2
3
4
Solution Added
K2CrO4
NaH2PO4
Ca(OH)2
Na2CO3
Observations
Data Table 2: Testing Filtrates

Cup
Solution Added
K2CrO4
NaH2PO4
Ca(OH)2
Na2CO3
Color of
filtrate
before ammonia
Color of
filtrate
after ammonia
Approx. Cu+2
Concentration
(ppm)
Data Table 3: Simulating Acid Rain

Cup
Solution Added
Color of vinegar
filtrate before
Color of vinegar
filtrate after
Approx. Cu+2
26
ammonia
K2CrO4
NaH2PO4
Ca(OH)2
Na2CO3
ammonia
Concentration
(ppm)
Questions:
1. Was the precipitation reaction effective in removing the
copper (II) ions from the used copper (II) chloride
solution?
2. What did the vinegar do to the precipitate? What is the

evidence?
3. The vinegar experiment simulates the effects of acid rain on

the precipitates. Why is this useful information?
4. Would you say that precipitation is an effective way to

treat a solution containing hazardous metal ions? Why or why
not?
5. Complete the following table. You will most likely have to

use outside sources (internet, chemical company catalogs,
27
books, etc.) to obtain information. List your price source

and show any calculations.
Compound
Price Source
List price
Cost per 1000

grams
K2CrO4
NaH2PO4
Ca(OH)2
Na2CO3
Problems: Show ALL work or no credit will be given!
6. Write the chemical equation for the four reactions, then for
each precipitation reaction calculate the following:
a. Calculate the mass of the compound needed to react with
105.9 grams of CuCl2 (Remember: This is the amount of
copper (II) chloride in 1 L of the toxic waste
solution)
b. Calculate the mass of the precipitate formed from the
105.9 grams CuCl2
c. Calculate the total mass of the compound needed per
month to react with the waste solution
d. Calculate the total cost for this mass of the
compounded needed per month
e. Calculate the mass of the precipitate formed from the
reaction of one months waste solution
POTASSIUM CHROMATE (K2CrO4)
Balanced Reaction:
a. Mass of the compounded needed to reaction completely with

105.9 grams CuCl2 (1 L of solution):
b. Mass of precipitate formed:
c. Total mass of the compound needed per month:

d. Total cost of the compound needed per month:
28
e. Total mass of the precipitate formed from the reaction of

one months waste:
SODIUM PHOSPHATE, MONOBASIC (NaH2PO4)

Balanced Reaction:


one months waste:
CALCIUM HYDROXIDE (Ca(OH)2)

Balanced Reaction:

29

one months waste:
SODIUM CARBONATE (Na2CO3)

Balanced Reaction:


one months waste:
30
Arrange all the results of your calculations in Problem #6 in the

table below.
K2CrO4
NaH2PO4
Ca(OH)2
Na2CO3
A
B
C
D
E
Conclusions:
1. If you were to use one of these compounds to form a copper
precipitate, which would you choose and why? Reasons should
be based upon considerations of cost and use of the other
product.


estimate the cost per month of precipitate 400 liters of
31

disposal method.

Metal-Metal Replacement Process

Purpose:
32
To examine how effective different metals are at removing a toxic

metal from solution.
Materials:
SEPUP Tray
Safety: Do not
Medicine Dropper
handle the used
Aluminum washer
copper (II) chloride
solution with your
Iron washer
fingers. Wash your
Zinc shot
hands thoroughly
Piece of lead
after finishing this
Piece of tin
activity. Wear
Piece of cadmium
safety eyewear at
Piece of copper
all times when in
lab.
Stirrer
30 mL bottle of used copper (II)
chloride solution
Procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Add 20 drops of used copper (II) chloride solution to

each of the cups 1-7 in the SEPUP tray. The ten drops in
the 7th cup will serve as a control.
Obtain a piece of each of the seven metals. Metal pieces
should be approximately the same size.
Add a piece of metal to the individual cups as follows:
Place the aluminum washer in Cup 1, the zinc shot in Cup
2, the iron washer in Cup 3, the lead in Cup 4, the tin
in Cup 5, the cadmium in Cup 6, and the copper in Cup 7.
Observe what happens to each metal for five minutes.
Record observations of the metal and the copper (II)
chloride solution in the data table.
Allow the reaction to continue for another 15 minutes and
observe. (During this time, gently shake the tray to
dislodge the copper and expose the metal surface to the
solution.) Record your observations.
Allow the reaction to continue for another 15-20 minutes.
Observe. (Again, shake the tray occasionally.) Record
your observations.
Carefully transfer 5 drops of the solution for each large
cup to a small cup in the SEPUP tray. (Be careful not to
get any metal pieces with the liquids.) Record the color
of the solution.
33
8.
9.
Add 2-3 drops of ammonia to the solutions in the small

cups. Record the color.
Compare the color of your solutions to the tray provided
by your teacher to estimate the Cu+2 ion concentration.
Record the concentration in the data table.
34
35
Lead
Tin
Copper
Control-
Cadmium
Iron
Zinc
Aluminum
Observations
Observations
Color
15- of
Color of
+2
Observations
15 minutes
Approx. Cu
20 minutes later
Solution
Solution
Cup Metal after 1st later
5
(Total
concentrtation
(Total Time:before
35after
minutes
Time: 20
(ppm)
40 minutes)
ammonia ammonia
minutes)
Metal Metal Replacement Data Table
Questions:
1. Which metal seemed to react most with the waste solution?
Explain your answer in detail using evidence obtained in the
experiment?
2. Are your results consistent with the Activity series? If any

discrepancies are found, how might you account for these
differences and how might you change the experiment to get
results more consistent?
3. Describe and discuss the differences you observed in the way

the household ammonia reacted with the different solutions.
4. Complete the following table. You will most likely have to

use outside sources (internet, chemical company catalogs,
books, etc.) to obtain the information. List your price
source and show any necessary calculations. There is a
difference between drinking water and wastewater maximum
levels. Give your source and which level you have found.
36
Metal
Price
Source
List
Price
Cost
per
500
grams
Maximum
Level
Drinkin
g or
waste?
Source
Aluminu
m
Zinc
Iron
Lead
Tin
Cadmium
Copper
Problems: Show ALL work or no credit will be given!

A. 1 ppm = 1 mg/L, therefore 50,000 ppm Cu+2 means that there
are 50,000 mg of the ion in one liter (1000 milliliters) of
the waste copper (II) chloride solution. Using this
information, calculate the number of grams of copper (II)
chloride in one liter that would be needed to give this
concentration of the Cu+2 ion. (Factor-Label)
B. For each of the 6 single replacement reactions, write the

chemical reaction and then perform the following
calculations based upon the mass of CuCl2 obtained in
Problem A.
a. Calculate the mass of each metal needed to react
completely with all the CuCl2 in 1 L of solution
37
b. Calculate the amount of copper metal produced in each

reaction
c. Calculate the cost of using the metal for one liter of
solution in each reaction
d. Calculate the cost per month to use this metal to
replace all the copper from the waste solution
ALUMINUM:
Balanced Reaction:
a. Mass of metal needed to react with CuCl2 in one liter of

solution
b. Amount of copper metal produced
c. Cost of using the metal for one liter of solution
d. Cost per month to use this metal to replace all copper from
the waste solution
ZINC:
Balanced Reaction:

solution
38
the waste solution
IRON (III):
Balanced Reaction:

solution
the waste solution
LEAD (II):
Balanced Reaction:

solution
39
the waste solution
TIN (II):
Balanced Reaction:

solution
the waste solution
CADMIUM:
Balanced Reaction:
40

solution
the waste solution
Arrange your answers to Problem B in the table below.
Al
Zn
Fe
Pb
Sn
Cd
A
B
C
D
Conclusions:
41
1. If you were to use one of these metals to remove the copper

ions, which would you chose and why? Reasons should be based
upon consideration of cost, allowable disposable levels, and
use of recovered metal.
2. Are there any other metals you would like to investigate in

the single replacement reaction? If so, which one(s) and
why?


estimate the cost per month of precipitate 400 liters of
42

disposal method.

Teachers Signoff: ________________________________________
Handling The Waste

An aid to help you decide the recommended disposal method for
your company
43
In the table below, the name and a short description of each

method you investigated is listed. After reviewing each of your
experiments, help your group list the advantages and
disadvantages of each approach in this summary chart.
Method
Advantages
Disadvantages
Dilution Enough
water was added to
reduce the
concentration of
the Cu+2 ions to a
safe level
Solidification A
mixture of cement
and sodium silicate
was added to fix
the Cu+2 ions
Precipitation
Various substances
were added to the
waster copper (II)
chloride solution
to precipitate out
the Cu+2 ions
Metal Replacement
Replacement of the
Cu+2 ions by other
metal ions was
explored
44
For your report:

Write up a recommendation for the best method of disposal to the
management of the company. Be sure to include reasons behind your
decision, comparing advantages over other methods.
Lab Report Requirements (50 points each)

Name
Company Name
Date Due
Period
Title of Process
Overview of Experiment (3 points)
Complete sentences
Description of the Purpose
Materials Used and Procedures (5 points)
Bulleted List
Numerical List with written out steps in own words, not copied from
handout
Data Tables (13 points)
Observations
o Color of Solution
Approximation of Cu+2 concentration in ppm
Lab Specific Questions (5 points)
Write out the question

Answer in complete sentences
Problems (Calculations) (5 points)
To receive full credit, you must show all steps of work
Conclusions (19 points)
Concluding Remarks (4 points)

Sketch of Plan and Written Detailed Description of Plan (5 points)
Costs and Proceeds (if applicable) (5 points)
Pros and Cons (5 points)
Report must be typed! Times New Roman, size 12 font,

1 Margins
45
Toxic Waste Oral Report

Format and Point Break Down (Total Points: 42 points)
I.
II.
III.
Introduction to the Project (4 points)

a. Company Name and Logo
b. Name of Town and River
Statement of Objectives of the Project (2 points)
Discussion of the Four Disposal Methods (18 points max)
Goal Met
3 points
Solidification
Process
Dilution
Process
Precipitation
Process
Metal-Metal
Replacement
Process
Experiment
discussed, results
discussed, Detailed
Plan to carry out the
process explained,
costs given and
proceeds if
applicable, pros and
cons to this process
Experiment
discussed, results
discussed, Detailed
process explained,
costs given and
proceeds if
Experiment
discussed, results
discussed, Detailed
process explained,
costs given and
proceeds if
Experiment
discussed, results
discussed, Detailed
process explained,
costs given and
proceeds if
Goal Half
Met
1 points
Goal Not
Met
0 points
Experiment
discussed, results
shown but not
discussed, Plans and
costs explained but
lacking detail, no pros
and cons
No explanation of
experiment or results,
Plan not thought out
or explained,
cost/proceeds not
determined, no pros
and cons
Experiment
discussed, results
shown but not
costs explained but
and cons
No explanation of
or explained,
cost/proceeds not
determined, no pros
and cons
Experiment
discussed, results
shown but not
costs explained but
and cons
No explanation of
or explained,
cost/proceeds not
determined, no pros
and cons
Experiment
discussed, results
shown but not
costs explained but
and cons
No explanation of
or explained,
cost/proceeds not
determined, no pros
and cons
46
IV.
Discussion of Process Chosen (6 points max)
Goal
Goal Not
Goal Met
Half Met
Met
6 points
2 points 0 points
Process
of
Choice
V.
VI.
VII.
Explanation of
why process
was chosen,
explanation as
to why others
were rejected,
comparison of
pros and cons
Chosen process
explained, two of
the three other
process explained
as to why they
werent chosen, no
comparison of pros
and cons because
they were missing
in processes
Chosen process
stated but no
reasons as to
why others were
rejected, no
comparison of
pros and cons
Presentation of Billboard (4 points)

Presentation of Press Release (4 points)
Conclusions (4 points)
Toxic Waste Project

Grand Total: 342 points (Without Bonus)
47
1. Final Written Report: (225 points total)

a. Cover Page: Title of Project, Company Name and Logo, Team
Members Names, and Presentation Date (5 points)
b. Introduction: Statement of the Problem and Purpose of Project (4
points)
c. Evaluation of the 4 Methods (4 x 50= 200 points)
i. Lab Report for Dilution
ii. Lab Report for Solidification
iii. Lab Report for Precipitation
iv. Lab Report for Metal Metal Replacement
d. Recommendation for Method of Choice (8 points)
i. Rationale behind Decision
ii. Advantages over other methods
e. Conclusions: Any concluding remarks, comments on project,
additional information, other methods you think should be
investigated, comments on any community issues (8 points)
Note: Information from an OUTSIDE source is HIGHLY Encouraged!!! Be sure to give the
source of your information in either a bibliography or in the footnotes!
2. Press Release: (40 points)
a. Typed or Written Neatly in Pen
b. Explains what company does, how waste is created, and what
will be done. You want to alleviate community concerns.
c. Include any quotes, pictures, diagrams, etc. you deem necessary
d. Organized, provide pertinent information, and sensitive to the
community
3. Billboard: (35 points)
a. Will be hung in your community to show that you are
environmentally friendly in handling and disposing of toxic
chemicals
b. NO smaller than 1 poster board, but NO larger than 4 poster
boards
4. Oral Presentation: (42 points)
a. Point Breakdown is explained previously
5. Bonus: (Up to 30 points)
a. Awarded based on anything above and beyond what is required
Note: This is a group project! Each member will receive the same grade for the presentation.
Make sure everyone participates equally. Your overall score will be calculated from everything
on this page. It will only differ from a group members if you are missing material in your lab
report.
48

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Toxic Waste Project

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Company Name: _________________________________

Toxic Waste Project

Copper (II) Chloride Pollution of a

Project Overview and Student Requirements

Copper Plating Activity

Successive Dilution of A Toxic Substance

Investigating the Sensitivity of the Ammonia Test for Copper

Lab Report Requirements

Toxic Waste Oral Report

Toxic Waste Project Grand Total

Group Manager: Responsible for setting dates for each piece

are using, reports to teacher with any questions involving

Even though each of you has an individual assignment in the

Safety in the Lab

Group Requirements (will receive a group grade):

o Something simple that will make your company be

Checklist of Due Dates

Copper Plating Activity Complete Student Sheet

Precipitation Lab Report Rough Draft End of Week 4

Copper Plating Activity

Waste container for copper plating solution

For each group:

5. Add a small amount of the table salt to the container.

Data Table 1: Plating Observations

7. Carefully pour the plating solution from your graduated

Successive Dilution of a Toxic Substance

the letters of the unknowns in your data table. Add five

Problems & Questions:

How much water must be added to one liter of 50,000 ppm

Investigating the Sensitivity of the Ammonia

5. Use the following chart to record your observations before

6. Calculate the amount of water that you company needs per

7. Explain in detail how you would carry out this method of

8. Estimate the initial start-up cost for materials and

9. List three advantages and three disadvantages of this

Checkpoint Date: ____________

5 cc solid from each cup prepared

silicate mixture do a better job solidifying and fixing

Sodium silicate cost = 0.15 per mL (Less than a penny)

Calculate the cost per month of the mixture you chose in

b. Amount of cement needed per month

c. Cost of cement per month

d. Amount of sodium silicate needed per month

e. Cost of sodium silicate per month

Explain in detail how you would carry out this method of

Estimate the initial start-up cost for materials and

List three advantages and three disadvantages of this

Checkpoint Date: ____________

8. Place the precipitate filter paper over a clean large cup in

Data Table 2: Testing Filtrates

Data Table 3: Simulating Acid Rain

2. What did the vinegar do to the precipitate? What is the

3. The vinegar experiment simulates the effects of acid rain on

4. Would you say that precipitation is an effective way to

5. Complete the following table. You will most likely have to

books, etc.) to obtain information. List your price source

Cost per 1000

a. Mass of the compounded needed to reaction completely with

b. Mass of precipitate formed:

c. Total mass of the compound needed per month:

e. Total mass of the precipitate formed from the reaction of

SODIUM PHOSPHATE, MONOBASIC (NaH2PO4)