MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF MATERIALS MSE316__ Final Examination Time: 9:30 am, April. 18, 2012 Instructor: Prof. Z. Wang (This exam consists of 60% of the total.) Your Name: Student Number: IMPORTANT NOTE: (1) STRICTLY, No books, No aid sheets, No discussions, No talks to each other. (11) Hyou consider that there is any doubt and/or ambiguity about specific question, please write down your argument and answer the question anyways according to your analysis. (U1) Answer all questions on the question paper directly. (IV) Equations are on Page 14 for you to choose. (V) A blank paper is given on Page 15. (VD) Graph paper is provided on Page 16 in case you need it. [Questions | Grade _ 1 IL i Iv v VI Vir Bonus Total Page 1 of 161. Choose the best answer to complete each of the following statements from the four choices given (3 Marks for each) (1) Ceramic materials usually cannot deform plastically at room temperature because a, There are no dislocations in ceramic materials. b, Ceramic materials usually have very high UTS value. ¢. There are too many pores in ceramic materials. 4. It is too difficult to start dislocation movement in such materials. ( ) (2) When Mn is added into iron or a low-C steel, iron or the steel will be strengthened. In this ease, the strengthening effect is mainly from a, A composite strengthening mechanism as a second element is added into the Fe matrix. . b. _ Martensite transformation strengthening, Solution strengthening da. The formation of passive film on the surface of the steel. ( ) (3) The slope of the linear portion of the load-deflection curve obtained from a three-point bending test a, Is the elastic constant of the material of the test piece. b. Is dependent on the elastic constant of the material of the test piece only. ¢. Is dependent on the elastic constant of the material of the test piece as well as other factors, d. Is not dependent on the test piece size and shape. ¢ ) (4) The number of independent elastic constants for a well annealed polycrystalline material, such as a Cu alloy, is a. Three. b. Four. Two. ad One. Page 2 of 16(5) When a block of a crystalline material is cooled down very rapidly from a relatively high temperature to a very low temperature, the excess vacancies formed at high temperature will be “collapsed” and clustered on a specific atomic plane to form an empty circular area (a vacancy disk) on this atomic plane. Such a vacancy disk is surrounded by a, A ring of stacking faults. b. A serew dislocation loop. c. An edge dislocation loop. da. A mixed dislocation loop. ( ) (6 Although both FCC latticed materials and HCP latticed materials possess close-packed slip systems, the FCC materials generally show better ductility. This is due to the fact that a, Such slip systems in FCC materials can be found on multiple slip planes. b. FCC erystals have low work-hardening rate. €. FCC erystals have high work-hardening rate. d. The interatomic bonds in HCP materials are stronger than those in FCC erystals. ( ) (7) To increase the elastic modulus of an engineering structural material, the following approach is often employed: a. composite strengthening. b. __ polycrystalline strengthening. © precipitation hardening. d, avoiding surface stress concentration sites. ( ) (8) Upon cutting each other, two moving dislocations on two different planes in 2 crystal will always a. Introduce a stacking fault. b. Need higher applied stresses for continuation of their movement. ¢: Stop each other from continuation of their movement. d. — Annihilate each other. ion, t = a(Gb)/I, is frequently used to express The critical stress for the onset of plastic deformation. b. The flow stress caused by strain hardening effect. c. The critical stress for a dislocation to bow out. a. I stress for two dislocations to be able to cut each ( ) Page 3 of 16(10)The value of the critical resolved shear stress of a crystalline material is usually a, Equal to the yield strength of a polycrystalline sample of the same material; b. Equal to 50% of the yield strength of the material; © Measured experimentally by testing a single-slip-oriented single crystal of the material; 4. Calculated by using an extrapolating method with the well known Hall-Petch equation by assuming d equal to a very large value. ( ) Page 4 of 16IL. Stress analysis of a spacecraft structural member gives the state of stress at 2 point as shown in the figure below. a. Construct Mohr’s circles for the stress state. (4Marks) b. Determine the three principal stresses of the stress state. (2 marks) ¢. Determine the maximum shear stress at this point. (2 marks) 4. If the part is made from 7075-T6 aluminum alloy with 0, = 500 MPa, will it exhibit yielding? If not, what is the safety factor? (Use von Mises criterion) (4 Marks) 50MPa —+-—> 4= 100 MPa 6, = 200 MPa Page 5 of 16IIL. Assume that, for a structural steel, its yield stress ~ grain size relationship follows the Hall-Petch equation in which oj (or o,) = 150 MN/m? and k = 0.70 MN/m™, What is the value of yield stress if the grain size number, n, of the steel is ASTM no. n= 6? Hint: the average grain diameter, D, in the steel has the following dependence on the ASTM Grain Number (n): D = [6/x(N)]'? ; N=2™', where N indicates the number of grains per square inch at x100. (1 in = 25.4 mm) (10 Marks) Page 6 of 16Iv. a. What is the elastic strain energy density, i.e., the clastic strain energy per unit volume, in a low-C steel loaded to its elastic limit of 500 MPa. (The E value of steel is 210 GPa.) (3 Marks) b. What is the elastie strain energy density in an aluminum alloy loaded to its elastic limit of 250 MPa. (The E value of Al is 70 GPa.) (@ Marks) ¢. Now that if the steel bar in (a) is only loaded to a stress level of 250 Mpa, estimate the elastic strain energy density? @ Marks) 4. Explain why the result from (c) for the steel sample is much smaller than that from (b), whereby a much weaker aluminum sample was test to the same stress level. (4 Marks) Page 7 of 16V. A column with a square cross section, shown in the figure below, is made of 2 materials: A, and B. A is a solid metal, whereas B is a continuous carbon fiber - epoxy composite. a. Estimate the yield strength of material B, given that it contains 40 v/o percent of C fiber. (5 marks) b. What is the maximum stress that can be applied to this column if failure (ie. appraent plastic deformation) is define as when any one of the component yields. (4 marks) ©. Ifa tensile stress of 120 MPa is applied to the column, how much will the column elongated due to the load applied? (5 marks) (Assume: 1. The interface between A and B is strong enough for the test and 2. They have equal height.) ‘The following information is also known for the 2 material ; B-C fiber | B-Epoxy Material i [40 vio %) | [60 vio %) Elastic Modulus [MPa] 70 GPa 250 GPa 3.3. GPa Yield strength [MPa] 145 MPa_| 2700 MPa | 55.2 MPa A B 1. Page 8 of 16Vi. Che critical resolved shear stress of NisAl crystal is 580 MPa. A cylindrical single erystal sample with a diameter of 20 mm made of this material is now loaded to 450 KN in the | 112] direction. a. Assuming that the crystal has an FCC lattice structure, determine whether or not the erystal sample would yield on the slip system of (111) [ 101] ? (4 Marks) b. What about the system of (111)(011]? (4 Marks) ©. From your results for (a) and (b), please comment on the possibility of simultaneous operation of these two different systems in the present case? (4 Marks) Page 9 of 16Page 10 of 16VILConsider a microalloyed steel whose structure consists of a ferrite matrix containing 0.2% by volume of NbC particles. The carbide particles are spherical and quite small; their average radius, r is 10 nm. The NbC serve two functions: One is that they restrict ferrite grain growth during processing, providing additional grain size strengthening. (The grain size, d, of the microalloyed steel varies with r and f as d= r/ f, where f is the volume fraction of NbC.) Some carbide particles are also situated within grains. Dislocations bow around them during plastic deformation, providing further strengthening. The effective spacing between particles within the grains is L= r(x /f)! a. How much of a strength increase is due to the particles situated within grains? Hint 1: The bowing out stress is considered the strength increase Hint 2: You may choose equations from the list of equations given on page 14. (5 Marks) b. Using the figure provided below, estimate and discuss the strengthening effect due to the addition of Nb in Steel, in terms of both precipitation strengthening and grain refining? (Assume that the grain size was 20um without Nb addition) (6 Marks) ‘You may need the following data for the steel: G=8.1 x 10" Nim’; b=2.48 x 10m, Page 11 of 16Page 12 of 16Bonus question (5 Marks is rewarded if your answer is fully correct) From your answers for Problem I, using the figure below, can you draw the three planes on which the three principal stresses are acting? 6, =50 MPa ——> 9,= 100 MPa Aa ty:= 30 MPa 6, = 200 MPa Page 13 of 16Choose the equation(s) from the following list when needed Tass = onCosAcosp Ooue == Ai z a — 02)? + (64 ~ 03)? + (oz ~ 03)?}5 2 By = Ory Frere = Ege = In(1 + Eng) pr true = Feng(1 + feng) Tyz = GY yp Shoop = Pil 4 7 som =£ ("= ome) B= By) + a o=Ke" Fy = +tbty Tmax = Gbv y Ou ~~ Fed —v) G+ DP 26 x2nw 0. = OV + OnVin dina WTF Tew an?” - Gbv (3x? + y?) = mS Fav) OF +P fee On 0, = (A426), +A +y) tbo, Lie, ~ oy)" + (oy -0;) + 2-04)? + 6(e8, +23, +B] Gbv x(x? —y?) Gb —s L-2r Ae ) (x? + y?)? Gb y(x* +y*) Ox = (A+ 26), + AG +5) °y = saw EP _ Iyha + kyke + lp 608 SGT + DG +g + DS ao x Ore = Ory = ~ 22GB ye _. __Gb_y Ox Oa ~~ FE Ge ty) Page 14 of 16Page 15 of 16Page 16 of 16